明清时期皖北流民现象刍议
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摘要
流民现象是解开皖北社会的一把钥匙。明清以来,皖北由富饶之域而变成了令人心酸的"十年倒有九年荒"之地,如果从灾荒视角上看,这种变化有自然和人为两重因素。从自然因素来看,人类过度开发与破坏自然环境,以及黄河夺淮入海等原因,使得皖北数百年来备受灾荒洗礼,社会萧条,民生艰窘,成为滋生流民、匪患的"问题"地区。从社会因素来看,封建中央政府以"顾全大局"的名义而有意牺牲这一"局部利益"。可以说,明清皖北流民的产生是自然灾害、人地矛盾、土地兼并、社会环境以及农业经营方式与社会风气等多种因素交织的结果。
The phenomenon of the displaced people is a key to unlocking the society in northern Wanbei. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wubei has become a heart-rending land from the perspective of disaster, this change has both natural and artificial factors. From the perspective of natural factors, human over-exploitation and destruction of the natural environment, as well as the Yellow River's acquisition of the sea, have caused the baptism of the disasters in the past hundreds of years, From the perspective of social factors, the feudal central government intentionally sacrificed this "local interest" in the name of "taking care of the overall situation." It can be said that the emergence of the emigrants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, conflicts between people and land, land annexation, social environment, and agricultural management methods.
The phenomenon of the displaced people is a key to unlocking the society in northern Wanbei. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wubei has become a heart-rending land from the perspective of disaster, this change has both natural and artificial factors. From the perspective of natural factors, human over-exploitation and destruction of the natural environment, as well as the Yellow River's acquisition of the sea, have caused the baptism of the disasters in the past hundreds of years, From the perspective of social factors, the feudal central government intentionally sacrificed this "local interest" in the name of "taking care of the overall situation." It can be said that the emergence of the emigrants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, conflicts between people and land, land annexation, social environment, and agricultural management methods.
引文
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[2] 江立华,孙洪涛.中国古代史·流民传[M].合肥:安徽人民出版社,2001:1-2.
[3] 陈业新.明至民国时期皖北地区灾害环境与社会应对研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2008:63.
[4] 陈桥驿.淮河流域[M].上海:春明出版社,1952:23.
[5] 水利电力部水管司.清代淮河流域洪涝档案史料[C].北京:中华书局,1988.
[6] 中央气象局气象科学研究院.中国近五百年旱涝分布图集[M].北京:地图出版社,1981:93.
[7] 陈业新.明至民国时期皖北地区灾害环境与社会应对研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2008:17.
[8] 沈约.宋书·州郡志[M].北京:中华书局,1974.
[9] 姚思廉.陈书·高祖纪上[M].北京:中华书局,1972:6.
[10] 李心传.建炎以来系年要录:卷四[M].北京:中华书局,1956:87.
[11] 庄淖.鸡肋编:卷上[M].北京:中华书局,1983:21.
[12] 郑肇经.中国水利史[M].北京:商务印书馆(影印版),1993:133-134.
[13] 朱寿朋.东华续录[C]//续修四库全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,2002:121.