厕所革命:现代城市与城市贫民窟中对水污染控制的改善与废水再利用
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摘要
一旦有了两套新型的厕所体系,一套服务于城市贫民窟,一套服务于现代城市,我们就能够同时改进水污染控制并更进一步地对废水经济的再利用。对于城市贫民窟而言,"蓝色分流厕所"是一种颇具吸引力的、可负担的、安全的技术方案。它为工业化生产而设计,并通过资源的完全回收与零污染排放形成了一条可持续的卫生设施产业价值链。马桶的核心概念在于尿液在来源上的分离。这个概念同样能够革新已工业化的现代城市和高速工业化中的国家的现代城市的废水管理。有了这种新型的尿液分离马桶"Save!",厕所革命可以在全球范围内蔓延,并提供一种高成本效益的措施来使地表水免于富营养化,使废水的再利用更容易、更便宜,而且——作为一种"副作用"——为城乡农业提供肥料。
With two new toilet systems,one for urban slums and the other for modem cities,we can at the same time improve water pollution control and further the economic reuse of wastewater. For urban slums, the Blue Diversion Toilet is an appealing, affordable and safe technical solution. It is designed for industrialised manufacturing and implements a sustainable sanitation value chain with total resource recovery and zero discharge.The important concept of the toilet is urine source separation.This concept that can also revolutionise wastewater management in the modem cities of industrialised and fast industrialising countries.With the new urine-separating toilet Save! this toilet revolution can spread on a global scale, offering a cost-efficient measure to help save surface water from eutrophication,make reuse of wastewater easier and cheaper and-as a side effect-provide fertiliser for urban and rural agriculture.
With two new toilet systems,one for urban slums and the other for modem cities,we can at the same time improve water pollution control and further the economic reuse of wastewater. For urban slums, the Blue Diversion Toilet is an appealing, affordable and safe technical solution. It is designed for industrialised manufacturing and implements a sustainable sanitation value chain with total resource recovery and zero discharge.The important concept of the toilet is urine source separation.This concept that can also revolutionise wastewater management in the modem cities of industrialised and fast industrialising countries.With the new urine-separating toilet Save! this toilet revolution can spread on a global scale, offering a cost-efficient measure to help save surface water from eutrophication,make reuse of wastewater easier and cheaper and-as a side effect-provide fertiliser for urban and rural agriculture.
引文
[1]TROEGER C.et al.Estimates of the global,regional,and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The LancetInfectious Diseases,2018,18,(11),1211-1228.
[2] CURTIS V,CAIRNCROSS S.Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community:A systematic review.Lancet Infectious Diseases,2003,3,(5),275-281.
[3] RACHMADYANTO H,VAN DIJK M P,ODUROKWARTENG S.Mapping pro-poor water supply services:What are the technical and institutional options for the utility and rivate provision in Accra?International Journal of Water,2016,10,(2-3),246-266.
[4] BAUM R,LUH J, BARTRAM J. Sanitation:A global estimate of sewerage connections without treatment and the resulting impact on MDG progress.Environmental Science and Technology,2013,47,(4),1994-2000.
[5] PETER-VARBANETS M,ZURBR(U|¨)GG C,SWARTZ C,PRONK W.Decentralized systems for potable water and the potential of membrane technology.Water Research,2009,43,(2),245-265.
[6]TOBIAS R,O'KEEFE M,K(U|¨)NZLE R,GEBAUER H,GR(U|¨)NDL H, MORGENROTH E,PRONK W,LARSEN T A.Early testing of new sanitation technology for urban slums:The case of the Blue Diversion Toilet.Science of the Total Environment,2017,576,264-272.
[7] LARSEN T A,GUJER W.Separate management of anthropogenic nutrient solutions(human urine).Water Science and Technology,1996,34,87-94.
[8]JIANG F,CHEN Y,MACKEY H R,CHEN G H,VAN LOOSDRECHT M C M.Urine nitrification and sewer discharge to realize in-sewer denitrification to simplify sewage treatment in Hong Kong.Water Science and Technology,2011,64,(3),618-626.
[9] VERGER Y, PETIT C, BARLES S, BILLEN G,GARNIER J,ESCULIER F,MAUGIS P.A N,P,C,and water flows metabolism study in a peri-urban territory in France:The case-study of the Saclay plateau.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2018,137,200-213.
[10]MAURER M,PRONK W,LARSEN T A.Treatment processes for source-separated urine.Water Research,2006,40,(17),3151-3166.
[11] LIU W,CHEN W,FENG Q,DEO R C.Situations,challenges and strategies of urban water management in B eijing under rapid urbanization effect.Water Science and Technology:Water Supply,2019,19(1),115-127.
[12] BINZ C,TRUFFER B,COENEN L.Path creation as a process of resource alignment and anchoring:Industry formation for on-site water recycling in Beijing.Economic Geography,2016,92(2),172-200.
[13] FUMASOLI A, ETTER B, STERKELE B,MORGENROTH E,UDERT K M.Operating a pilotscale nitrification/distillation plant for complete nutrient recovery from urine.Water Science and Technology,2016,73(1),215-222.
1)经过多年的研究,Eawag已经能够开发出一种用尿液生产安全浓缩肥料的方法~([13])。生物处理能够稳定尿液,并去除有机物和意味。经过生物处理后,活性炭柱出去通过尿液排出的剩余药物和激素。随后的蒸馏浓缩尿液,以生产一种具有吸引力的浓缩肥料,名叫Aurin。严格的瑞士当局为所有作用提供了肥料补贴,因为Aurin使用绝对安全,而且可以用于所有可食用的作物。/The Vuna technology:Based on many years of research, Eawag has been able to develop a method for the production of a safe concentrated fertiliser from urine~([13]).Biological treatment stabilises urine and removes the organic matter and the smell. After biological treatment, an activated carbon column remove the remaining pharmaceuticals and hormones excreted via urine.The following distillation concentrates the urine to produce an attractive concentrated fertilizer with the name Aurin.The strict Swiss authorities have provided a fertilizer allowance for all crops, because Aurin is absolutely safe to use,also for all edible crops.For more information,see:https://www.eawag.ch/en/department/eng/projects/aurin-fertilisers-from-urine/
[2] CURTIS V,CAIRNCROSS S.Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community:A systematic review.Lancet Infectious Diseases,2003,3,(5),275-281.
[3] RACHMADYANTO H,VAN DIJK M P,ODUROKWARTENG S.Mapping pro-poor water supply services:What are the technical and institutional options for the utility and rivate provision in Accra?International Journal of Water,2016,10,(2-3),246-266.
[4] BAUM R,LUH J, BARTRAM J. Sanitation:A global estimate of sewerage connections without treatment and the resulting impact on MDG progress.Environmental Science and Technology,2013,47,(4),1994-2000.
[5] PETER-VARBANETS M,ZURBR(U|¨)GG C,SWARTZ C,PRONK W.Decentralized systems for potable water and the potential of membrane technology.Water Research,2009,43,(2),245-265.
[6]TOBIAS R,O'KEEFE M,K(U|¨)NZLE R,GEBAUER H,GR(U|¨)NDL H, MORGENROTH E,PRONK W,LARSEN T A.Early testing of new sanitation technology for urban slums:The case of the Blue Diversion Toilet.Science of the Total Environment,2017,576,264-272.
[7] LARSEN T A,GUJER W.Separate management of anthropogenic nutrient solutions(human urine).Water Science and Technology,1996,34,87-94.
[8]JIANG F,CHEN Y,MACKEY H R,CHEN G H,VAN LOOSDRECHT M C M.Urine nitrification and sewer discharge to realize in-sewer denitrification to simplify sewage treatment in Hong Kong.Water Science and Technology,2011,64,(3),618-626.
[9] VERGER Y, PETIT C, BARLES S, BILLEN G,GARNIER J,ESCULIER F,MAUGIS P.A N,P,C,and water flows metabolism study in a peri-urban territory in France:The case-study of the Saclay plateau.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2018,137,200-213.
[10]MAURER M,PRONK W,LARSEN T A.Treatment processes for source-separated urine.Water Research,2006,40,(17),3151-3166.
[11] LIU W,CHEN W,FENG Q,DEO R C.Situations,challenges and strategies of urban water management in B eijing under rapid urbanization effect.Water Science and Technology:Water Supply,2019,19(1),115-127.
[12] BINZ C,TRUFFER B,COENEN L.Path creation as a process of resource alignment and anchoring:Industry formation for on-site water recycling in Beijing.Economic Geography,2016,92(2),172-200.
[13] FUMASOLI A, ETTER B, STERKELE B,MORGENROTH E,UDERT K M.Operating a pilotscale nitrification/distillation plant for complete nutrient recovery from urine.Water Science and Technology,2016,73(1),215-222.
1)经过多年的研究,Eawag已经能够开发出一种用尿液生产安全浓缩肥料的方法~([13])。生物处理能够稳定尿液,并去除有机物和意味。经过生物处理后,活性炭柱出去通过尿液排出的剩余药物和激素。随后的蒸馏浓缩尿液,以生产一种具有吸引力的浓缩肥料,名叫Aurin。严格的瑞士当局为所有作用提供了肥料补贴,因为Aurin使用绝对安全,而且可以用于所有可食用的作物。/The Vuna technology:Based on many years of research, Eawag has been able to develop a method for the production of a safe concentrated fertiliser from urine~([13]).Biological treatment stabilises urine and removes the organic matter and the smell. After biological treatment, an activated carbon column remove the remaining pharmaceuticals and hormones excreted via urine.The following distillation concentrates the urine to produce an attractive concentrated fertilizer with the name Aurin.The strict Swiss authorities have provided a fertilizer allowance for all crops, because Aurin is absolutely safe to use,also for all edible crops.For more information,see:https://www.eawag.ch/en/department/eng/projects/aurin-fertilisers-from-urine/