社区认同、环境情感结构与城市形态发生学机制研究——基于上海曹杨新村的测量与评价
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摘要
从居民主体的环境感知评价角度,运用结构关系方程模型法(SEM)构建社区认同概念框架,并以随机等距选取的上海曹杨新村973户居民作为研究对象,研究"社区认同"形成过程中居住环境因素与社区居民主体感知的相互建构对社区城市形态的形成、影响、适应(或调整)的互动机制。通过对假设模型进行拟合和检验,模型显示为可接受,分析结果表明,城市居住环境以及在场进行的居民感知对社区认同均有着正向的影响作用,它们之间也存在着正向的相关关系,但已经转变为潜在结构。社会分层的群组分析则表明,不同社会分层社区认同、环境情感结构的作用机制存在结构差异,从而在城市居住社区形成多元差异化的社会更新、城市更新的底层内源的发生学动力。结论不但丰富了城市居住社区主客体互动的理论认知,对城市形态和城市形态发生学也有重要意义。
From the perspective of residents' environmental perception evaluation, this paper discusses the mutual construction of residential environment factors and residents' subjective perception in the formation of community identity, and its influence on the formation, involution, adaption(or adjustment) of urban community morphology by using structural equation modeling(SEM) to establish the conceptual framework for community identity and taking the randomly selected 973 households in Caoyang Xincun of Shanghai as the study case. The causal relationship hypothesized by the model is tested with the data acquired from Caoyang Xincun and the validity of the model is established based on SEM. The results indicate that urban living environment and residents' environmental perception positively influence community identification, and that the two reinforces each other and the relation between them is transforming into a potential structure. Group analysis of social stratification indicates that in different social classes, structural differences exist in the mechanism of community identity and emotional structure of the environment, thus generating differences in social renewal and power sources for urban renewal in urban residential communities. The research not only enriches subject-object interaction theory of cognition in urban living communities, but also has great significance to urban form and urban morphogenesis.
From the perspective of residents' environmental perception evaluation, this paper discusses the mutual construction of residential environment factors and residents' subjective perception in the formation of community identity, and its influence on the formation, involution, adaption(or adjustment) of urban community morphology by using structural equation modeling(SEM) to establish the conceptual framework for community identity and taking the randomly selected 973 households in Caoyang Xincun of Shanghai as the study case. The causal relationship hypothesized by the model is tested with the data acquired from Caoyang Xincun and the validity of the model is established based on SEM. The results indicate that urban living environment and residents' environmental perception positively influence community identification, and that the two reinforces each other and the relation between them is transforming into a potential structure. Group analysis of social stratification indicates that in different social classes, structural differences exist in the mechanism of community identity and emotional structure of the environment, thus generating differences in social renewal and power sources for urban renewal in urban residential communities. The research not only enriches subject-object interaction theory of cognition in urban living communities, but also has great significance to urban form and urban morphogenesis.
引文
1 CHAVIS D M,WANDERSMAN A.Sense of Community in the Urban Environment:A Catalyst for Participation and Community Development[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,1990,18(1):55-81.
2 FISCHER C S.To Dwell Among Friends:Personal Networks in Town and City[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1982.
3陈福平,黎熙元.当代社区的两种空间:地域与社会网络[J].社会,2008(5):41-57.CHEN Fuping,LI Xiyuan.Two of the Contemporary Community Space:Territory and Social Networks[J].Society,2008(5):41-57.
4 PATTERSON P K,CHAPMAN N J.Urban Form and Older Residents’Service Use,Walking,Driving,Quality of Life,and Neighborhood Satisfaction[J].American Journal of Health Promotion,2004,19(1):45-52.
5 PROSHANSKY H M.The City and Self-Identity[J].Environment and Behavior,1978,10(2):147-169.
6 PLAS J M,LEWIS S E.Environmental Factors and Sense of Community in a Planned Town[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,1996,24(1):109-143.
7 WELLMAN B.The Community Question:The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers[J].American Journal of Sociology,1979:1201-1231.
8陈校.社区意识研究的理论范式--社区意识的具体性[J].商业时代,2010(18):12-13.CHEN Xiao.The Theoretical Paradigms of Community Awareness Research:The Specific Nature of Community Awareness[J].Commercial Times,2010(18):12-13.
9 BREAKWELL G M.Processes of Self-Evaluation:Efficacy and Estrangement[M]//BREAKWELL G M.Social Psychology of Identity and the Self.London,U.K.:Surrey University Press in Association with Academic Press,1992:35-55.
10 HUNTER A,JANOWITZ M.Symbolic Communities:The Persistence and Change of Chicago’s Local Communities[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1974.
11 TUAN Y F.Topophilia:A Study of Environmental Perception,Attitudes,and Values[M].Engelwood Cliffs,New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,1974.
12 WILLIAMS D R,PATTERSON M E,ROGGENBUCK JW,et al.Beyond the Commodity Metaphor:Examining Emotional and Symbolic Attachment to Place[J].Leisure Sciences,1992,14(1):29-46.
13 WOLDOFF R A.The Effects of Local Stressors on Neighborhood Attachment[J].Social Forces,2002,81(1):87-116.
14 LOBO C.The Role of Environmental Perceptions in Sense of Place:Case Studies of Neighborhoods in Phoenix,Arizona[M].Phoenix:Arizona State University,2004.
15 UNGER D,WANDERSMAN A.The Importance of Neighbors:The Social,Cognitive,and Affective Components of Neighboring[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,1985,13(2):139-169.
16 MCMILLAN D W,CHAVIS D M.Sense of Community:A Definition and Theory[J].Journal of Community Psychology,1986,14(1):6-23.
17赵民,赵蔚.社区发展规划:理论与实践[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.ZHAO Min,ZHAO Wei.Community Development Planning:Theory and Practice[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2003.
18 UNGER D G,WANDERSMAN A.Neighboring in an Urban Environment[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,1982,10(5):493-509.
19吴明隆.结构方程模型--Amos的操作与应用[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010.WU Minglong.Structural Equation Modeling:Operation and Application of Amos[M].Chongqing:Chongqing University Press,2010.
20 HAIR J F,BLACK W C,BABIN B J.Multivariate Data Analysis:A Global Perspective[M].Upper Saddle River,NJ:Pearson Education,Limited,2010.
21 FORNELL C,LARCKER D F.Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error[J].Journal of Marketing Research,1981:39-50.
22 LITTLE T D.Mean and Covariance Structures(MACS)Analyses of Cross-Cultural Data:Practical and Theoretical Issues[J].Multivariate Behavioral Research,1997,32(1):53-76.
23 BYRNE B M.Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS:Basic Concepts,Applications,and Programming[M].New York/London:Routledge,2013.
24 LEE T.Urban Neighbourhood as a Socio-Spatial Schema[J].Human Relations,1968,21(3):241-267.
25 JENKS M,DEMPSEY N.Defining the Neighbourhood:Challenges for Empirical Research[J].Town Planning Review,2007(78):153-177.
26 AITKEN S C.Local Evaluations of Neighborhood Change[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1990,80(2):247-267.
27 AMERIGO M I A,ARAGONES J I.A Theoretical and Methodological Approach to the Study of Residential Satisfaction[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,1997,17(1):47-57.
28 FLEURY-BAHI G,FéLONNEAU M,Marchand D.Processes of Place Identification and Residential Satisfaction[J].Environment and Behavior,2008,40(5):669-682.
29 LALLI M.Urban-Related Identity:Theory,Measurement,and Empirical Findings[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,1992,12(4):285-303.
30 KYLE G,GRAEFE A,MANNING R.Testing the Dimensionality of Place Attachment in Recreational Settings[J].Environment and Behavior,2005,37(2):153-177.
31陈永胜,牟丽霞.西方社区感研究的现状与趋势[J].心理科学进展,2007(1):169-173.CHEN Yongsheng,MOU Lixia.Psychological Sense of Community in Western Countries[J].Advances in Psychological Science,2007(1):169-173.
32丁凤琴.关于社区情感的理论发展与实证研究[J].城市问题,2010(7):23-27.DING Fengqin.The Theoretical Development and Empirical Study on the Emotion in Communities[J].Urban Problems,2010(7):23-27.
33李文茂,雷刚.社区概念与社区中的认同建构[J].城市发展研究,2013(9):78-82.LI Wenmao,LEI Gang.Definition of Community and Identity Construction in Community[J].Urban Development Studies,2013(9):78-82.
34林南,卢汉龙.社会指标与生活质量的结构模型探讨--关于上海城市居民生活的一项研究[J].中国社会科学,1989(4):75-97.LIN Nan,LU Hanlong.Discussion on the Structural Model of Social Indicators and Quality of Life:A Study on the Life of Urban Residents in Shanghai[J].Chinese Social Sciences,1989(4):75-97.
35严明,徐良.城市社区认同性多指标综合优化模型研究[J].系统科学学报,2013(3):85-88.YAN Ming,XU Liang.Researches on the Identity Multiple Indexes Comprehensive Optimization Models in Urban Communities[J].Journal of Systems Science,2013(3):85-88.
(1)Morphogenesis,本意指胚胎细胞分化成形态和结构不同的组织和器官的过程。形态学把它看作核心概念,分析形态学研究对象在形态形成逻辑的主导下,在自身的差异化环境中形成系统结构和形态的过程,以及研究对象的不同组织结构的个体发展和类型发展过程。
(2)数据来源:曹杨新村街道第六次全国人口普查数据评估报告,曹扬新村街道人口普查办公室,2011年3月8日。
(3)因住户不配合、家中无人或抽样户缺失等原因,采取按抽样户前进或后退一位、住户名册随机电话预约等方式更换了233份(占23.5%)随机样本,因此在合并分析前需要考量数据同质性的问题。同质性检验采用性别、年龄、户籍、教育程度及家庭年收入做卡方检验。检验结果卡方值分别为1.292、51.973、5.607、10.574、145.415,p值均大于0.05,因此不拒绝零假设,即两种调查方式上没有体现出质的差别,可以合并统计,共计973份有效样本。
(4)出于各种人为考虑,被调查户一般只报甚至低报薪资收入,而不报隐性收入和其他财产性收入。本次调查中,股票或不动产增值等理财或要素收入也不计入。
(5)最小分组样本量为199,略小于SEM要求至少为观察变量10倍的要求(张伟豪,2011),但相差很小,仍符合样本选取一般原则。
(6)吴明隆(2010)认为Normedchi-square值(x2自由度比)<2.00,GFI、AGFI均应大于0.90;但是根据张伟豪(2011),在AMOS的实际操作中,Normedchi-square值(x2自由度比)<5.00,GFI、AGFI均大于0.80即可以被接受。
(7)一般说来,Cronbach’α≥0.70,属于高信度;0. 3 5≤Cronbach’α<0. 7 0,属于中信度;Cronbach’α<0.35则不可取。
(8)社区认同的测量模型设计,根据前述概念假设和经验法则,归属感受到其他3项观测变量的直接影响,属于形成性指标,尽管残差与其他3者之间存在较大的变异量,也不能删除以免破坏构面的架构,因此应该建立相关以降低对结构模型的一致性检定的影响,这也与结构模型中态度认同、行为认同间的相关性假设相一致。
2 FISCHER C S.To Dwell Among Friends:Personal Networks in Town and City[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1982.
3陈福平,黎熙元.当代社区的两种空间:地域与社会网络[J].社会,2008(5):41-57.CHEN Fuping,LI Xiyuan.Two of the Contemporary Community Space:Territory and Social Networks[J].Society,2008(5):41-57.
4 PATTERSON P K,CHAPMAN N J.Urban Form and Older Residents’Service Use,Walking,Driving,Quality of Life,and Neighborhood Satisfaction[J].American Journal of Health Promotion,2004,19(1):45-52.
5 PROSHANSKY H M.The City and Self-Identity[J].Environment and Behavior,1978,10(2):147-169.
6 PLAS J M,LEWIS S E.Environmental Factors and Sense of Community in a Planned Town[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,1996,24(1):109-143.
7 WELLMAN B.The Community Question:The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers[J].American Journal of Sociology,1979:1201-1231.
8陈校.社区意识研究的理论范式--社区意识的具体性[J].商业时代,2010(18):12-13.CHEN Xiao.The Theoretical Paradigms of Community Awareness Research:The Specific Nature of Community Awareness[J].Commercial Times,2010(18):12-13.
9 BREAKWELL G M.Processes of Self-Evaluation:Efficacy and Estrangement[M]//BREAKWELL G M.Social Psychology of Identity and the Self.London,U.K.:Surrey University Press in Association with Academic Press,1992:35-55.
10 HUNTER A,JANOWITZ M.Symbolic Communities:The Persistence and Change of Chicago’s Local Communities[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1974.
11 TUAN Y F.Topophilia:A Study of Environmental Perception,Attitudes,and Values[M].Engelwood Cliffs,New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,1974.
12 WILLIAMS D R,PATTERSON M E,ROGGENBUCK JW,et al.Beyond the Commodity Metaphor:Examining Emotional and Symbolic Attachment to Place[J].Leisure Sciences,1992,14(1):29-46.
13 WOLDOFF R A.The Effects of Local Stressors on Neighborhood Attachment[J].Social Forces,2002,81(1):87-116.
14 LOBO C.The Role of Environmental Perceptions in Sense of Place:Case Studies of Neighborhoods in Phoenix,Arizona[M].Phoenix:Arizona State University,2004.
15 UNGER D,WANDERSMAN A.The Importance of Neighbors:The Social,Cognitive,and Affective Components of Neighboring[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,1985,13(2):139-169.
16 MCMILLAN D W,CHAVIS D M.Sense of Community:A Definition and Theory[J].Journal of Community Psychology,1986,14(1):6-23.
17赵民,赵蔚.社区发展规划:理论与实践[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.ZHAO Min,ZHAO Wei.Community Development Planning:Theory and Practice[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2003.
18 UNGER D G,WANDERSMAN A.Neighboring in an Urban Environment[J].American Journal of Community Psychology,1982,10(5):493-509.
19吴明隆.结构方程模型--Amos的操作与应用[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010.WU Minglong.Structural Equation Modeling:Operation and Application of Amos[M].Chongqing:Chongqing University Press,2010.
20 HAIR J F,BLACK W C,BABIN B J.Multivariate Data Analysis:A Global Perspective[M].Upper Saddle River,NJ:Pearson Education,Limited,2010.
21 FORNELL C,LARCKER D F.Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error[J].Journal of Marketing Research,1981:39-50.
22 LITTLE T D.Mean and Covariance Structures(MACS)Analyses of Cross-Cultural Data:Practical and Theoretical Issues[J].Multivariate Behavioral Research,1997,32(1):53-76.
23 BYRNE B M.Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS:Basic Concepts,Applications,and Programming[M].New York/London:Routledge,2013.
24 LEE T.Urban Neighbourhood as a Socio-Spatial Schema[J].Human Relations,1968,21(3):241-267.
25 JENKS M,DEMPSEY N.Defining the Neighbourhood:Challenges for Empirical Research[J].Town Planning Review,2007(78):153-177.
26 AITKEN S C.Local Evaluations of Neighborhood Change[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1990,80(2):247-267.
27 AMERIGO M I A,ARAGONES J I.A Theoretical and Methodological Approach to the Study of Residential Satisfaction[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,1997,17(1):47-57.
28 FLEURY-BAHI G,FéLONNEAU M,Marchand D.Processes of Place Identification and Residential Satisfaction[J].Environment and Behavior,2008,40(5):669-682.
29 LALLI M.Urban-Related Identity:Theory,Measurement,and Empirical Findings[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,1992,12(4):285-303.
30 KYLE G,GRAEFE A,MANNING R.Testing the Dimensionality of Place Attachment in Recreational Settings[J].Environment and Behavior,2005,37(2):153-177.
31陈永胜,牟丽霞.西方社区感研究的现状与趋势[J].心理科学进展,2007(1):169-173.CHEN Yongsheng,MOU Lixia.Psychological Sense of Community in Western Countries[J].Advances in Psychological Science,2007(1):169-173.
32丁凤琴.关于社区情感的理论发展与实证研究[J].城市问题,2010(7):23-27.DING Fengqin.The Theoretical Development and Empirical Study on the Emotion in Communities[J].Urban Problems,2010(7):23-27.
33李文茂,雷刚.社区概念与社区中的认同建构[J].城市发展研究,2013(9):78-82.LI Wenmao,LEI Gang.Definition of Community and Identity Construction in Community[J].Urban Development Studies,2013(9):78-82.
34林南,卢汉龙.社会指标与生活质量的结构模型探讨--关于上海城市居民生活的一项研究[J].中国社会科学,1989(4):75-97.LIN Nan,LU Hanlong.Discussion on the Structural Model of Social Indicators and Quality of Life:A Study on the Life of Urban Residents in Shanghai[J].Chinese Social Sciences,1989(4):75-97.
35严明,徐良.城市社区认同性多指标综合优化模型研究[J].系统科学学报,2013(3):85-88.YAN Ming,XU Liang.Researches on the Identity Multiple Indexes Comprehensive Optimization Models in Urban Communities[J].Journal of Systems Science,2013(3):85-88.
(1)Morphogenesis,本意指胚胎细胞分化成形态和结构不同的组织和器官的过程。形态学把它看作核心概念,分析形态学研究对象在形态形成逻辑的主导下,在自身的差异化环境中形成系统结构和形态的过程,以及研究对象的不同组织结构的个体发展和类型发展过程。
(2)数据来源:曹杨新村街道第六次全国人口普查数据评估报告,曹扬新村街道人口普查办公室,2011年3月8日。
(3)因住户不配合、家中无人或抽样户缺失等原因,采取按抽样户前进或后退一位、住户名册随机电话预约等方式更换了233份(占23.5%)随机样本,因此在合并分析前需要考量数据同质性的问题。同质性检验采用性别、年龄、户籍、教育程度及家庭年收入做卡方检验。检验结果卡方值分别为1.292、51.973、5.607、10.574、145.415,p值均大于0.05,因此不拒绝零假设,即两种调查方式上没有体现出质的差别,可以合并统计,共计973份有效样本。
(4)出于各种人为考虑,被调查户一般只报甚至低报薪资收入,而不报隐性收入和其他财产性收入。本次调查中,股票或不动产增值等理财或要素收入也不计入。
(5)最小分组样本量为199,略小于SEM要求至少为观察变量10倍的要求(张伟豪,2011),但相差很小,仍符合样本选取一般原则。
(6)吴明隆(2010)认为Normedchi-square值(x2自由度比)<2.00,GFI、AGFI均应大于0.90;但是根据张伟豪(2011),在AMOS的实际操作中,Normedchi-square值(x2自由度比)<5.00,GFI、AGFI均大于0.80即可以被接受。
(7)一般说来,Cronbach’α≥0.70,属于高信度;0. 3 5≤Cronbach’α<0. 7 0,属于中信度;Cronbach’α<0.35则不可取。
(8)社区认同的测量模型设计,根据前述概念假设和经验法则,归属感受到其他3项观测变量的直接影响,属于形成性指标,尽管残差与其他3者之间存在较大的变异量,也不能删除以免破坏构面的架构,因此应该建立相关以降低对结构模型的一致性检定的影响,这也与结构模型中态度认同、行为认同间的相关性假设相一致。