江苏中部沿海潮滩对台风暴潮的响应
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摘要
通过近年来对江苏沿海有影响的台风暴潮作用前后的滩面高程观测,结合台风浪资料分析,探究了江苏中部沿海潮滩对风暴潮的响应过程。结果显示:潮滩剖面在风暴潮期间呈现"低滩侵蚀、沿岸输运、高滩稳定",明显区别于沙质海岸在台风浪作用下"高滩侵蚀、离岸输运、低滩淤积"的演变特征。应用Delft3D平面二维水沙动力数学模型,模拟了正常天气和台风浪情况下的滩面演变,从动力学角度解释了潮滩间不同区域演变特征差异的原因,论证了台风浪对地貌演变的短历时"插曲式"作用,阐明了涨潮优势流是风暴侵蚀后泥沙沿岸向输运的主控因子。
The response of tidal flats to storm surges is an important scientific problem in the evolution of tidal flats under climate change. To investigate the evolution of silt-muddy tidal flats in response to storm surges along the Jiangsu coast,the measured surface elevation of tidal flats pre-and post-storms and associated hydrological data were analyzed. The evolution of intertidal flats induced by storm surges is characterized by erosion in the upper intertidal flats while accretion in the lower flats. This is distinct from the evolution of sandy coasts which show erosion in the upper zones and accretion in the lower zones led by offshore sediment transport. A two-dimensional numerical model(Delft3 D) is established considering tidal currents and sediment transport to simulate the bed evolution under calm and storm conditions,respectively. The hydrodynamic mechanism is explained for the regional characteristics of tidal flats,which shows an episodic effect on morphology after storm waves. The flood-dominated tidal current plays a key role on the long-shore sediment transport.
The response of tidal flats to storm surges is an important scientific problem in the evolution of tidal flats under climate change. To investigate the evolution of silt-muddy tidal flats in response to storm surges along the Jiangsu coast,the measured surface elevation of tidal flats pre-and post-storms and associated hydrological data were analyzed. The evolution of intertidal flats induced by storm surges is characterized by erosion in the upper intertidal flats while accretion in the lower flats. This is distinct from the evolution of sandy coasts which show erosion in the upper zones and accretion in the lower zones led by offshore sediment transport. A two-dimensional numerical model(Delft3 D) is established considering tidal currents and sediment transport to simulate the bed evolution under calm and storm conditions,respectively. The hydrodynamic mechanism is explained for the regional characteristics of tidal flats,which shows an episodic effect on morphology after storm waves. The flood-dominated tidal current plays a key role on the long-shore sediment transport.
引文
[1] 冯士筰.风暴潮的研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,1998,20(4):44- 47.(FENG S Z.The advance of researches on storm surges[J].World Sci-tech R&D,1998,20(4):44- 47.(in Chinese))
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[5] SUANEZ S,CARIOLET J,CANCOU?T R,et al.Dune recovery after storm erosion on a high-energy beach:Vougot Beach,Brittany (France)[J].Geomorphology,2012,139(4):16-33.
[6] FAN D,GUO Y,WANG P,et al.Cross-shore variations in morphodynamic processes of an open-coast mudflat in the Changjiang Delta,China:with an emphasis on storm impacts[J].Continental Shelf Research,2006,26(4):517-538.
[7] HORTON B P,ROSSI V,HAWKES A D.The sedimentary record of the 2005 hurricane season from the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines[J].Quaternary International,2009,195(1/2):15-30.
[8] 任美锷,张忍顺,杨巨海,等.风暴潮对淤泥质海岸的影响:以江苏省淤泥质海岸为例[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1983,3(4):1-24.(REN M E,ZHANG R S,YANG J H,et al.The influence of storm tide on mud plain coast[J].Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology,1983,3(4):1-24.(in Chinese))
[9] 王爱军,高抒,陈坚,等.福建泉州湾盐沼对台风“格美”的沉积动力响应[J].科学通报,2008,53(22):2814-2823.(WANG A J,GAO S,CHEN J,et al.Sediment dynamic responses of coastal salt marsh to typhoon “KAEMI” in Quanzhou Bay,Fujian Province,China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(22):2814-2823.(in Chinese))
[10] 张洋,邹志利,苟大荀,等.海岸沙坝剖面和滩肩剖面特征研究[J].海洋学报,2015,37(1):147-157.(ZHANG Y,ZOU Z L,GOU D X,et al.Experiment study on evolution and geometrical characteristics of sandbar profile and berm profile[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2015,37(1):147-157.(in Chinese))
[11] PALMSTEN M L,HOLMAN R A.Laboratory investigation of dune erosion using stereo video[J].Coastal Engineering,2012,60(2):123-135.
[12] LETTMANN K A,WOLFF J,BADEWIEN T H.Modeling the impact of wind and waves on suspended particulate matter fluxes in the East Frisian Wadden Sea (southern North Sea)[J].Ocean Dynamics,2009,59(2):239-262.
[13] 刘桂卫,黄海军,丘仲锋.大风浪影响下海域泥沙输运异变数值模拟[J].水科学进展,2010,21(5):701-707.(LIU G W,HUANG H J,QIU Z F.Numerical simulation on characteristics of sediment transport under strong wind and waves[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(5):701-707.(in Chinese))
[14] 赵秧秧,高抒.台风风暴潮影响下潮滩沉积动力模拟初探:以江苏如东海岸为例[J].沉积学报,2015,33(1):79- 90.(ZHAO Y Y,GAO S.Simulation of tidal flat sedimentation in response to typhoon-induced storm surges:a case study from Rudong Coast,Jiangsu,China[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(1):79- 90.(in Chinese))
[15] 朱大奎,许廷官.江苏中部海岸发育和开发利用问题[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版),1982(3):799-818.(ZHU D K,XU T G.The cast development and exploit of middle Jiangsu[J].Journal of Nanjing University (Nature Science Edition),1982(3):799-818.(in Chinese))
[16] 张长宽.江苏省近海海洋环境资源基本现状[M].北京:海洋出版社,2013.(ZHANG C K.Basic status of offshore marine environment resources in Jiangsu Province[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2013.(in Chinese))
[17] 任美锷.江苏省海岸带与海涂资源综合调查报告[M].北京:海洋出版社,1986.(REN M E.Synthesis report on Jiangsu coastal zone and tidal flat resources[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,1986.(in Chinese))
[18] 陈才俊.江苏淤长型淤泥质潮滩的剖面发育[J].海洋与湖沼,1991,22(4):360-368.(CHEN C J.Development of depositional tidal flat in Jiangsu Province[J].Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,1991,22(4):360-368.(in Chinese))
[19] 龚政,靳闯,张长宽,等.江苏淤泥质潮滩剖面演变现场观测[J].水科学进展,2014,25(6):880-887.(GONG Z,JIN C,ZHANG C K,et al.Surface elevation variation of the Jiangsu mudflats:field observation[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(6):880-887.(in Chinese))
[20] GONG Z,JIN C,ZHANG C,et al.Temporal and spatial morphological variations along a cross-shore intertidal profile,Jiangsu,China[J].Continental Shelf Research,2017,144:1- 9.
[21] CAHOON D R,PEREZ B C,SEGURA B D,et al.Elevation trends and shrink-swell response of wetland soils to flooding and drying[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2011,91(4):463- 474.
[22] JIN C,GONG Z,GENG L,et al.Observations of surface and subsurface processes on a saltmarsh in the central Jiangsu Coast (China)[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2018,SI 85:296-300.
[23] 张忍顺.潮滩沉积动力学研究概况[J].黄渤海海洋,1987,5(2):71-79.(ZHANG R S.Progress of studies on sedimentary dynamics of tidal mud flat[J].Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas,1987,5(2):71-79.(in Chinese))
[24] XIE W,HE Q,ZHANG K,et al.Application of terrestrial laser scanner on tidal flat morphology at a typhoon event timescale[J].Geomorphology,2017,292:47-58.
[25] 高抒,朱大奎.江苏淤泥质海岸剖面的初步研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版),1988,24(1):75-84.(GAO S,ZHU D K.The profile of Jiangsu's mud coast[J].Journal of Nanjing University(Nature Science Edition),1988,24(1):75-84.(in Chinese))
[26] 哈长伟,陈沈良,张文祥,等.江苏吕四海岸沉积动力特征及侵蚀过程[J].海洋通报,2009,28(3):53-61.(HA C W,CHEN S L,ZHANG W X,et al.Sediment dynamics characteristics and erosion processes at the Lusi Coast[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2009,28(3):53-61.(in Chinese))
[27] 尤坤元,朱大奎,王雪瑜,等.苏北岸外辐射沙洲王港西洋潮流通道稳定性研究[J].地理研究,1998,17(1):11-17.(YOU K Y,ZHU D K,WANG X Y,et al.The stability analysis of Xiyang tidal channel in radial submarine sand ridges along North Jiangsu[J].Geographical Research,1998,17(1):11-17.(in Chinese))
[28] KIM B O.Tidal modulation of storm waves on a macrotidal flat in the Yellow Sea[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2003,57(3):411- 420.
[29] 尹宝树,王涛,侯一筠,等.渤海波浪和潮汐风暴潮相互作用对波浪影响的数值研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2001,32(1):109-116.(YIN B S,WANG T,HOU Y J,et al.Numerical study of the influence of waves and tide-surge interaction on waves in Bohai Sea[J].Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,2001,32(1):109-116.(in Chinese))
[30] 陈君,王义刚,蔡辉.江苏沿海潮滩剖面特征研究[J].海洋工程,2010,28(4):90- 96.(CHEN J,WANG Y G,CAI H.Profile characteristics study of the Jiangsu coast[J].The Ocean Engineering,2010,28(4):90- 96.(in Chinese))
[31] GONG Z,WANG Z,STIVE M J F,et al.Process-based morphodynamic modeling of a schematized mudflat dominated by a long-shore tidal current at the central Jiangsu Coast,China[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2012,28(6):1381-1392.
[32] 刘秀娟,高抒,汪亚平.淤长型潮滩剖面形态演变模拟:以江苏中部海岸为例[J].中国地质大学学报(地球科学),2010,35(4):542-550.(LIU X J,GAO S,WANG Y P.Modeling of shore-normal profile shape evolution for an accretional tidal flat on the central Jiangsu Coast[J].Journal of China University of Geosciences(Earth Science),2010,35(4):542-550.(in Chinese))
[33] 龚政,张长宽,陶建峰,等.淤长型泥质潮滩双凸形剖面形成机制[J].水科学进展,2013,24(2):212-219.(GONG Z,ZHANG C K,TAO J F,et al.Mechanisms for the evolution of double-convex cross-shore profile over accretional mudflats[J].Advances in Water Science,2013,24(2):212-219.(in Chinese))
[34] ROBERTS W,HIR P L,WHITEHOUSE R J S.Investigation using simple mathematical models of the effect of tidal currents and waves on the profile shape of intertidal mudflats[J].Continental Shelf Research,2000,20(10):1079-1097.
[2] FRITZ H M,BLOUNT C,SOKOLOSKI R,et al.Hurricane Katrina storm surge distribution and field observations on the Mississippi Barrier Islands[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2007,74(1/2):12-20.
[3] FIORE M M E,D'ONOFRIO E E,POUSA J L,et al.Storm surges and coastal impacts at Mar del Plata,Argentina[J].Continental Shelf Research,2009,29(14):1643-1649.
[4] 蔡锋,雷刚,苏贤泽,等.台风“艾利”对福建沙质海滩影响过程研究[J].海洋工程,2006,24(1):98-109.(CAI F,LEI G,SU X Z,et al.Study on process response of Fujian beach geomorphology to typhoon aere[J].The Ocean Engineering,2006,24(1):98-109.(in Chinese))
[5] SUANEZ S,CARIOLET J,CANCOU?T R,et al.Dune recovery after storm erosion on a high-energy beach:Vougot Beach,Brittany (France)[J].Geomorphology,2012,139(4):16-33.
[6] FAN D,GUO Y,WANG P,et al.Cross-shore variations in morphodynamic processes of an open-coast mudflat in the Changjiang Delta,China:with an emphasis on storm impacts[J].Continental Shelf Research,2006,26(4):517-538.
[7] HORTON B P,ROSSI V,HAWKES A D.The sedimentary record of the 2005 hurricane season from the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines[J].Quaternary International,2009,195(1/2):15-30.
[8] 任美锷,张忍顺,杨巨海,等.风暴潮对淤泥质海岸的影响:以江苏省淤泥质海岸为例[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1983,3(4):1-24.(REN M E,ZHANG R S,YANG J H,et al.The influence of storm tide on mud plain coast[J].Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology,1983,3(4):1-24.(in Chinese))
[9] 王爱军,高抒,陈坚,等.福建泉州湾盐沼对台风“格美”的沉积动力响应[J].科学通报,2008,53(22):2814-2823.(WANG A J,GAO S,CHEN J,et al.Sediment dynamic responses of coastal salt marsh to typhoon “KAEMI” in Quanzhou Bay,Fujian Province,China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(22):2814-2823.(in Chinese))
[10] 张洋,邹志利,苟大荀,等.海岸沙坝剖面和滩肩剖面特征研究[J].海洋学报,2015,37(1):147-157.(ZHANG Y,ZOU Z L,GOU D X,et al.Experiment study on evolution and geometrical characteristics of sandbar profile and berm profile[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2015,37(1):147-157.(in Chinese))
[11] PALMSTEN M L,HOLMAN R A.Laboratory investigation of dune erosion using stereo video[J].Coastal Engineering,2012,60(2):123-135.
[12] LETTMANN K A,WOLFF J,BADEWIEN T H.Modeling the impact of wind and waves on suspended particulate matter fluxes in the East Frisian Wadden Sea (southern North Sea)[J].Ocean Dynamics,2009,59(2):239-262.
[13] 刘桂卫,黄海军,丘仲锋.大风浪影响下海域泥沙输运异变数值模拟[J].水科学进展,2010,21(5):701-707.(LIU G W,HUANG H J,QIU Z F.Numerical simulation on characteristics of sediment transport under strong wind and waves[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(5):701-707.(in Chinese))
[14] 赵秧秧,高抒.台风风暴潮影响下潮滩沉积动力模拟初探:以江苏如东海岸为例[J].沉积学报,2015,33(1):79- 90.(ZHAO Y Y,GAO S.Simulation of tidal flat sedimentation in response to typhoon-induced storm surges:a case study from Rudong Coast,Jiangsu,China[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(1):79- 90.(in Chinese))
[15] 朱大奎,许廷官.江苏中部海岸发育和开发利用问题[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版),1982(3):799-818.(ZHU D K,XU T G.The cast development and exploit of middle Jiangsu[J].Journal of Nanjing University (Nature Science Edition),1982(3):799-818.(in Chinese))
[16] 张长宽.江苏省近海海洋环境资源基本现状[M].北京:海洋出版社,2013.(ZHANG C K.Basic status of offshore marine environment resources in Jiangsu Province[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2013.(in Chinese))
[17] 任美锷.江苏省海岸带与海涂资源综合调查报告[M].北京:海洋出版社,1986.(REN M E.Synthesis report on Jiangsu coastal zone and tidal flat resources[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,1986.(in Chinese))
[18] 陈才俊.江苏淤长型淤泥质潮滩的剖面发育[J].海洋与湖沼,1991,22(4):360-368.(CHEN C J.Development of depositional tidal flat in Jiangsu Province[J].Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,1991,22(4):360-368.(in Chinese))
[19] 龚政,靳闯,张长宽,等.江苏淤泥质潮滩剖面演变现场观测[J].水科学进展,2014,25(6):880-887.(GONG Z,JIN C,ZHANG C K,et al.Surface elevation variation of the Jiangsu mudflats:field observation[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(6):880-887.(in Chinese))
[20] GONG Z,JIN C,ZHANG C,et al.Temporal and spatial morphological variations along a cross-shore intertidal profile,Jiangsu,China[J].Continental Shelf Research,2017,144:1- 9.
[21] CAHOON D R,PEREZ B C,SEGURA B D,et al.Elevation trends and shrink-swell response of wetland soils to flooding and drying[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2011,91(4):463- 474.
[22] JIN C,GONG Z,GENG L,et al.Observations of surface and subsurface processes on a saltmarsh in the central Jiangsu Coast (China)[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2018,SI 85:296-300.
[23] 张忍顺.潮滩沉积动力学研究概况[J].黄渤海海洋,1987,5(2):71-79.(ZHANG R S.Progress of studies on sedimentary dynamics of tidal mud flat[J].Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas,1987,5(2):71-79.(in Chinese))
[24] XIE W,HE Q,ZHANG K,et al.Application of terrestrial laser scanner on tidal flat morphology at a typhoon event timescale[J].Geomorphology,2017,292:47-58.
[25] 高抒,朱大奎.江苏淤泥质海岸剖面的初步研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版),1988,24(1):75-84.(GAO S,ZHU D K.The profile of Jiangsu's mud coast[J].Journal of Nanjing University(Nature Science Edition),1988,24(1):75-84.(in Chinese))
[26] 哈长伟,陈沈良,张文祥,等.江苏吕四海岸沉积动力特征及侵蚀过程[J].海洋通报,2009,28(3):53-61.(HA C W,CHEN S L,ZHANG W X,et al.Sediment dynamics characteristics and erosion processes at the Lusi Coast[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2009,28(3):53-61.(in Chinese))
[27] 尤坤元,朱大奎,王雪瑜,等.苏北岸外辐射沙洲王港西洋潮流通道稳定性研究[J].地理研究,1998,17(1):11-17.(YOU K Y,ZHU D K,WANG X Y,et al.The stability analysis of Xiyang tidal channel in radial submarine sand ridges along North Jiangsu[J].Geographical Research,1998,17(1):11-17.(in Chinese))
[28] KIM B O.Tidal modulation of storm waves on a macrotidal flat in the Yellow Sea[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2003,57(3):411- 420.
[29] 尹宝树,王涛,侯一筠,等.渤海波浪和潮汐风暴潮相互作用对波浪影响的数值研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2001,32(1):109-116.(YIN B S,WANG T,HOU Y J,et al.Numerical study of the influence of waves and tide-surge interaction on waves in Bohai Sea[J].Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,2001,32(1):109-116.(in Chinese))
[30] 陈君,王义刚,蔡辉.江苏沿海潮滩剖面特征研究[J].海洋工程,2010,28(4):90- 96.(CHEN J,WANG Y G,CAI H.Profile characteristics study of the Jiangsu coast[J].The Ocean Engineering,2010,28(4):90- 96.(in Chinese))
[31] GONG Z,WANG Z,STIVE M J F,et al.Process-based morphodynamic modeling of a schematized mudflat dominated by a long-shore tidal current at the central Jiangsu Coast,China[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2012,28(6):1381-1392.
[32] 刘秀娟,高抒,汪亚平.淤长型潮滩剖面形态演变模拟:以江苏中部海岸为例[J].中国地质大学学报(地球科学),2010,35(4):542-550.(LIU X J,GAO S,WANG Y P.Modeling of shore-normal profile shape evolution for an accretional tidal flat on the central Jiangsu Coast[J].Journal of China University of Geosciences(Earth Science),2010,35(4):542-550.(in Chinese))
[33] 龚政,张长宽,陶建峰,等.淤长型泥质潮滩双凸形剖面形成机制[J].水科学进展,2013,24(2):212-219.(GONG Z,ZHANG C K,TAO J F,et al.Mechanisms for the evolution of double-convex cross-shore profile over accretional mudflats[J].Advances in Water Science,2013,24(2):212-219.(in Chinese))
[34] ROBERTS W,HIR P L,WHITEHOUSE R J S.Investigation using simple mathematical models of the effect of tidal currents and waves on the profile shape of intertidal mudflats[J].Continental Shelf Research,2000,20(10):1079-1097.