隔离型自保:个体环境健康风险的市场化应对
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摘要
当前,中国已进入环境健康高风险期,公众的健康焦虑感愈发强烈。在多样化的环境健康风险应对策略中,个体通过市场化手段把自身同污染源隔离,进而实现自我保护的隔离型自保日益增加。居民健康焦虑的持续增加、购买力的增强以及环保产业的发展是隔离型自保措施产生的原因。但市场化的隔离型自保亦产生了严重的潜在后果,表现为环境不平等的再生产、污染漠视和精英抽离、环境问题的加剧、社会资源的浪费等等。隔离型自保仅是应对环境健康风险的权宜之计,还需要政府和社会多方努力从根本上消除环境健康风险。
China has entered a high-risk period of environmental health,public health anxiety is increasingly strong. In the diversification of environmental health risk coping strategies,the self isolation whichthe individual through the market means to isolate themselves from the pollution sources,and then achieve self-protection increased.The reasons for the increase of isolated self-protection measures are the continuous increase of residents' health and anxiety,the enhancement of purchasing power and the development of environmental protection industry. Theisolated self-protection basedmarket has serious potential consequences,such as the reproduction of environmental inequality,pollution indifference and the withdrawal of elite,the intensification of environmental problems,and the waste of social resources. Isolated self-protection is only a temporary solution to environmental health risks,and it requires the efforts of the government and society to eliminate environmental health risks at large.
China has entered a high-risk period of environmental health,public health anxiety is increasingly strong. In the diversification of environmental health risk coping strategies,the self isolation whichthe individual through the market means to isolate themselves from the pollution sources,and then achieve self-protection increased.The reasons for the increase of isolated self-protection measures are the continuous increase of residents' health and anxiety,the enhancement of purchasing power and the development of environmental protection industry. Theisolated self-protection basedmarket has serious potential consequences,such as the reproduction of environmental inequality,pollution indifference and the withdrawal of elite,the intensification of environmental problems,and the waste of social resources. Isolated self-protection is only a temporary solution to environmental health risks,and it requires the efforts of the government and society to eliminate environmental health risks at large.
引文
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[17]徐立成,等.“一家两制”:食品安全威胁下的社会自我保护[J].中国农村经济,2013(5).
[18]食品商务网.有机食品国内外销量年增30%或称为朝阳产业[EB/OL].(2016-12—06).[2017-09-06]http://news.21food.cn/12/2771353.html.
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[21]洪大用,等.地位差异、适应性与绩效期待——空气污染诱致的居民迁出意向分异研究[J].社会学研究,2016(3).
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[23]阿里研究院.中国绿色消费者报告[EB/OL].(2016-08—03).[2017-09-06].http://www.aliresearch.com/blog/article/detail/id/21025.html.
[24]人民网.王思聪食材全进口面是进口面水是斐济的水[EB/OL].(2016-09—29).[2017-09-06].http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2016/0929/c233082-29079861.html.
[25]陈阿江.环境问题的技术呈现、社会建构与治理转向[J].社会学评论,2016(3).
[26]陈阿江.论人水和谐[J].河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(4).
[27]Douglas M,Wildavsky A.Risk and culture.Berkeley[J].University of California Press,1982(5).
[28]卜玉梅.风险的社会放大:框架与经验研究及启示[J].学习与实践,2009(2).
[29]Schnaiberg A.The Environment:From Surplus to Scarcity[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1980.
[30]汉娜·阿伦特.反抗“平庸的恶”[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2014.
[31]Johnson T,Mol A P J,Zhang L,et al.Living under the dome:Individual strategies against air pollution in Beijing[J].Habitat International,2017(59).
[32]汉尼根.环境社会学:第2版[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009.
[33]郇庆治.绿色变革视角下的环境公民理论[J].鄱阳湖学刊,2015(2).
(1)数据来自于相应年份的统计年鉴。
(1)网络谣言是加剧健康焦虑的重要影响因素。据统计,网络谣言中食品安全信息谣言占45%(数据来源:新华网,网络谣言中食品安全信息占比高达45%打击食品谣言刻不容缓[EB/OL].(2016-12—02).[2017-09-06],http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-12/02/c_1120041194.htm)。食品安全健康谣言对于加剧健康焦虑和隔离型自保的产生具有不可忽视的影响。
[2]中华人们共和国环境保护部网站.环境保护部发布中国人群环境暴露行为模式研究成果[EB/OL].(2014-03-14).[2017-09-06].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/201403/t20140314_269210.htm.
[3]中华人民共和国环境保护部网站.环境保护部通报2014年突发环境事件基本情况[EB/OL].(2015-01-23).[2017-09-06].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/201501/t20150123_294725.htm.
[4]贺珍怡.将环境与健康融入中国发展战略:新常态与新挑战[J].学海,2017(1).
[5]殷永文,等.上海市霾期间PM2.5、PM10污染与呼吸科、儿呼吸科门诊人数的相关分析[J].环境科学,2011(7).
[6]谢海涛,等.淮河癌症[J].财新周刊,2013(38).
[7]齐格蒙特·鲍曼.寻找政治[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006.
[8]芭芭拉·亚当,等.风险社会及其超越[M].北京:北京出版社,2005.
[9]Bourgaultfagnou M D,Hadjistavropoulos H D.Understanding health anxiety among community dwelling seniors with varying degrees of frailty[J].Aging&Mental Health,2009(2).
[10]刘岩,张金荣.风险社会公众面对环境风险的行动选择与应对[J].社会科学战线,2015(10).
[11]Szasz A.Shopping our way to safety:How we changed from protecting the environment to protecting ourselves[M].U of Minnesota Press,2007.
[12]中国新闻网.高增长难掩市场尴尬净水设备普及率不足5%[EB/OL].(2014-12-18).[2017-09-06].http://finance.chinanews.com/life/2014/12-18/6889682.shtml.
[13]中国经济网.国内首份空净市场报告出炉家庭普及率不及1%[EB/OL].(2015-04-30).[2017-09-06].http://www.ce.cn/cysc/zgjd/kx/201504/30/t20150430_5249992.shtml.
[14]Antoci A.Environmental degradation as engine of undesirable economic growth via self-protection consumption choices[J].Ecological Economics,2009(5).
[15]北京商报网.第二篇净水市场回顾与展望(一)[EB/OL].(2015-08—18).[2017-09-06].http://www.bbtnews.com.cn/magazine/20150819/2015/10/.
[16]中商情报网.2014年中国高端瓶装矿泉水零售额达128亿[EB/OL].(2015-12—07).[2017-09-06].http://www.askci.com/news/chanye/2015/12/07/144352z9iv.shtml.
[17]徐立成,等.“一家两制”:食品安全威胁下的社会自我保护[J].中国农村经济,2013(5).
[18]食品商务网.有机食品国内外销量年增30%或称为朝阳产业[EB/OL].(2016-12—06).[2017-09-06]http://news.21food.cn/12/2771353.html.
[19]新浪科技.空净家庭普及率不及1%新国标即将发布[EB/OL].(2015-04—30).[2017-09-06].http://tech.sina.com.cn/e/x/2015-04-30/doc-iawzuney4621222.shtml.
[20]Sun C,Kahn M E,Zheng S.Self-protection investment exacerbates air pollution exposure inequality in urban China[J].Ecological Economics,2017(131).
[21]洪大用,等.地位差异、适应性与绩效期待——空气污染诱致的居民迁出意向分异研究[J].社会学研究,2016(3).
[22]小木虫论坛[EB/OL].(2017-01—10).[2017-01-15].http://muchong.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=10976361&fpage=1.
[23]阿里研究院.中国绿色消费者报告[EB/OL].(2016-08—03).[2017-09-06].http://www.aliresearch.com/blog/article/detail/id/21025.html.
[24]人民网.王思聪食材全进口面是进口面水是斐济的水[EB/OL].(2016-09—29).[2017-09-06].http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2016/0929/c233082-29079861.html.
[25]陈阿江.环境问题的技术呈现、社会建构与治理转向[J].社会学评论,2016(3).
[26]陈阿江.论人水和谐[J].河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(4).
[27]Douglas M,Wildavsky A.Risk and culture.Berkeley[J].University of California Press,1982(5).
[28]卜玉梅.风险的社会放大:框架与经验研究及启示[J].学习与实践,2009(2).
[29]Schnaiberg A.The Environment:From Surplus to Scarcity[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1980.
[30]汉娜·阿伦特.反抗“平庸的恶”[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2014.
[31]Johnson T,Mol A P J,Zhang L,et al.Living under the dome:Individual strategies against air pollution in Beijing[J].Habitat International,2017(59).
[32]汉尼根.环境社会学:第2版[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009.
[33]郇庆治.绿色变革视角下的环境公民理论[J].鄱阳湖学刊,2015(2).
(1)数据来自于相应年份的统计年鉴。
(1)网络谣言是加剧健康焦虑的重要影响因素。据统计,网络谣言中食品安全信息谣言占45%(数据来源:新华网,网络谣言中食品安全信息占比高达45%打击食品谣言刻不容缓[EB/OL].(2016-12—02).[2017-09-06],http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-12/02/c_1120041194.htm)。食品安全健康谣言对于加剧健康焦虑和隔离型自保的产生具有不可忽视的影响。