国外旅游生态效率优化与管理
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摘要
旅游生态效率概念采用定量化方法对旅游业经济、环境影响进行分析,成为旅游业可持续发展评价的重要工具。基于可持续理论的旅游生态效率优化管理方案不断涌现,相关利益主体应用较多的有环境管理系统、旅游生态标签、清洁生产理念、旅游生态效率中心、21世纪地方议程等。在旅游企业日常运营中积极推动生态效率优化管理,是贯彻绿色发展理念,提高目的地旅游经济、环境绩效的一种新思路。从可持续背景下旅游生态效率优化模型入手,系统化分析了国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案的内容与特征。其中,环境管理系统在目的地层面为旅游生态效率优化设计了一套评估管理流程,旅游生态标签为目的地生态效率水平提供了可视化标志符号,21世纪地方议程为旅游可持续发展提供一致性整合方案,清洁生产理念是一种基于生态效率优化的长期战略,旅游生态效率中心作为非营利性机构有利于中小企业获得较好的环境绩效表现。国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案特征明显、设计合理、管理科学,对我国目的地旅游生态效率优化提升具有重要的借鉴作用。
Tourism eco-efficiency is a term based on a lifecycle analysis approach to reduce resource use and environmental effects by the tourism industry. Examples of the tools that are used by different stakeholders to address tourism eco-efficiency optimization and sustainable tourism are Environmental Management Systems(EMS),Tourism Eco-labels,Tourism Ecoefficiency Center,the concept and framework of Local Agenda 21(LA21),and Cleaner Production(CP). In terms of implementing sustainable tourism destinations based on the model of tourism eco-efficiency, these tools contribute to different aspects of the optimization of tourism eco-efficiency and sustainable development at various destinations. EMS provides a management system at the destination and company levels; eco-labeling allows for the development of recognition criteria; LA21 provides overall integration and coordination at the local level; and CP provides an overall implementation strategy to achieve the goals that are set. The Tourism Eco-Efficiency Centre(TEEC) was established as a non-profit,nongovernment,educational,and environmental management supportive center for Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs).The TEEC helps SMEs achieve better economic and environmental performance through resource conservation,pollution prevention,reuse,recycling,and sound environmental management practices. A range of concepts about tourism ecoefficiency optimization has provided pertinent definitions of the most commonly used preventive environmental management practices,which are necessary for businesses to develop sustainability. Foreign research of the management and optimizationof tourism eco-efficiency has had remarkable results and progresses, which has strong implications for the ecological efficiency optimization and management of tourism in China.
Tourism eco-efficiency is a term based on a lifecycle analysis approach to reduce resource use and environmental effects by the tourism industry. Examples of the tools that are used by different stakeholders to address tourism eco-efficiency optimization and sustainable tourism are Environmental Management Systems(EMS),Tourism Eco-labels,Tourism Ecoefficiency Center,the concept and framework of Local Agenda 21(LA21),and Cleaner Production(CP). In terms of implementing sustainable tourism destinations based on the model of tourism eco-efficiency, these tools contribute to different aspects of the optimization of tourism eco-efficiency and sustainable development at various destinations. EMS provides a management system at the destination and company levels; eco-labeling allows for the development of recognition criteria; LA21 provides overall integration and coordination at the local level; and CP provides an overall implementation strategy to achieve the goals that are set. The Tourism Eco-Efficiency Centre(TEEC) was established as a non-profit,nongovernment,educational,and environmental management supportive center for Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs).The TEEC helps SMEs achieve better economic and environmental performance through resource conservation,pollution prevention,reuse,recycling,and sound environmental management practices. A range of concepts about tourism ecoefficiency optimization has provided pertinent definitions of the most commonly used preventive environmental management practices,which are necessary for businesses to develop sustainability. Foreign research of the management and optimizationof tourism eco-efficiency has had remarkable results and progresses, which has strong implications for the ecological efficiency optimization and management of tourism in China.
引文
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[7] Martin B S,Uysal M. An examination of the relationship between carrying capacity and the tourism lifecycle:management and policy implications.Journal of Environmental Management,1990,31(4):327-333.
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[9] Lee K F. Sustainable tourism destinations:The importance of cleaner production. Journal of Cleaner Production,2001,9(4):313-323.
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[14] IFAC. Environmental Management in Organizations. The Role of management accounting,financial and management accounting committee[Study#6]. New York:International Federation of Accountants,1998.
[15] Schaltegger S,Burritt R. Contemporary environmental accounting issues,concepts and practice. Sheffield,UK:Greenleaf Publishing,2000.
[16] Bennett M,James P. The green bottom line:Environmental accounting for management:current practice and future trends. Sheffield:Greenleaf Publishing,1998.
[17] Burritt R L,Hahn T,Schaltegger S. Towards a comprehensive framework for environmental management accounting——links between business actors and environmental management accounting tools. Australian Accounting Review,2002,12(27):39-50.
[18] Salzman J. Informing the Green Consumer:the debate over the use and abuse of environmental labels. Journal of Industrial Ecology,1997,1(2):11-21.
[19] Sasidharan V,Sirakaya E,Kerstetter D. Developing countries and tourism ecolabels. Tourism Management,2002,23(2):161-174.
[20] United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP). Ecolabels in the tourism industry. Paris:United Nations Publication,1998.
[21] MihalicˇT. Environmental management of a tourist destination:A factor of tourism competitiveness. Tourism Management,2000,21(1):65-78.
[22] Morgan R. A novel,user-based rating system for tourist beaches. Tourism Management,1999,20(4):393-410.
[23] Baker J E. Trophy hunting as a sustainable use of wildlife resources in Southern and Eastern Africa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1997,5(4):306-321.
[24] Obua J,Harding,D. M. Environmental impact of ecotourism in Kibale National Park,Uganda. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1997,5(3):213-223.
[25] Middleton V T C,Hawkins R. Sustainable Tourism:A Marketing Perspective. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,1998.
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[29] Weissman A. Greener market place means cleaner world. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy,1997,12:116-120.
[30] Sirakaya E,Uysal M. Can sanctions and rewards explain conformance behaviour of tour operators with ecotourism guidelines?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1997,5(4):322-332.
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[32] West K. Ecolabels:The industrialization of environmental standards. The Ecologist,1995,25(1):16-20.
[33] Grodsky J A. Certified green:The law and future of environmental labeling. The Yale Journal on Regulation,1993,10(1):147-227.
[34] Wildavsky B. Sticker shock. National Journal,1996,28:532-535.
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[36] Jensen A,Christiansen K,Elkington J. Life Cycle Assessment:A guide to approaches,experiences and information sources. Copenhagen:European Environment Agency,1998.
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[38] Shimp R J,Rattray T. Ecoseals:Little more than a pretty package. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy,1997,12(1):128-132.
[39] Davis G. How green the label? Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy,1997,12:137-140.
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[41] Draper D. Touristic development and water sustainability in Banff and Canmore,Alberta,Canada. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1997,5(3):183-212.
[42] Berkel R V. Cleaner Production in Practice—IVAM Environmental Research[D]. Amsterdam:University of Amsterdam,1996.
[43] Kisch P. Preventative Environmental Strategies in the Service Sector. Sweden:International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics,2000.
[44] de Hoo S,Brezet H,Crul M,Dieleman H. Manual for the prevention of waste and emissions//Crul M,Brezet H,de Hoo S,eds. PREPARE:Manual and Experiences. The Hague,The Netherlands:Ministry of Economic Affairs,1991.
[45] USEPA. Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual. Cincinnati,USA:United States Environmental Protection Agency,1988:26-26.
[46] Berkel R V. Application of cleaner production principles and tools for eco-efficient minerals processing//Proceedings Green Processing 2002:International Conference on the Sustainable Processing of Minerals. Cairns,Australia:Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,2002.
[47] Gurung C,de Coursey M. The Annapurna Conservation Area Project:a pioneering example of sustainable tourism?//Cater E,Lowman G,eds.Ecotourism:A Sustainable Option? Chichester,West Sussex,UK:John Wiley and Sons,1994.
[48] WTTC,WTO,Earth Council. Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry:Towards environmentally sustainable development. London:WTTC,1997.
[49] Starkey R. Environmental Management Tools for SMEs:A handbook. Copenhagen:European Environment Agency,1998.
[50] Wuppertal Institute and United Nations Environmental Programme. The Efficient Entrepreneur Calendar. Paris:UNEP,2001.
[51] C8téR,Booth A,Louis B. Eco-efficiency and SMEs in Nova Scotia,Canada. Journal of Cleaner Production,2006,14(6):542-550.
[52] Lehni M. Eco-efficiency:Creating more value with less impact.(2003-07-12). http://www.wbcsd.org.
[53] Vitousek P M,Mooney H A,Lubchenco J,Melillo J M. Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science,1997,277(5325):494-499.
[54]姚治国.旅游能源消耗模型及海南省实证研究.干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(2):191-196.
[55] Berkel R V. Cleaner production in Australia:revolutionary strategy or incremental tool? Australian Journal of Environmental Management,2000,7(3):132-146.
[2]姚治国,陈田,尹寿兵,李新刚.区域旅游生态效率实证分析——以海南省为例.地理科学,2016,36(3):417-423.
[3] International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. Sustainable tourism:A local authority perspective//Proceedings of Commission on Sustainable Development,7th Session. New York:Department of Economic and Social Affairs,1999.
[4] World Conservation Union,UNEP,World Wide Fund for Nature. Caring for the Earth. Gland:IUCP,UNEP,WWF,1991.
[5] International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. Local Agenda 21 Participants Handbook—Local Agenda 21 Model Communities Programme. Local Environmental Initiatives,Toronto:ICLEI. 1994.
[6] Butler R W. The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution:implications for management of resources. The Canadian Geographer,1980,24(1):5-12.
[7] Martin B S,Uysal M. An examination of the relationship between carrying capacity and the tourism lifecycle:management and policy implications.Journal of Environmental Management,1990,31(4):327-333.
[8]姚治国,陈田.国外旅游生态效率研究综述.自然资源学报,2015,30(7):1222-1231.
[9] Lee K F. Sustainable tourism destinations:The importance of cleaner production. Journal of Cleaner Production,2001,9(4):313-323.
[10] DeSimone L D,Popoff F. Eco-efficiency:the business link to sustainable development. Cambridge:MIT Press,1997.
[11] Netherwood A,Shayler M. Role of environmental management systems in local government//Welford R,ed. Corporate Environmental Management:Systems and Strategies. 2nd ed. London:Earthscan,1998.
[12] Burritt R L, Saka C. Environmental management accounting applications and eco-efficiency:case studies from Japan. Journal of Cleaner Production,2006,14(14):1262-1275.
[13] Graff R G,Reiskin E D,White A L,Bidwell K. Snapshots of environmental cost accounting. A Report to USEPA Environmental Accounting Project. Boston,USA:Tellus Institute,1998.
[14] IFAC. Environmental Management in Organizations. The Role of management accounting,financial and management accounting committee[Study#6]. New York:International Federation of Accountants,1998.
[15] Schaltegger S,Burritt R. Contemporary environmental accounting issues,concepts and practice. Sheffield,UK:Greenleaf Publishing,2000.
[16] Bennett M,James P. The green bottom line:Environmental accounting for management:current practice and future trends. Sheffield:Greenleaf Publishing,1998.
[17] Burritt R L,Hahn T,Schaltegger S. Towards a comprehensive framework for environmental management accounting——links between business actors and environmental management accounting tools. Australian Accounting Review,2002,12(27):39-50.
[18] Salzman J. Informing the Green Consumer:the debate over the use and abuse of environmental labels. Journal of Industrial Ecology,1997,1(2):11-21.
[19] Sasidharan V,Sirakaya E,Kerstetter D. Developing countries and tourism ecolabels. Tourism Management,2002,23(2):161-174.
[20] United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP). Ecolabels in the tourism industry. Paris:United Nations Publication,1998.
[21] MihalicˇT. Environmental management of a tourist destination:A factor of tourism competitiveness. Tourism Management,2000,21(1):65-78.
[22] Morgan R. A novel,user-based rating system for tourist beaches. Tourism Management,1999,20(4):393-410.
[23] Baker J E. Trophy hunting as a sustainable use of wildlife resources in Southern and Eastern Africa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1997,5(4):306-321.
[24] Obua J,Harding,D. M. Environmental impact of ecotourism in Kibale National Park,Uganda. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1997,5(3):213-223.
[25] Middleton V T C,Hawkins R. Sustainable Tourism:A Marketing Perspective. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,1998.
[26] Shackley M. Community impact of the camel safari industry in Jaisalmar,Rajasthan. Tourism Management,1996,17(3):213-218.
[27] Rhodes S,Brown L. Consumers look for the ecolabel. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy,1997,12(1):109-115.
[28] Sirakaya E. Assessment of factors affecting conformance behavior of ecotour operators with industry guidelines. Tourism Analysis,1997,2(1):17-35.
[29] Weissman A. Greener market place means cleaner world. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy,1997,12:116-120.
[30] Sirakaya E,Uysal M. Can sanctions and rewards explain conformance behaviour of tour operators with ecotourism guidelines?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1997,5(4):322-332.
[31] Sirakaya E,Sasidharan V,S9nmez S. Redefining ecotourism:The need for a supply-side view. Journal of Travel Research,1999,38(2):168-172.
[32] West K. Ecolabels:The industrialization of environmental standards. The Ecologist,1995,25(1):16-20.
[33] Grodsky J A. Certified green:The law and future of environmental labeling. The Yale Journal on Regulation,1993,10(1):147-227.
[34] Wildavsky B. Sticker shock. National Journal,1996,28:532-535.
[35] Hemmelskamp J,Brockmann K L. Environmental labels-The German‘Blue Angel’. Futures,1997,29(1):67-76.
[36] Jensen A,Christiansen K,Elkington J. Life Cycle Assessment:A guide to approaches,experiences and information sources. Copenhagen:European Environment Agency,1998.
[37] Kusz J P. Ecolabel investments:What’s behind label? Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy,1997,12(1):133-136.
[38] Shimp R J,Rattray T. Ecoseals:Little more than a pretty package. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy,1997,12(1):128-132.
[39] Davis G. How green the label? Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy,1997,12:137-140.
[40] Roberts P. Environmentally Sustainable Business:A Local and Regional Perspective. London:Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd,1995.
[41] Draper D. Touristic development and water sustainability in Banff and Canmore,Alberta,Canada. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1997,5(3):183-212.
[42] Berkel R V. Cleaner Production in Practice—IVAM Environmental Research[D]. Amsterdam:University of Amsterdam,1996.
[43] Kisch P. Preventative Environmental Strategies in the Service Sector. Sweden:International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics,2000.
[44] de Hoo S,Brezet H,Crul M,Dieleman H. Manual for the prevention of waste and emissions//Crul M,Brezet H,de Hoo S,eds. PREPARE:Manual and Experiences. The Hague,The Netherlands:Ministry of Economic Affairs,1991.
[45] USEPA. Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual. Cincinnati,USA:United States Environmental Protection Agency,1988:26-26.
[46] Berkel R V. Application of cleaner production principles and tools for eco-efficient minerals processing//Proceedings Green Processing 2002:International Conference on the Sustainable Processing of Minerals. Cairns,Australia:Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,2002.
[47] Gurung C,de Coursey M. The Annapurna Conservation Area Project:a pioneering example of sustainable tourism?//Cater E,Lowman G,eds.Ecotourism:A Sustainable Option? Chichester,West Sussex,UK:John Wiley and Sons,1994.
[48] WTTC,WTO,Earth Council. Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry:Towards environmentally sustainable development. London:WTTC,1997.
[49] Starkey R. Environmental Management Tools for SMEs:A handbook. Copenhagen:European Environment Agency,1998.
[50] Wuppertal Institute and United Nations Environmental Programme. The Efficient Entrepreneur Calendar. Paris:UNEP,2001.
[51] C8téR,Booth A,Louis B. Eco-efficiency and SMEs in Nova Scotia,Canada. Journal of Cleaner Production,2006,14(6):542-550.
[52] Lehni M. Eco-efficiency:Creating more value with less impact.(2003-07-12). http://www.wbcsd.org.
[53] Vitousek P M,Mooney H A,Lubchenco J,Melillo J M. Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science,1997,277(5325):494-499.
[54]姚治国.旅游能源消耗模型及海南省实证研究.干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(2):191-196.
[55] Berkel R V. Cleaner production in Australia:revolutionary strategy or incremental tool? Australian Journal of Environmental Management,2000,7(3):132-146.