自然、书籍和宗教——华兹华斯诗教理想的变与不变
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摘要
关于华兹华斯的教育思想,既有评论大多关注诗人早期作品中的自然意象,忽略了他中后期作品中自然地位的相对下降、书籍和宗教作用的逐渐凸显。本文选取《序曲》和《漫游》的片段,聚焦华兹华斯在前者中有关诗意想象力的抒写、在后者在中对商贩-漫游者教育背景的设定,跟踪诗人在创作生涯的早、中、晚期对这些片段的改写,揭示华兹华斯诗教理想中的变与不变。本文指出,华兹华斯自始至终都着意培养读者的诗意想象力,认为想象力的滋养离不开自然、书籍和宗教的协同作用,但三者的相对地位在改写过程中发生了微妙的变化,体现了诗人对19世纪初期英国教育现实的持续关切。
Criticism on Wordsworth's educational thoughts tends to focus on the images of nature in the poet's early works,ignoring the fact that nature gradually gives place to books and religion in his later works.Based on comparative studies of Wordsworth's description of the poetic spirit in various manuscripts of The Prelude,and his narration of the Wanderer's early educational backgrounds in successive stages of The Excursion,this essay intends to reveal the changing and unchanging elements of Wordsworth's ideal poetic education. It argues that nature,books and religion constitute the core of Wordsworth's poetic education,and the textual revisions reflect Wordsworth's close and continuous engagement with the educational reality and reading practice of the early 19th-century England.
Criticism on Wordsworth's educational thoughts tends to focus on the images of nature in the poet's early works,ignoring the fact that nature gradually gives place to books and religion in his later works.Based on comparative studies of Wordsworth's description of the poetic spirit in various manuscripts of The Prelude,and his narration of the Wanderer's early educational backgrounds in successive stages of The Excursion,this essay intends to reveal the changing and unchanging elements of Wordsworth's ideal poetic education. It argues that nature,books and religion constitute the core of Wordsworth's poetic education,and the textual revisions reflect Wordsworth's close and continuous engagement with the educational reality and reading practice of the early 19th-century England.
引文
① William Wordsworth,Wordsworth Poetical Works,ed.Ernest De Selincourt (Oxford:Oxford UP,1978),p.377,p.62.
② John Churton Collins,“Wordsworth as a Teacher”,in The Posthumous Essays of John Churton Collins,ed.L.C.Collins (London:Dent,1912),pp.99-126.
③ C.Clarke,“Nature’s Education of Man:Some Remarks on the Philosophy of Wordsworth”,Philosophy 23.87 (1948),pp.301-316.
④ 参见A.S.Byatt,Unruly Times:Wordsworth and Coleridge in Their Time (London:Hogarth,1989),162-163页;Alan Richardson,Literature,Education,and Romanticism:Reading as Social Practice,1780-1832 (Cambridge:Cambridge UP,1994),8页。
⑤ Louise Chawla,“Spots of Time:Manifold Ways of Being in Nature in Childhood”,in Children and Nature:Psychological,Sociocultural,and Evolutionary Investigations,eds.Peter H.Kahn Jr.and Stephen R.Kellert (Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press,2002),p.202.
⑥ Judith Plotz,Romanticism and the Vocation of Childhood (New York:Palgrave,2001),p.31.
⑦ Alan Richardson,Literature,Education,and Romanticism,p.106.
⑧ 参见E.D.Hirsch Jr.,“The Roots of the Education Wars”,in The Great Curriculum Debate:How Should We Teach Reading and Math,ed.Tom Loveless (Washington,D.C.:Brookings,2001),13-24页;Andrew Stables,“The Unnatural Nature of Nature and Nurture:Questioning the Romantic Heritage”,Studies in Philosophy and Education 28.1 (2009),8页。
⑨ Stephen Gill,William Wordsworth:A Life (Oxford:Clarendon,1989),p.10.
⑩ Stephen Gill,Wordsworth’s Revisitings (Oxford:Oxford UP,2011),pp.8-12.
(11) William Wordsworth,The Excursion,eds.Sally Bushell,James Butler and Michael Jaye (Ithaca:Cornell UP,2007),pp.39-40.(以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。)
(12) William Wordsworth,The Excursion,p.38.
(13) William Wordsworth,The Prelude 1799,1805,1850,eds.Jonathan Wordsworth,M.H.Abrams and Stephen Gill (New York:Norton,1979),79页。译文引自威廉·华兹华斯:《序曲或一位诗人心灵的成长》,丁宏为译,北京大学出版社2017年版,45页。《序曲》译文均引自该版本,以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。
(14) Stephen Gill,Wordsworth’s Revisitings,pp.61-64.
(15) James Butler,“Introduction”,The Ruined Cottage and The Pedlar,by William Wordsworth,ed.James Butler (Ithaca:Cornell UP,1979),p.17.
(16) William Wordsworth,The Ruined Cottage and The Pedlar,ed.James Butler (Ithaca:Cornell UP,1979),pp.44-46.(以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。)
(17) William Wordsworth,The Prelude 1805,96页。在1850年版《序曲》中,有关“大自然的宠儿”的诗行被删除,增加了更为虔诚的表达:他带着“天赋的神圣能力与才智”,还有“基督徒的期望,她敬奉她的姊妹——/信仰,认她为更加强大的力量”。见《序曲》,62页。
(18) Jared Curtis ed.,The Fenwick Notes of William Wordsworth (London:Bristol Classics,1993),p.79.
(19) 参见Adam Smith,An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,ed.W.B.Todd,Vol.2 (Oxford:Clarendon,1976),785页。
(20) William Wordsworth,The Prose Works of William Wordsworth,eds.W.J.B.Owen and Jane Worthington Smyser,Vol.3 (Oxford:Clarendon,1974),p.295.
(21) Richard Altick,The English Common Reader:A Social History of the Mass Reading Public,1800-1900 (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1957),pp.99-140.
(22) Herbert Lindenberger,“Waiting for the Palfreys:The Great Prelude Debate”,The Wordsworth Circle 17.1 (1986),p.3.
(23) Stephen Gill,Wordsworth’s Revisitings,pp.79-82.
(24) Arthur Beatty,William Wordsworth:His Doctrine and Art in Their Historical Relations,3rd ed.(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1960),pp.136-138.
(25) James A.W.Heffernan,Wordsworth’s Theory of Poetry:The Transforming Imagination (Ithaca:Cornell UP,1969),p.105.
(26) Geoffrey H.Hartman,Wordsworth’s Poetry:1787-1814 (New Haven:Yale UP,1971),p.21.
(27) Geoffrey H.Hartman,“Reading:The Wordsworthian Enlightenment”,in The Wordsworthian Enlightenment:Romantic Poetry and the Ecology of Reading,eds.Frances Ferguson and Helen Regueiro Elam (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins UP,2005),p.33.
(28) Geoffrey Hartman,“Reading:The Wordsworthian Enlightenment”,p.33.
(29) Adam Potkay,“‘A Satire on Myself’:Wordsworth and the Infant Prodigy”,Nineteenth-Century Literature 49.2 (1994),p.162.
(30) William Wordsworth,Wordsworth Poetical Works,p.377.
(31) R.D.Havens,The Mind of a Poet:A Study of Wordsworth’s Thought with Particular Reference to The Prelude (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins UP,1941),pp.375-381.
(32) William Wordsworth,The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth.The Middle Years,Part I.1806-1811,2nd ed,ed.Mary Moorman (Oxford:Clarendon,1969),p.287.
(33) Alan Richardson,Literature,Education,and Romanticism,pp.113-114.
(34) Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Lectures 1808-1819 on Literature,ed.R.A.Foakes,Vol.2 (Princeton:Princeton UP,1987),p.192.
(35) Stephen Gill,William Wordsworth:A Life,p.27.
(36) Stephen Gill,William Wordsworth:A Life,pp.28-29.
(37) Christopher Wordsworth,Memoirs of William Wordsworth,ed.Henry Reed,Vol.1 (Boston:Ticknor,Reed,and Fields,1851),p.34.
(38) William Wordsworth,The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth.The Later Years,Part IV.1840-1853,2nd ed,ed.Alan G.Hill (Oxford:Clarendon,1988),pp.415-416.
(39) Hartman,Wordsworth’s Poetry:1787-1814,p.226.
(40) 丁宏为:《理念与悲曲——华兹华斯后革命之变》,北京大学出版社2002年版,327页。
(41) 丁宏为:《理念与悲曲——华兹华斯后革命之变》,327页。
(42) William Wordsworth,Wordsworth Poetical Works,p.62.
(43) H.W.Garrod,Wordsworth:Lectures and Essays (Oxford:Clarendon,1923),pp.113-124.
(44) 关于华兹华斯的宗教信仰,学者们提出过泛神论、高教派、天主教和国教等倾向,有人指出其信仰中的矛盾之处,也有人认为其早晚期的信仰高度一致。参见H.N.Fairchild,Religious Trends in English Poetry.Vol.3:1780-1830,Romantic Faith (New York:Columbia UP,1949),138-259页;Nancy Easterlin,Wordsworth and the Question of “Romantic Religion” (Lewisburg:Bucknell UP,1996),29页;William Ulmer,The Christian Wordsworth:1798-1805 (Albany:State University of New York Press,2001),23页。
(45) 参见D.J.James,Scepticism and Poetry:An Essay on the Poetic Imagination (London:George Allen,1937),209页;C.M.Bowra,The Romantic Imagination (Oxford:Oxford UP,1950),102页。
(46) William Wordsworth,The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth,the Middle Years,Part I.1806-1811,p.146.
(47) William Wordsworth,The Prose Works of William Wordsworth,eds.W.J.B.Owen and Jane Worthington Smyser,Vol.3 (Oxford:Clarendon,1974),p.412.
(48) William Wordsworth,The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth.The Later Years,Part II.1829-1834,2nd ed,ed.Alan G.Hill (Oxford:Clarendon,1979),p.245.
(49) William Wordsworth,Letters,Later Years II,p.245.
(50) William Wordsworth,Wordsworth Poetical Works,pp.285-286.
(51) William Wordsworth,Wordsworth Poetical Works,pp.388-389.
(52) 参见弥尔顿:《斗士参孙》,朱维之译,《复乐园·斗士参孙》,上海译文出版社1981年版,124-125页。译文稍有改动。
(53) William Wordsworth,The Excursion,p.40.
② John Churton Collins,“Wordsworth as a Teacher”,in The Posthumous Essays of John Churton Collins,ed.L.C.Collins (London:Dent,1912),pp.99-126.
③ C.Clarke,“Nature’s Education of Man:Some Remarks on the Philosophy of Wordsworth”,Philosophy 23.87 (1948),pp.301-316.
④ 参见A.S.Byatt,Unruly Times:Wordsworth and Coleridge in Their Time (London:Hogarth,1989),162-163页;Alan Richardson,Literature,Education,and Romanticism:Reading as Social Practice,1780-1832 (Cambridge:Cambridge UP,1994),8页。
⑤ Louise Chawla,“Spots of Time:Manifold Ways of Being in Nature in Childhood”,in Children and Nature:Psychological,Sociocultural,and Evolutionary Investigations,eds.Peter H.Kahn Jr.and Stephen R.Kellert (Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press,2002),p.202.
⑥ Judith Plotz,Romanticism and the Vocation of Childhood (New York:Palgrave,2001),p.31.
⑦ Alan Richardson,Literature,Education,and Romanticism,p.106.
⑧ 参见E.D.Hirsch Jr.,“The Roots of the Education Wars”,in The Great Curriculum Debate:How Should We Teach Reading and Math,ed.Tom Loveless (Washington,D.C.:Brookings,2001),13-24页;Andrew Stables,“The Unnatural Nature of Nature and Nurture:Questioning the Romantic Heritage”,Studies in Philosophy and Education 28.1 (2009),8页。
⑨ Stephen Gill,William Wordsworth:A Life (Oxford:Clarendon,1989),p.10.
⑩ Stephen Gill,Wordsworth’s Revisitings (Oxford:Oxford UP,2011),pp.8-12.
(11) William Wordsworth,The Excursion,eds.Sally Bushell,James Butler and Michael Jaye (Ithaca:Cornell UP,2007),pp.39-40.(以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。)
(12) William Wordsworth,The Excursion,p.38.
(13) William Wordsworth,The Prelude 1799,1805,1850,eds.Jonathan Wordsworth,M.H.Abrams and Stephen Gill (New York:Norton,1979),79页。译文引自威廉·华兹华斯:《序曲或一位诗人心灵的成长》,丁宏为译,北京大学出版社2017年版,45页。《序曲》译文均引自该版本,以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。
(14) Stephen Gill,Wordsworth’s Revisitings,pp.61-64.
(15) James Butler,“Introduction”,The Ruined Cottage and The Pedlar,by William Wordsworth,ed.James Butler (Ithaca:Cornell UP,1979),p.17.
(16) William Wordsworth,The Ruined Cottage and The Pedlar,ed.James Butler (Ithaca:Cornell UP,1979),pp.44-46.(以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。)
(17) William Wordsworth,The Prelude 1805,96页。在1850年版《序曲》中,有关“大自然的宠儿”的诗行被删除,增加了更为虔诚的表达:他带着“天赋的神圣能力与才智”,还有“基督徒的期望,她敬奉她的姊妹——/信仰,认她为更加强大的力量”。见《序曲》,62页。
(18) Jared Curtis ed.,The Fenwick Notes of William Wordsworth (London:Bristol Classics,1993),p.79.
(19) 参见Adam Smith,An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,ed.W.B.Todd,Vol.2 (Oxford:Clarendon,1976),785页。
(20) William Wordsworth,The Prose Works of William Wordsworth,eds.W.J.B.Owen and Jane Worthington Smyser,Vol.3 (Oxford:Clarendon,1974),p.295.
(21) Richard Altick,The English Common Reader:A Social History of the Mass Reading Public,1800-1900 (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1957),pp.99-140.
(22) Herbert Lindenberger,“Waiting for the Palfreys:The Great Prelude Debate”,The Wordsworth Circle 17.1 (1986),p.3.
(23) Stephen Gill,Wordsworth’s Revisitings,pp.79-82.
(24) Arthur Beatty,William Wordsworth:His Doctrine and Art in Their Historical Relations,3rd ed.(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1960),pp.136-138.
(25) James A.W.Heffernan,Wordsworth’s Theory of Poetry:The Transforming Imagination (Ithaca:Cornell UP,1969),p.105.
(26) Geoffrey H.Hartman,Wordsworth’s Poetry:1787-1814 (New Haven:Yale UP,1971),p.21.
(27) Geoffrey H.Hartman,“Reading:The Wordsworthian Enlightenment”,in The Wordsworthian Enlightenment:Romantic Poetry and the Ecology of Reading,eds.Frances Ferguson and Helen Regueiro Elam (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins UP,2005),p.33.
(28) Geoffrey Hartman,“Reading:The Wordsworthian Enlightenment”,p.33.
(29) Adam Potkay,“‘A Satire on Myself’:Wordsworth and the Infant Prodigy”,Nineteenth-Century Literature 49.2 (1994),p.162.
(30) William Wordsworth,Wordsworth Poetical Works,p.377.
(31) R.D.Havens,The Mind of a Poet:A Study of Wordsworth’s Thought with Particular Reference to The Prelude (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins UP,1941),pp.375-381.
(32) William Wordsworth,The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth.The Middle Years,Part I.1806-1811,2nd ed,ed.Mary Moorman (Oxford:Clarendon,1969),p.287.
(33) Alan Richardson,Literature,Education,and Romanticism,pp.113-114.
(34) Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Lectures 1808-1819 on Literature,ed.R.A.Foakes,Vol.2 (Princeton:Princeton UP,1987),p.192.
(35) Stephen Gill,William Wordsworth:A Life,p.27.
(36) Stephen Gill,William Wordsworth:A Life,pp.28-29.
(37) Christopher Wordsworth,Memoirs of William Wordsworth,ed.Henry Reed,Vol.1 (Boston:Ticknor,Reed,and Fields,1851),p.34.
(38) William Wordsworth,The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth.The Later Years,Part IV.1840-1853,2nd ed,ed.Alan G.Hill (Oxford:Clarendon,1988),pp.415-416.
(39) Hartman,Wordsworth’s Poetry:1787-1814,p.226.
(40) 丁宏为:《理念与悲曲——华兹华斯后革命之变》,北京大学出版社2002年版,327页。
(41) 丁宏为:《理念与悲曲——华兹华斯后革命之变》,327页。
(42) William Wordsworth,Wordsworth Poetical Works,p.62.
(43) H.W.Garrod,Wordsworth:Lectures and Essays (Oxford:Clarendon,1923),pp.113-124.
(44) 关于华兹华斯的宗教信仰,学者们提出过泛神论、高教派、天主教和国教等倾向,有人指出其信仰中的矛盾之处,也有人认为其早晚期的信仰高度一致。参见H.N.Fairchild,Religious Trends in English Poetry.Vol.3:1780-1830,Romantic Faith (New York:Columbia UP,1949),138-259页;Nancy Easterlin,Wordsworth and the Question of “Romantic Religion” (Lewisburg:Bucknell UP,1996),29页;William Ulmer,The Christian Wordsworth:1798-1805 (Albany:State University of New York Press,2001),23页。
(45) 参见D.J.James,Scepticism and Poetry:An Essay on the Poetic Imagination (London:George Allen,1937),209页;C.M.Bowra,The Romantic Imagination (Oxford:Oxford UP,1950),102页。
(46) William Wordsworth,The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth,the Middle Years,Part I.1806-1811,p.146.
(47) William Wordsworth,The Prose Works of William Wordsworth,eds.W.J.B.Owen and Jane Worthington Smyser,Vol.3 (Oxford:Clarendon,1974),p.412.
(48) William Wordsworth,The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth.The Later Years,Part II.1829-1834,2nd ed,ed.Alan G.Hill (Oxford:Clarendon,1979),p.245.
(49) William Wordsworth,Letters,Later Years II,p.245.
(50) William Wordsworth,Wordsworth Poetical Works,pp.285-286.
(51) William Wordsworth,Wordsworth Poetical Works,pp.388-389.
(52) 参见弥尔顿:《斗士参孙》,朱维之译,《复乐园·斗士参孙》,上海译文出版社1981年版,124-125页。译文稍有改动。
(53) William Wordsworth,The Excursion,p.40.