婺城区大气PM_(2.5)金属元素污染的慢性健康风险评估
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摘要
目的评估金华市婺城区大气PM_(2.5)中金属元素污染的慢性健康风险。方法于2015—2017年在婺城区开展大气PM_(2.5)采样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定样品中12种金属元素含量,并采用美国国家环境保护局推荐的环境健康风险评估"四步法"评估PM_(2.5)中金属元素的慢性健康风险。结果婺城区2015—2017年PM_(2.5)平均浓度为(53.42±26.95)μg/m~3,不同季节和年份PM_(2.5)平均浓度差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PM_(2.5)中金属元素浓度的M (Q_R)为136.66 (117.14) ng/m~3,其中铝、铅、锰、镉和硒浓度较高;2016—2017年,镉平均浓度均超过参考限值(5.00 ng/m~3)。冬季PM_(2.5)中金属元素浓度最高,M (Q_R)为175.12 (132.45) ng/m~3;夏季最低,M (Q_R)为92.55(52.81) ng/m~3。PM_(2.5)中9种金属元素对成人总非致癌健康风险系数(HQ)为2.90 (>1),除镉外,砷、铍、镍、硒、汞、铝、锰和锑的HQ均<1;5种金属元素对成人总致癌风险R>10~(-6),其中砷和镉的致癌风险R>10~(-6),铍、铅和镍的致癌风险均R<10~(-6)。结论婺城区大气PM_(2.5)中金属元素铝、铅、锰、镉和硒含量较高;其中镉的浓度超过参考限值,其非致癌风险和致癌风险均较高;砷的致癌风险较高。
Objective To investigate the characteristics and the chronic health risks of metals in fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5))of Wucheng District,Jinhua. Methods The PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Wucheng District of Jinhua from the year 2015 to2017. Chromium(Cr),manganese(Mn),nickel(Ni),arsenic(As),selenium(Se),cadmium(Cd),antimony(Sb),lead(Pb), beryllium(Be), aluminum(Al), thallium(Tl) and mercury(Hg) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The health risks of the metals were assessed based on the standard method recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency. Results From 2015 to 2017,the average concentration of PM_(2.5) in Wucheng District was(53.42 ±26.95) μg/m~3, and the average concentration of PM_(2.5) in each season and each year were significantly different(P<0.05). The median(interquartile range) concentration of metal elements in PM_(2.5) was 136.66(117.14) ng/m~3,with higher concentration of Al, Pb, Mn, Cd and Se. From 2016 to 2017, the average concentration of Cd exceeded the reference limit(5.00 ng/m~3). The median(interquartile range) concentration of metal elements in PM_(2.5) in winter was 175.12(132.45) ng/m~3,the highest,and in summer was 92.55(52.81) ng/m~3,the lowest. The total hazard quotient(HQ) of nine kinds of metal elements in PM_(2.5) was 2.90;the HQ of As,Be,Ni,Se,Hg,Al,Mn and Sb were all less than 1,except Cd.The total carcinogenic risk of five kinds of metal elements in PM_(2.5) was more than 10~(-6),among which the carcinogenic risk of As and Cd were more than 10~(-6),and the carcinogenic risk of Be,Pb and Ni were less than 10~(-6). Conclusion The concentrations of Al,Pb,Mn,Cd and Se in PM_(2.5) of Wucheng District were higher and the concentration of Cd exceeded the reference limit. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of Cd were both higher,the carcinogenic risk of As was also higher.
Objective To investigate the characteristics and the chronic health risks of metals in fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5))of Wucheng District,Jinhua. Methods The PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Wucheng District of Jinhua from the year 2015 to2017. Chromium(Cr),manganese(Mn),nickel(Ni),arsenic(As),selenium(Se),cadmium(Cd),antimony(Sb),lead(Pb), beryllium(Be), aluminum(Al), thallium(Tl) and mercury(Hg) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The health risks of the metals were assessed based on the standard method recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency. Results From 2015 to 2017,the average concentration of PM_(2.5) in Wucheng District was(53.42 ±26.95) μg/m~3, and the average concentration of PM_(2.5) in each season and each year were significantly different(P<0.05). The median(interquartile range) concentration of metal elements in PM_(2.5) was 136.66(117.14) ng/m~3,with higher concentration of Al, Pb, Mn, Cd and Se. From 2016 to 2017, the average concentration of Cd exceeded the reference limit(5.00 ng/m~3). The median(interquartile range) concentration of metal elements in PM_(2.5) in winter was 175.12(132.45) ng/m~3,the highest,and in summer was 92.55(52.81) ng/m~3,the lowest. The total hazard quotient(HQ) of nine kinds of metal elements in PM_(2.5) was 2.90;the HQ of As,Be,Ni,Se,Hg,Al,Mn and Sb were all less than 1,except Cd.The total carcinogenic risk of five kinds of metal elements in PM_(2.5) was more than 10~(-6),among which the carcinogenic risk of As and Cd were more than 10~(-6),and the carcinogenic risk of Be,Pb and Ni were less than 10~(-6). Conclusion The concentrations of Al,Pb,Mn,Cd and Se in PM_(2.5) of Wucheng District were higher and the concentration of Cd exceeded the reference limit. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of Cd were both higher,the carcinogenic risk of As was also higher.
引文
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[2]梁肖,闫英洁,张迪,等.PM2.5污染与呼吸系统疾病门诊量关系的Meta分析[J].环境与职业医学,2016,33(9):874-879.
[3]刘帅,宋国君.PM2.5日平均浓度与死亡率“剂量-反应”关系meta分析[J].中国公共卫生,2017,33(1):14-17.
[4]赵凤敏,吴一峰,吴峰.大气污染物浓度与上呼吸道疾病门诊就诊的关联性研究[J].预防医学,2016,28(2):165-167.
[5]刘英莉,孟春燕,钱庆增,等.某市秋冬季大气PM2.5中金属元素的健康风险评价[J].环境与职业医学,2018,35(7):602-606.
[6]赵朕,罗小三,索晨,等.大气PM2.5中重金属研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2017,34(3):273-277.
[7]中华人民共和国环保保护部.环境空气颗粒物(PM2.5)手工监测方法(重量法)技术规范:HJ 656-2013[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2013:6.
[8]李.环境健康风险评估方法第一讲环境健康风险评估概述及其在我国应用的展望[J].环境与健康杂志,2015,32(3):266-268.
[9]段小丽,黄楠,王贝贝,等.国内外环境健康风险评价中的暴露参数比较[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(2):99-104.
[10]杜艳君,莫杨,李.环境健康风险评估方法第四讲暴露评估(续三)[J].环境与健康杂志,2015,32(6):556-559.
[11]孙庆华,杜宗豪,杜艳君,等.环境健康风险评估方法第五讲风险特征(续四)[J].环境与健康杂志,2015,32(7):640-642.
[12]中华人民共和国环境保护部.环境空气质量标准:GB 3095-2012[S].2012:6.
[13]WANG X,HE S,CHEN S,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2.5in Zhejiang province[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2018,15(4):583.
[14]LIU R,ZENG J,JIANG X,et al.The relationship between airborne fine particle matter and emergency ambulance dispatches in a southwestern city in Chengdu,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,229:661-667.
[15]赵金镯,李丽,钱春燕,等.上海市居民区大气细颗粒物污染水平及时空分布特征研究[J].卫生研究,2012,41(1):37-41.
[16]LI P,XUE L Y,WANG S L,et al.Pollution evaluation and health risk assessment of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Lanzhou[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(3):1021-1028.
[17]CHEN P,BI X,ZHANG J,et al.Assessment of heavy metal pollution characteristics and human health risk of exposure to ambient PM2.5in Tianjin,China[J].Particuology,2015,20:104-109.
[18]LI K,LIANG T,WANG L.Risk assessment of atmospheric heavy metals exposure in Baotou,a typical industrial city in northern China[J].Environ Geochem Health,2015,38(3):843-853.
[19]杜艳君,张翼,刘睿聪,等.成都市PM2.5中金属元素吸入暴露的慢性健康风险评估[J].环境与健康杂志,2016,33(12):1061-1064.
[20]聂莉,李延升,华正罡,等.辽宁沈阳地区大气PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国公共卫生,2018,34(4):574-576.
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[22]李天昕,王叶晴,段小丽,等.环境健康风险评价中的行为活动模式暴露参数[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(2):118-123.