三亚珊瑚礁保护区珊瑚礁生态系统现状及其健康状况评价
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摘要
为评估三亚珊瑚礁国家级自然保护区珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况,本文选取东岛、鹿回头、大东海3个站位调查了珊瑚礁群落、珊瑚礁鱼类和大型底栖动物。通过对比分析历史资料、珊瑚礁现场生态调查与监测及组织专家评审,筛选出一、二级指标并设置权重,使用综合指数计算了三亚珊瑚礁保护区珊瑚礁生态系统健康指数。结果显示,三亚珊瑚礁保护区内共有造礁珊瑚10科21属37种,软珊瑚3种,造礁珊瑚覆盖率和软珊瑚覆盖率分别为14.31%和0.19%,其中鹿回头造礁珊瑚覆盖率最高,为21.58%。珊瑚礁鱼类共14科28属36种,其中,雀鲷科的种类数最多,为11种。鹿回头4 m断面珊瑚礁鱼类密度最大,为154尾/300 m~2。砗磲和龙虾极少发现,珊瑚天敌核果螺多见。东岛、鹿回头、大东海珊瑚礁生态系统健康状况均处于"一般"。本文所采用的方法是结合常规珊瑚礁监测可获得的指标进行评价,简便易操作,通过在三亚珊瑚礁保护区的实践,能够很好地反映珊瑚礁生态系统现状及其健康状况,科研和业务化监测部门均可应用。
To assess the health of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve(SCRNNR), we surveyed corals, reef fish, and macrobenthos at three stations(Dongdao, Luhuitou, Dadonghai). We compared these data with historical data together with expert consultations, and identified first and second class indices of coral reef ecosystem health and their weights(coral reef ecosystem health assessment comprehensive index method). We recorded 37 species of hermatypic corals, and three species of soft corals, averaging 14.31% and 0.19% of the benthic cover, respectively. The highest cover of hermatypic corals was 21.58% at Luhuitou. Thirty-six species of coral reef fishes belonging to 14 families and 28 genera were recorded, of which Pomacentridae was the dominant family. Density of reef fishes was highest at 4 m depth on Luhuitou reef reaching up to 154/300 m~2. Corallivorous snail and lobsters were rarely observed while corallivorous snails, Drupella, were common at all sites. Our results indicate that the health status of Dongdao, Luhuitou, Dadonghai coral reefecosystems are "general". We conclude that this survey approach provides a feasible and practical method for scientific research and management departments to assess the health status of coral reef ecosystems.
To assess the health of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve(SCRNNR), we surveyed corals, reef fish, and macrobenthos at three stations(Dongdao, Luhuitou, Dadonghai). We compared these data with historical data together with expert consultations, and identified first and second class indices of coral reef ecosystem health and their weights(coral reef ecosystem health assessment comprehensive index method). We recorded 37 species of hermatypic corals, and three species of soft corals, averaging 14.31% and 0.19% of the benthic cover, respectively. The highest cover of hermatypic corals was 21.58% at Luhuitou. Thirty-six species of coral reef fishes belonging to 14 families and 28 genera were recorded, of which Pomacentridae was the dominant family. Density of reef fishes was highest at 4 m depth on Luhuitou reef reaching up to 154/300 m~2. Corallivorous snail and lobsters were rarely observed while corallivorous snails, Drupella, were common at all sites. Our results indicate that the health status of Dongdao, Luhuitou, Dadonghai coral reefecosystems are "general". We conclude that this survey approach provides a feasible and practical method for scientific research and management departments to assess the health status of coral reef ecosystems.
引文
Bellwood DR,Hughes TP,Folke C,Nystr?m M(2004)Confronting the coral reef crisis.Nature,429,827–833.
Bruno JF,Selig ER(2007)Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific:Timing,extent,and subregional comparisons.PLo S ONE,2,e711.
De’ath G,Fabricius KE,Sweatman H,Puotinen M(2012)The 27 -year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencodiversityes,USA,109,17995–17999.
Dong D,Li XZ,Wang HF,Zhang BL,Kou Q,Gan ZB,Xu P(2015)Macrobenthic community characters of coral reef at Sanya,Hainan.Marine Sciences,39(3),83–91.(in Chinese with English abstract)[董栋,李新正,王洪法,张宝琳,寇琦,甘志彬,许鹏(2015)海南岛三亚珊瑚礁区大型底栖动物群落特征.海洋科学,39(3),83–91.]
Goatley CHR,Bonaldo RM,Fox RJ,Bellwood DR(2016)Sediments and herbivory as sensitive indicators of coral reef degradation.Ecology&Society,21(1),29.
Huang H,Wen CK,Li XB,Yuan T,Lian JS,Yang JH,Cherh KL(2016)Can private management compensate the ineffective marine reserves in China?Ambio,46,73–87.
Hughes TP,Huang H,Young MA(2013)The wicked problem of China’s disappearing coral reefs.Conservation Biology,27 ,261–269.
Ji YN,Niu WT,Huang DY,Huang SL,Wang CS(2014)Establishment and application of coral reef ecosystem health indicator system based on the PSR model.Journal of Applied Oceanography,33,343–347.(in Chinese with English abstract)[纪雅宁,牛文涛,黄丁勇,黄嵩林,王初升(2014)基于PSR模型的珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价指标体系的构建与应用.应用海洋学学报,33,343–347.]
Khalaf MA,Kochzius M(2002)Community structure and biogeography of shore fishes in the gulf of Aqaba,Red Sea.Helgoland Marine Research,55,252–284.
Lam K,Shin PKS,Bradbeer R,Randall D,Ku KKK,Hodgson P,Cheung SG(2006)A comparison of video and point intercept transect methods for monitoring subtropical coral communities.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,333,115–128.
Li JR,Zhang ZM,Luo K(2007)The establishment of forest ecosystem health assessment index.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,14,173–175.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李静锐,张振明,罗凯(2007)森林生态系统健康评价指标体系的建立.水土保持研究,14,173–175.]
Li YC,Yang Y,Zheng XQ,Chen SQ(2015)Health status and influencing factors of coral reef ecosystems in Houhai waters,Sanya,Hainan Province.Chinese Journal of Ecology,34 ,1105–1112.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李元超,杨毅,郑新庆,陈石泉(2015)海南三亚后海海域珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况及其影响因素.生态学杂志,34,1105–1112.]
Lian JS,Huang H,Huang LM,Wang DR(2010)Coral Reef and It’s Biological Diversity of Sanya.China Ocean Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[练健生,黄晖,黄良民,王道儒(2010)三亚珊瑚礁及其生物多样性.海洋出版社,北京.]
Liu J,Tian MC(1995)A preliminary study and review of the coral reef fishes from Hainan Island.Marine Sciences,19 (5),28–32.(in Chinese)[刘静,田明诚(1995)海南岛珊瑚礁鱼类的初步研究及前景探讨.海洋科学,19(5),28 –32.]物多样性B
Ma KM,Kong HM,Guan WB,Fu BJ(2001)Ecosystem health assessment:Methods and directions.Acta Ecologica Sinica,21 ,2106–2116.(in Chinese with English abstract)[马克明,孔红梅,关文彬,傅伯杰(2001)生态系统健康评价:方法与方向.生态学报,21,2106–2116.]
Niu WT,Liu YX,Lin RC(2009)Research progress of the health assessment method of coral reef ecosystem.Journal of Marine Sciences,27(4),77–85.(in Chinese with English abstract)[牛文涛,刘玉新,林荣澄(2009)珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价方法的研究进展.海洋学研究,27(4),77–85.]
Pielou EC(1969)An introduction to mathematical ecology.Bio Science,24,7–12.
Rogers A,Harborne AR,Brown CJ,Bozec YM,Castro C,Chollett I,Hock K,Knowland C,Marshell A,Ortiz JC(2015)Anticipative management for coral reef ecosystem services in the 21st century.Global Change Biology,21,504 –514.
Shannon C,Weaver W(1949)The Mathematical Theory of Communication.University of Illinois,Chicago.
Tian SY,Zhang WL,Zhang R(2009)Role of macrobenthos in marine ecosystem.Journal of Salt and Chemical Industry,38 (2),50–54.(in Chinese with English abstract)[田胜艳,张文亮,张锐(2009)大型底栖动物在海洋生态系统中的作用.盐业与化工,38(2),50–54.]
Tuya F,Haroun RJ,Boyra A,Sanchez-Jerez P(2005)Sea urchin Diadema antillarum:Different functions in the structure and dynamics of reefs on both sides of the Atlantic.Marine Ecology Progress,302,307–310.
Wang YX,Lu YC,Zhang SG,Bai SB,Liu XZ(2010)Present situation and prospect of forest ecosystem health assessment.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,46,134–140.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王懿祥,陆元昌,张守攻,白尚斌,刘宪钊(2010)森林生态系统健康评价现状及展望.林业科学,46,134–140.]
Wilkinson C(2008)Status of Coral Reefs of the World:2008.Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre,Townsville,Australia.
Wu ZJ,Chen SQ,Chen M,Li YC,Wang Q,Wang DR(2013)Preliminary survey and analysis of the resources of hermatypic corals in Hainan Island.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,(2),44–50.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴钟解,陈石泉,陈敏,李元超,王茜,王道儒(2013)海南岛造礁石珊瑚资源初步调查与分析.海洋湖沼通报,(2),44–50.]cience
Wu ZJ,Cai ZF,Chen SQ,Zhang GX,Li XM,Wang DR,Yao HJ(2015a)Species distribution and diversity of the coral reef fishes in the shallow reefs along the east and south coasts of Hainan Island.Journal of Fisheries of China,39,1203–1217.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴钟解,蔡泽富,陈石泉,张光星,李向民,王道儒,姚海君(2015a)海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区近10年珊瑚礁鱼类种类分布及多样性探讨.水产学报,39,1203–1217.]odiversity S
Wu ZJ,Zhang GX,Chen SQ,Li YC,Cai ZF,Wang DR,Li XM(2015b)Spatial distribution and ecosystem health assessment of hermatypic corals in surrounding waters of Ximaozhou Island,Hainan.Journal of Applied Oceanography,34,133–140.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴钟解,张光星,陈石泉,李元超,蔡泽富,王道儒,李向民(2015b)海南西瑁洲岛周边海域造礁石珊瑚空间分布及其生态系统健康评价.应用海洋学学报,34,133–140.]
Xiao FJ,Ouyang H,Sun JH,Zhang ZC(2004)Forest ecosystem health assessment indicators and methods.Forest Resources Management,1(1),27–30.(in Chinese with English abstract)[肖风劲,欧阳华,孙江华,张志诚(2004)森林生态系统健康评价指标与方法.林业资源管理,1(1),27 –30.]
Xing SH,Ji WY,Guo N,Cui GF(2009)Forest ecosystem health research progress.Chinese Journal of Ecology,28,2102–2106.(in Chinese)[邢韶华,姬文元,郭宁,崔国发(2009)森林生态系统健康研究进展.生态学杂志,28,2102–2106.]
Yu DP,Zou RL(1996)Study on the species diversity of the scleratinan coral community on Luhuitou fringing reef.Acta Ecologica Sinica,16,469–475.(in Chinese with English abstract)[于登攀,邹仁林(1996)鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚物种多样性的研究.生态学报,16,469–475.]
Zhao MX,Yu KF,Zhang QM,Shi Q(2008)Spatial pattern of coral diversity in Luhuitou fringing reef,Sanya.Acta Ecologica Sinica,28,1419–1428.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赵美霞,余克服,张乔民,施祺(2008)三亚鹿回头石珊瑚物种多样性的空间分布.生态学报,28,1419–1428.]
(1)孙龙启(2014)广西近海生态系统健康评价.硕士学位论文,厦门大学,厦门.
(2)胡文佳(2008)福建深沪湾海湾生态系统评价研究.硕士学位论文,厦门大学,厦门.?生物多样性
Bruno JF,Selig ER(2007)Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific:Timing,extent,and subregional comparisons.PLo S ONE,2,e711.
De’ath G,Fabricius KE,Sweatman H,Puotinen M(2012)The 27 -year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencodiversityes,USA,109,17995–17999.
Dong D,Li XZ,Wang HF,Zhang BL,Kou Q,Gan ZB,Xu P(2015)Macrobenthic community characters of coral reef at Sanya,Hainan.Marine Sciences,39(3),83–91.(in Chinese with English abstract)[董栋,李新正,王洪法,张宝琳,寇琦,甘志彬,许鹏(2015)海南岛三亚珊瑚礁区大型底栖动物群落特征.海洋科学,39(3),83–91.]
Goatley CHR,Bonaldo RM,Fox RJ,Bellwood DR(2016)Sediments and herbivory as sensitive indicators of coral reef degradation.Ecology&Society,21(1),29.
Huang H,Wen CK,Li XB,Yuan T,Lian JS,Yang JH,Cherh KL(2016)Can private management compensate the ineffective marine reserves in China?Ambio,46,73–87.
Hughes TP,Huang H,Young MA(2013)The wicked problem of China’s disappearing coral reefs.Conservation Biology,27 ,261–269.
Ji YN,Niu WT,Huang DY,Huang SL,Wang CS(2014)Establishment and application of coral reef ecosystem health indicator system based on the PSR model.Journal of Applied Oceanography,33,343–347.(in Chinese with English abstract)[纪雅宁,牛文涛,黄丁勇,黄嵩林,王初升(2014)基于PSR模型的珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价指标体系的构建与应用.应用海洋学学报,33,343–347.]
Khalaf MA,Kochzius M(2002)Community structure and biogeography of shore fishes in the gulf of Aqaba,Red Sea.Helgoland Marine Research,55,252–284.
Lam K,Shin PKS,Bradbeer R,Randall D,Ku KKK,Hodgson P,Cheung SG(2006)A comparison of video and point intercept transect methods for monitoring subtropical coral communities.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,333,115–128.
Li JR,Zhang ZM,Luo K(2007)The establishment of forest ecosystem health assessment index.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,14,173–175.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李静锐,张振明,罗凯(2007)森林生态系统健康评价指标体系的建立.水土保持研究,14,173–175.]
Li YC,Yang Y,Zheng XQ,Chen SQ(2015)Health status and influencing factors of coral reef ecosystems in Houhai waters,Sanya,Hainan Province.Chinese Journal of Ecology,34 ,1105–1112.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李元超,杨毅,郑新庆,陈石泉(2015)海南三亚后海海域珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况及其影响因素.生态学杂志,34,1105–1112.]
Lian JS,Huang H,Huang LM,Wang DR(2010)Coral Reef and It’s Biological Diversity of Sanya.China Ocean Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[练健生,黄晖,黄良民,王道儒(2010)三亚珊瑚礁及其生物多样性.海洋出版社,北京.]
Liu J,Tian MC(1995)A preliminary study and review of the coral reef fishes from Hainan Island.Marine Sciences,19 (5),28–32.(in Chinese)[刘静,田明诚(1995)海南岛珊瑚礁鱼类的初步研究及前景探讨.海洋科学,19(5),28 –32.]物多样性B
Ma KM,Kong HM,Guan WB,Fu BJ(2001)Ecosystem health assessment:Methods and directions.Acta Ecologica Sinica,21 ,2106–2116.(in Chinese with English abstract)[马克明,孔红梅,关文彬,傅伯杰(2001)生态系统健康评价:方法与方向.生态学报,21,2106–2116.]
Niu WT,Liu YX,Lin RC(2009)Research progress of the health assessment method of coral reef ecosystem.Journal of Marine Sciences,27(4),77–85.(in Chinese with English abstract)[牛文涛,刘玉新,林荣澄(2009)珊瑚礁生态系统健康评价方法的研究进展.海洋学研究,27(4),77–85.]
Pielou EC(1969)An introduction to mathematical ecology.Bio Science,24,7–12.
Rogers A,Harborne AR,Brown CJ,Bozec YM,Castro C,Chollett I,Hock K,Knowland C,Marshell A,Ortiz JC(2015)Anticipative management for coral reef ecosystem services in the 21st century.Global Change Biology,21,504 –514.
Shannon C,Weaver W(1949)The Mathematical Theory of Communication.University of Illinois,Chicago.
Tian SY,Zhang WL,Zhang R(2009)Role of macrobenthos in marine ecosystem.Journal of Salt and Chemical Industry,38 (2),50–54.(in Chinese with English abstract)[田胜艳,张文亮,张锐(2009)大型底栖动物在海洋生态系统中的作用.盐业与化工,38(2),50–54.]
Tuya F,Haroun RJ,Boyra A,Sanchez-Jerez P(2005)Sea urchin Diadema antillarum:Different functions in the structure and dynamics of reefs on both sides of the Atlantic.Marine Ecology Progress,302,307–310.
Wang YX,Lu YC,Zhang SG,Bai SB,Liu XZ(2010)Present situation and prospect of forest ecosystem health assessment.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,46,134–140.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王懿祥,陆元昌,张守攻,白尚斌,刘宪钊(2010)森林生态系统健康评价现状及展望.林业科学,46,134–140.]
Wilkinson C(2008)Status of Coral Reefs of the World:2008.Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre,Townsville,Australia.
Wu ZJ,Chen SQ,Chen M,Li YC,Wang Q,Wang DR(2013)Preliminary survey and analysis of the resources of hermatypic corals in Hainan Island.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,(2),44–50.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴钟解,陈石泉,陈敏,李元超,王茜,王道儒(2013)海南岛造礁石珊瑚资源初步调查与分析.海洋湖沼通报,(2),44–50.]cience
Wu ZJ,Cai ZF,Chen SQ,Zhang GX,Li XM,Wang DR,Yao HJ(2015a)Species distribution and diversity of the coral reef fishes in the shallow reefs along the east and south coasts of Hainan Island.Journal of Fisheries of China,39,1203–1217.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴钟解,蔡泽富,陈石泉,张光星,李向民,王道儒,姚海君(2015a)海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区近10年珊瑚礁鱼类种类分布及多样性探讨.水产学报,39,1203–1217.]odiversity S
Wu ZJ,Zhang GX,Chen SQ,Li YC,Cai ZF,Wang DR,Li XM(2015b)Spatial distribution and ecosystem health assessment of hermatypic corals in surrounding waters of Ximaozhou Island,Hainan.Journal of Applied Oceanography,34,133–140.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴钟解,张光星,陈石泉,李元超,蔡泽富,王道儒,李向民(2015b)海南西瑁洲岛周边海域造礁石珊瑚空间分布及其生态系统健康评价.应用海洋学学报,34,133–140.]
Xiao FJ,Ouyang H,Sun JH,Zhang ZC(2004)Forest ecosystem health assessment indicators and methods.Forest Resources Management,1(1),27–30.(in Chinese with English abstract)[肖风劲,欧阳华,孙江华,张志诚(2004)森林生态系统健康评价指标与方法.林业资源管理,1(1),27 –30.]
Xing SH,Ji WY,Guo N,Cui GF(2009)Forest ecosystem health research progress.Chinese Journal of Ecology,28,2102–2106.(in Chinese)[邢韶华,姬文元,郭宁,崔国发(2009)森林生态系统健康研究进展.生态学杂志,28,2102–2106.]
Yu DP,Zou RL(1996)Study on the species diversity of the scleratinan coral community on Luhuitou fringing reef.Acta Ecologica Sinica,16,469–475.(in Chinese with English abstract)[于登攀,邹仁林(1996)鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚物种多样性的研究.生态学报,16,469–475.]
Zhao MX,Yu KF,Zhang QM,Shi Q(2008)Spatial pattern of coral diversity in Luhuitou fringing reef,Sanya.Acta Ecologica Sinica,28,1419–1428.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赵美霞,余克服,张乔民,施祺(2008)三亚鹿回头石珊瑚物种多样性的空间分布.生态学报,28,1419–1428.]
(1)孙龙启(2014)广西近海生态系统健康评价.硕士学位论文,厦门大学,厦门.
(2)胡文佳(2008)福建深沪湾海湾生态系统评价研究.硕士学位论文,厦门大学,厦门.?生物多样性