合作研发的控制机制与机会主义行为
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摘要
避免合作研发中出现机会主义行为是实现合作研发目标的重要保证。本文关注合作研发的控制机制与机会主义行为的关系,以及合作研发伙伴间的技术差异和管理差异对该关系的调节作用。研究发现:契约控制和信任控制都可以减少合作研发中的机会主义行为。同时,契约控制对机会主义行为的抑制作用在技术差异和管理差异大时会被削弱,而信任控制的抑制作用在技术差异和管理差异大时会更加显著。本文识别出可以抑制合作研发中机会主义行为的要素,并丰富了对控制机制的价值和有效性的认识。同时,本文还可以指导企业针对合作研发伙伴间差异这一情境,设计控制机制来减少合作研发中的机会主义行为,进而促进合作研发目标的实现。
To ensure the success of R&D cooperation,it is vital to reduce opportunistic behaviors within it. This study investigates the relationships between control mechanisms and opportunistic behaviors in R&D cooperation. It finds that both relationships of contract control and trust control to opportunistic behaviors are negative. Moreover,the relationship between contract control and opportunistic behaviors is positively moderated by technological difference and managerial difference between partners; but that of trust control to opportunistic behaviors is negatively moderated by both types of differences. Such findings identify key inhibiting factors for opportunistic behaviors in R&D cooperation as well as advance our understanding on the implications of control mechanisms. In addition,the findings help firms design control mechanisms to reduce opportunistic behaviors and then ensure the success of R&D cooperation.
To ensure the success of R&D cooperation,it is vital to reduce opportunistic behaviors within it. This study investigates the relationships between control mechanisms and opportunistic behaviors in R&D cooperation. It finds that both relationships of contract control and trust control to opportunistic behaviors are negative. Moreover,the relationship between contract control and opportunistic behaviors is positively moderated by technological difference and managerial difference between partners; but that of trust control to opportunistic behaviors is negatively moderated by both types of differences. Such findings identify key inhibiting factors for opportunistic behaviors in R&D cooperation as well as advance our understanding on the implications of control mechanisms. In addition,the findings help firms design control mechanisms to reduce opportunistic behaviors and then ensure the success of R&D cooperation.
引文
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[21] Sirmon D,Lane P. A model of cultural differences and international alliance performance[J]. Journal of International Business Studies,2004,35:306-319.
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[24] Jap S D,Ganesan S. Control mechanisms and the relationship life cycle:Implications for safeguarding specific investments and developing commitment[J]. Journal of Marketing Research,2000,37(2):227-245.
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[26] Zaheer A,McEvily B,Perrone V. Does trust matter?Exploring the effects of interorganizational and interpersonal trust on performance[J]. Organization Science,1998,9(2):141-159.
[27] Jaworski B J,Kohli A K. Market orientation:Antecedents and consequences[J]. Journal of Marketing,1993,51:53-70.
[28] Fornell C,Larcker D F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error[J]. Journal of Marketing Research,1981,18:39-50.
[29] Aiken L S,West S G. Multiple Regression:Testing and Interpreting Interactions[M]. Newbury Park, CA:Sage,1991.
[2] Okamuro H. Determinants of successful R&D cooperation in Japanese small businesses:The impact of organizational and contractual characteristics[J]. Research Policy,2007,36:1529-1544.
[3] Carson S J,Madhok A,Wu T. Uncertainty,opportunism,and governance:The effects of volatility and ambiguity on formal and relational contract[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2006,49:1058-1077.
[4]苏中锋,王海绒,张文红.整合独立研发与合作研发:吸收能力的影响作用[J].科研管理,2016,37(11):11-17.
[5] Lui S S,Wong Y,Liu W. Asset specificity roles in interfirm cooperation:Reducing opportunistic behavior or increasing cooperative behavior?[J]Journal of Business Research,2009,62:1214-1219.
[6] Tyler B B,Steensma H K. Evaluating technological collaborative opportunities:A cognitive modeling perspective[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1995,16:44-70.
[7] Dyer J,Singh H. The relational view:Cooperative strategy and sources of inter-organizational competitive advantage[J]. Academy of Management Review,1998,23(4):600-679.
[8]高孟立.合作创新中机会主义行为的相互性及治理机制研究[J].科学学研究,2017,35(9):1422-1433.
[9] Fryxell G. After the ink dries:The interaction of trust and control in US based international joint ventures[J]. Journal of Management Studies,2002,39(6):865-886.
[10] Becker W,Dietz J. R&D cooperation and innovation activities of firms:Evidence for the German manufacturing industry[J]. Research Policy,2004,33:209-223.
[11] Oxley J E,Sampson R C. The scope and governance of international R&D alliances[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2004,25:723-749.
[12]苏中锋,谢恩,李垣.基于不同动机的联盟控制方式选择及其对联盟绩效影响:中国企业联盟的实证分析[J].南开管理评论,2007,10(5):4-11.
[13]张钰,刘益,李瑶.营销渠道中控制机制的使用与机会主义行为[J].管理科学学报,2015,18(12):79-92.
[14] Sakakibara M. Heterogeneity of firm capabilities and cooperative research and development:An empirical examination of motives[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1997,18:143-164.
[15] Kelly M,Schaan J,Joncas H. Managing alliance relationships:Key challenges in the early stages of collaboration[J]. R&D Management,2002,32:11-22.
[16] Hitt M,Ahlstrom D,Dacin M T,et al. The institutional effects on strategic alliance partner selection in transition economies:China vs. Russia[J]. Organization Science,2004,15:173-185.
[17] Damanpour F,Aravind D. Managerial innovation:Conceptions,processes,and antecedents[J]. Management and Organization Review,2012,8:423-454.
[18] Birkinshaw J,Hamel G,Mol M. Management innovation[J]. Academy of Management Review,2008,33:825-845.
[19]王节祥,盛亚,蔡宁.合作创新中资产专用性与机会主义行为的关系[J].科学学研究,2015,33(8):1251-1260.
[20] Lavie D, Haunschild P, Khanna P. Organizational differences,relational mechanisms,and alliance performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2012,33:1453-149.
[21] Sirmon D,Lane P. A model of cultural differences and international alliance performance[J]. Journal of International Business Studies,2004,35:306-319.
[22]王龙伟,任胜钢,谢恩.合作研发对企业创新绩效的影响研究:基于治理机制的调节分析[J].科学学研究,2011,29(5):785-792.
[23] Armstrong S J,Overton T S. Estimating non-response bias in mail surveys[J]. Journal of Marketing Research,1977,14:396-402.
[24] Jap S D,Ganesan S. Control mechanisms and the relationship life cycle:Implications for safeguarding specific investments and developing commitment[J]. Journal of Marketing Research,2000,37(2):227-245.
[25] Wuyts S,Geyskens I. The formation of buyer-supplier relationships:Detailed contract drafting and close partner selection[J]. Journal of Marketing,2005,69(4):103-117.
[26] Zaheer A,McEvily B,Perrone V. Does trust matter?Exploring the effects of interorganizational and interpersonal trust on performance[J]. Organization Science,1998,9(2):141-159.
[27] Jaworski B J,Kohli A K. Market orientation:Antecedents and consequences[J]. Journal of Marketing,1993,51:53-70.
[28] Fornell C,Larcker D F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error[J]. Journal of Marketing Research,1981,18:39-50.
[29] Aiken L S,West S G. Multiple Regression:Testing and Interpreting Interactions[M]. Newbury Park, CA:Sage,1991.