单向侧蚀与下蚀共同作用下堰塞坝的演化特征
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摘要
滑坡堰塞坝溃决破坏过程中均存在下蚀效应,但因堰塞坝的形成机制以及沟谷地形的限制,很多堰塞坝在横向存在高差,导致堰塞坝漫顶溃决过程中的侧向侵蚀方向为单向侵蚀。通过模型实验和数值分析,对堰塞坝在单向侧蚀与下蚀效应共同作用下的演化特征进行研究。实验结果表明,对于组成物质完全位于沟谷内的堰塞坝,单向侵蚀与下蚀效应导致堰塞坝漫顶侵蚀过程中的溃口边坡失稳规模逐渐增大。而对于横向高差悬殊的大型堰塞坝,在溃口水流的单向侧蚀与下蚀效应共同作用下,溃口边坡高度逐渐增大最终将导致堰塞坝发生二次滑坡,并采用数值方法对二次滑坡的形成过程进行分析。根据土力学理论,提出圆弧滑动模型对二次滑坡的滑动半径以及滑动面积进行预测,模型的计算值与理论值相差6.2%,具有一定的实用性。
Undercutting-erosion exists commonly in the breaking process of landslide dams. Due to the limitations of the formation mechanism and the gully terrain,however,many dams have a height difference in the transverse direction, which causes that the lateral erosion in the dam-breaking is unidirectional. The evolutional characteristics of landslide dams under the combination of unidirectional lateral-erosion and undercutting-erosion were studied by experiment test and numerical simulation. The test results show that,for the situation where the dam material completely comes from the gully,the failure scale of the breach slope resulted from the combination of unidirectional lateral-erosion and undercutting-erosion gradually increases. For a huge dam with a large height difference in the transverse direction and under the combination of unidirectional lateral-erosion and undercuttingerosion,a secondary landslide would occur with increasing the height of the breach slope. The formation of the secondary landslide was demonstrated by numerical simulation. Based on the theory of soil mechanics,an arc sliding model was proposed to predict the radius and failure area of the secondary landslide. The model has a certain practicality as the calculated value differs from the theoretical value by only 6.2%.
Undercutting-erosion exists commonly in the breaking process of landslide dams. Due to the limitations of the formation mechanism and the gully terrain,however,many dams have a height difference in the transverse direction, which causes that the lateral erosion in the dam-breaking is unidirectional. The evolutional characteristics of landslide dams under the combination of unidirectional lateral-erosion and undercutting-erosion were studied by experiment test and numerical simulation. The test results show that,for the situation where the dam material completely comes from the gully,the failure scale of the breach slope resulted from the combination of unidirectional lateral-erosion and undercutting-erosion gradually increases. For a huge dam with a large height difference in the transverse direction and under the combination of unidirectional lateral-erosion and undercuttingerosion,a secondary landslide would occur with increasing the height of the breach slope. The formation of the secondary landslide was demonstrated by numerical simulation. Based on the theory of soil mechanics,an arc sliding model was proposed to predict the radius and failure area of the secondary landslide. The model has a certain practicality as the calculated value differs from the theoretical value by only 6.2%.
引文
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[11]石振明,熊永峰,彭铭,等.堰塞湖溃坝快速定量风险评估方法--以2014年鲁甸地震形成的红石岩堰塞湖为例[J].水利学报,2016,47(6):742-751.(SHI Zhenming,XIONG Yongfeng,PENG Ming,et al.An efficient risk assessment method for landslide dam breach:Taking the Hongshiyan landslide dam formed by the 2014 Ludian earthquake as an example[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2016,47(6):742-751.(in Chinese))
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[15]ERMINI L,CASAGLI N.Prediction of the behaviour of landslide dams using a geomorphological dimensionless index[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2003,28(1):31-47.
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[18]STEFANELLI C T,SEGONI S,CASAGLI N,et al.Geomorphic indexing of landslide dams evolution[J].Engineering Geology,2016,208(1):1-10.
[19]张婧,曹叔尤,杨奉广,等.堰塞坝泄流冲刷实验研究[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2010,42(5):191-196.(ZHANG Jing,CAO Shuyou,YANG Fengguang,et al.Experimental study on outlet and scour of blocked dam[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2010,42(5):191-196.(in Chinese))
[20]赵万玉,陈晓清,高全,等.不同横断面泄流槽的地震堰塞湖溃决实验研究[J].泥沙研究,2011,4(1):30-37.(ZHAO Wanyu,CHEN Xiaoqing,GAO Quan,et al.Experimental study of dam-break of earthquake barrier lake with different cross sections of drainage channel[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2011,4(1):30-37.(in Chinese))
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[22]张大伟,权锦,何晓燕,等.堰塞坝漫顶溃决试验及相关数学模型研究[J].水利学报,2012,43(8):979-986.(ZHANG Dawei,QUAN Jin,HE Xiaoyan,et al.Experimental and numerical investigation on overtopping breaching of barrier dam[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(8):979-986.(in Chinese))
[23]CAO Z X,PEDDER G,WALLIS S,et al.Computational dam-break hydraulics over erodible sediment bed[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004,130(7):689-703.
[24]HUANG W,CAO Z X,PAUL C,et al.Coupled 2D hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling of megaflood due to glacier dam-break in Altai Mountains,Southern Siberia[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2014,11(6):1 442-1 453.
[25]MARSOOLI R,WU W.3D finite-volume model of dam-break flow over uneven beds based on VOF method[J].Advances in Water Resources,2014,70(4):104-117.
[26]赵高文,姜元俊,乔建平,等.不同密实条件的滑坡堰塞坝漫顶溃决实验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(6):1 496-1 505.(ZHAOGaowen,JIANG Yuanjun,QIAO Jianping,et al.Experimental investigation of overtopping failure of landslide dams with different compactness conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(6):1 496-1 505.(in Chinese))
[27]MIZUYAMA T,SATOFUKA Y,OGAWA K,et al.Estimating the outflow discharge rate from landslide dam outbursts[C]//Proceedings of the Interpraevent International Symposium on Disaster Mitigation of Debris Flows,Slope Failures and Landslides.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006:365-377.
[28]DAVIES T R,MANVILLE V,KUNZ M,et al.Modeling landslide dambreak flood magnitudes:Case study[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2007,133(7):713-720.
[29]ZHAO G W,JIANG Y J,QIAO J P,et al.Numerical and experimental study on the formation mode of a landslide dam and its influence on dam breaching[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2018,78(11):1-15.
[30]孙书伟,林杭,任连伟.FLAC3D在岩土工程中的应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2011:220-430.(SUN Shuwei,LIN Hang,REN Lianwei.Application of FLAC3D in geotechnical engineering[M].Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2011:220-430.(in Chinese))
[2]柴贺军,刘浩吾,刘汉超,等.天然土石坝稳定性初步研究[J].地质科技情报,2001,20(1):77-81.(CAI Hejun,LIU Haowu,LIUHanchao,et al.Preliminarily stability analysis of natural rockfield dam resulting from damming landslide[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2001,20(1):77-81.(in Chinese))
[3]胡卸文,黄润秋,施裕兵,等.唐家山滑坡堵江机制及堰塞坝溃坝模式分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(1):181-189.(HUXiewen,HUANG Runqiu,SHI Yubin,et al.Analysis of blocking river mechanism of Tangjiashan landslide and dam-breaking mode of its barrier dam[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(1):181-189.(in Chinese))
[4]李守定,李晓,张军,等.唐家山滑坡成因机制与堰塞坝整体稳定性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(增1):2 908-2 915.(LI Shouding,LI Xiao,ZHANG Jun,et al.Study of geological origin mechanism of Tangjiashan landslide and entire stability of landslide dam[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(Supp.1):2 908-2 915.(in Chinese))
[5]黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):730-741.(HUANG Runqiu,PEI Xiangjun,LI Tianbin.Basic characteristics and formation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at Daguangbao occurred during the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):730-741.(in Chinese))
[6]殷跃平,成余粮,王军,等.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡遥感研究[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(5):674-684.(YIN Yueping,CHENG Yuliang,WANG Jun,et al.Remote sensing research on Daguangbao gigantic rockslide triggered by Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(5):674-684.(in Chinese))
[7]李天涛,裴向军,黄润秋.强震触发大光包巨型滑坡运动特征研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2014,41(2):116-121.(LI Tiantao,PEIXiangjun,HUANG Runqiu.A study of motion features of the Daguangbao large-scale landslide induced by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Hydrogeological and Engineering Geology,2014,41(2):116-121.(in Chinese))
[8]何秉顺,丁留谦,王玉杰,等.四川安县肖家桥堰塞湖稳定性初步评估[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(增2):3 626-3 631.(HEBinshun,DING Liuqian,WANG Yujie,et al.Preliminary evaluation of stability of Xiaojiaqiao dammed lake in Anxian County,Sichuan Province[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(Supp.2):3 626-3 631.(in Chinese))
[9]徐文杰,陈祖煜,何秉顺,等.肖家桥滑坡堵江机制及灾害链效应研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(5):933-942.(XU Wenjie,CHEN Zuyu,HE Binshun,et al.Research on river-blocking mechanism of Xiaojiaqiao landslide and disasters of chain effects[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(5):933-942.(in Chinese))
[10]崔鹏,韩用顺,陈晓清.汶川地震堰塞湖分布规律与风险评估[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):35-42.(CUI Peng,HANYongshun,CHEN Xiaoqing.Distribution and risk analysis of dammed lakes reduced by Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science,2009,41(3):35-42.(in Chinese))
[11]石振明,熊永峰,彭铭,等.堰塞湖溃坝快速定量风险评估方法--以2014年鲁甸地震形成的红石岩堰塞湖为例[J].水利学报,2016,47(6):742-751.(SHI Zhenming,XIONG Yongfeng,PENG Ming,et al.An efficient risk assessment method for landslide dam breach:Taking the Hongshiyan landslide dam formed by the 2014 Ludian earthquake as an example[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2016,47(6):742-751.(in Chinese))
[12]刘建康,程尊兰,佘涛.云南鲁甸红石岩堰塞湖溃坝风险及其影响[J].山地学报,2016,34(2):208-215.(LIU Jiankang,CHENGZunlan,SHE Tao.Assessment of dam failure and secondary hazards for hongshiyan dammed lake caused by Ludian earthquake in Niulanjiang river[J].Mountain Research,2016,34(2):208-215.(in Chinese))
[13]王兰生,杨立铮,李天斌,等.四川岷江叠溪较场地震滑坡及环境保护[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2000,11(3):195-199.(WANGLansheng,YANG Lizheng,LI Tianbin,et al.Evolution mechanism of Jiaochang earthquake landslide on Min River and its controlling[J].Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,2000,11(3):195-199.(in Chinese))
[14]张健楠,马煜,张惠惠,等.四川省都江堰市大干沟地震泥石流[J].山地学报,2010,28(5):623-627.(ZHANG Jiannan,MA Yu,ZHANGHuihui,et al.Study on earthquake debris flow in Dagan gully,Dujiangyan,Sichuan[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2010,28(5):623-627.(in Chinese))
[15]ERMINI L,CASAGLI N.Prediction of the behaviour of landslide dams using a geomorphological dimensionless index[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2003,28(1):31-47.
[16]KORUP O.Geomorphometric characteristics of New Zealand landslide dams[J].Engineering Geology,2004,73(1):13-35.
[17]DONG J J,TUNG Y H,CHEN C C,et al.Logistic regression model for predicting the failure probability of a landslide dam[J].Engineering Geology,2011,117(1):52-61.
[18]STEFANELLI C T,SEGONI S,CASAGLI N,et al.Geomorphic indexing of landslide dams evolution[J].Engineering Geology,2016,208(1):1-10.
[19]张婧,曹叔尤,杨奉广,等.堰塞坝泄流冲刷实验研究[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2010,42(5):191-196.(ZHANG Jing,CAO Shuyou,YANG Fengguang,et al.Experimental study on outlet and scour of blocked dam[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2010,42(5):191-196.(in Chinese))
[20]赵万玉,陈晓清,高全,等.不同横断面泄流槽的地震堰塞湖溃决实验研究[J].泥沙研究,2011,4(1):30-37.(ZHAO Wanyu,CHEN Xiaoqing,GAO Quan,et al.Experimental study of dam-break of earthquake barrier lake with different cross sections of drainage channel[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2011,4(1):30-37.(in Chinese))
[21]牛志攀,许唯临,张建民,等.堰塞湖冲刷及溃决试验研究[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):90-95.(NIU Zhipan,XUWeilin,ZHANG Jianmin,et al.Experimental investigation of scour and dam-break of landslide dam[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science,2009,41(3):90-95.(in Chinese))
[22]张大伟,权锦,何晓燕,等.堰塞坝漫顶溃决试验及相关数学模型研究[J].水利学报,2012,43(8):979-986.(ZHANG Dawei,QUAN Jin,HE Xiaoyan,et al.Experimental and numerical investigation on overtopping breaching of barrier dam[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(8):979-986.(in Chinese))
[23]CAO Z X,PEDDER G,WALLIS S,et al.Computational dam-break hydraulics over erodible sediment bed[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004,130(7):689-703.
[24]HUANG W,CAO Z X,PAUL C,et al.Coupled 2D hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling of megaflood due to glacier dam-break in Altai Mountains,Southern Siberia[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2014,11(6):1 442-1 453.
[25]MARSOOLI R,WU W.3D finite-volume model of dam-break flow over uneven beds based on VOF method[J].Advances in Water Resources,2014,70(4):104-117.
[26]赵高文,姜元俊,乔建平,等.不同密实条件的滑坡堰塞坝漫顶溃决实验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(6):1 496-1 505.(ZHAOGaowen,JIANG Yuanjun,QIAO Jianping,et al.Experimental investigation of overtopping failure of landslide dams with different compactness conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(6):1 496-1 505.(in Chinese))
[27]MIZUYAMA T,SATOFUKA Y,OGAWA K,et al.Estimating the outflow discharge rate from landslide dam outbursts[C]//Proceedings of the Interpraevent International Symposium on Disaster Mitigation of Debris Flows,Slope Failures and Landslides.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006:365-377.
[28]DAVIES T R,MANVILLE V,KUNZ M,et al.Modeling landslide dambreak flood magnitudes:Case study[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2007,133(7):713-720.
[29]ZHAO G W,JIANG Y J,QIAO J P,et al.Numerical and experimental study on the formation mode of a landslide dam and its influence on dam breaching[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2018,78(11):1-15.
[30]孙书伟,林杭,任连伟.FLAC3D在岩土工程中的应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2011:220-430.(SUN Shuwei,LIN Hang,REN Lianwei.Application of FLAC3D in geotechnical engineering[M].Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2011:220-430.(in Chinese))