冰雪弯道视错觉减速标线参数组合设计
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摘要
公路弯道是道路交通事故频发路段,尤其是在冰雪环境下,车辆事故数是非冰雪天气环境下的14倍。在死亡交通事故致因中,车辆超速和速度不当约占1/3,因此合理控制速度是保障公路弯道处行车安全的重要途径之一。而驾驶员的操作行为主要由获取的视觉信息决定,视觉是驾驶员重要的速度感知源。为了减少冰雪天气环境下公路弯道处的事故发生率,从驾驶员视觉信息角度出发,通过视错觉减速标线的合理设置,提高驾驶员的速度感知能力,达到控速的目的。基于视错觉减速标线作用机理和恒定闪现频率,对标线的颜色、宽度、形状3个设计参数进行正交组合,挑选出具有代表性的9种参数组合方案。采用3ds Max建立仿真试验环境,将驾驶员感知加速率作为指标对不同组合标线的减速效果进行了量化分析,并对试验数据进行了方差分析。结果表明:在冰雪弯道施划减速标线可使驾驶员产生感知车速偏高的错觉,且纵向宽度为0.1 m的绿色梳齿形减速标线具有相对较好的减速效果;在显著水平α=0.01的条件下,减速标线的颜色、宽度及形状对驾驶员的车速感知均具有显著影响,且影响程度由大到小依次为颜色因子>形状因子>宽度因子。
Traffic accidents occur frequently at road curves, especially in ice and snow environment, the number of vehicle accidents is 14 times that in non-ice and snow weather. In the causes of death traffic accidents, overspeed and improper speed account for about 1/3. Therefore, reasonable control of speed is one of the important ways to ensure road safety in road curves. However, the driver's behavior is mainly determined by the obtained visual information, and visual sense is an important source of driver's speed perception. To reduce the traffic accidents at road curves in ice and snow environment, from the aspect of driver's visual information, through the reasonable setting of the visual illusion deceleration markings, driver's speed perception ability is improved to achieve the purpose of speed control. Based on the mechanism of visual illusion deceleration marking and the constant flash frequency, the design parameters of color, width and shape of marking are orthogonally combined, and 9 representative combinations of parameters are selected. Setting up the simulation experiment environment with 3 ds Max, the driver's perception acceleration rate is used as the indicator for quantitative analysis of the deceleration effect of different combinations of markings. Then, the variance analysis of experiment data is conducted. The result shows that(1) the decelerating markings in ice and snow road curves can give driver an illusion of higher vehicle speed, and the green comb shaped deceleration markings with longitudinal width of 0.1 m has a relatively good deceleration effect;(2) under the condition of significant level of α=0.01, color, width and shape of deceleration marking has significant influence on driver's speed perception, and the order of the influencing degree is color factor>shape factor>width factor.
Traffic accidents occur frequently at road curves, especially in ice and snow environment, the number of vehicle accidents is 14 times that in non-ice and snow weather. In the causes of death traffic accidents, overspeed and improper speed account for about 1/3. Therefore, reasonable control of speed is one of the important ways to ensure road safety in road curves. However, the driver's behavior is mainly determined by the obtained visual information, and visual sense is an important source of driver's speed perception. To reduce the traffic accidents at road curves in ice and snow environment, from the aspect of driver's visual information, through the reasonable setting of the visual illusion deceleration markings, driver's speed perception ability is improved to achieve the purpose of speed control. Based on the mechanism of visual illusion deceleration marking and the constant flash frequency, the design parameters of color, width and shape of marking are orthogonally combined, and 9 representative combinations of parameters are selected. Setting up the simulation experiment environment with 3 ds Max, the driver's perception acceleration rate is used as the indicator for quantitative analysis of the deceleration effect of different combinations of markings. Then, the variance analysis of experiment data is conducted. The result shows that(1) the decelerating markings in ice and snow road curves can give driver an illusion of higher vehicle speed, and the green comb shaped deceleration markings with longitudinal width of 0.1 m has a relatively good deceleration effect;(2) under the condition of significant level of α=0.01, color, width and shape of deceleration marking has significant influence on driver's speed perception, and the order of the influencing degree is color factor>shape factor>width factor.
引文
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[16]徐良杰,铁文君,奚少新.基于路面色彩信息的驾驶员视觉心理效应分析[J].武汉理工大学学报:交通科学与工程版,2016,40(4):592-596.XU Liang-jie,TIE Wen-jun,XI Shao-xin.Analysis of Driver's Visual Psychological Effects Based on Pavement Color Information[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology:Transportation Science&Engineering Edition,2016,40(4):592-596.
[17]康凯.基于真实场景的虚拟减速标线视频试验平台的开发研究[D].西安:长安大学,2008.KANG Kai.Study on Development of Virtual Slowdown Markings Videos Test Platform Based on Real Scene[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University,2008.
[18]刘兵.基于驾驶员视知觉的虚车速控制和车道保持机理研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2008.LIU Bing.Research of Mechanism of Virtual Vehicle Speed Controlling and Lane Keeping Based on Driver's Visual Perception[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology,2008.
[2]FUKUI H,TAKAGI J,MURATA Y,et al.An Image Processing Method to Detect Road Surface Condition Using Optical Spatial Frequency[C]//IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation System,1997.Boston:IEEE,1997:1005-1009.
[3]彭旭东,孟祥凯,卢荡,等.冰雪路面汽车轮胎摩擦特性研究进展[J].摩擦学学报,2003,23(5):451-456.PENG Xu-dong,MENG Xiang-kai,LU Dang,et al.Advances in Study on Traction Behavior of Automotive Tires on Icy and Snowy Highways[J].Tribology,2003,23(5):451-456.
[4]林雨,牛建峰,徐颖.双车道公路弯道行车轨迹特性研究[J].公路交通科技,2011,28(3):113-117.LIN Yu,NIU Jian-feng,XU Ying.Study on Characteristics of Vehicle Path in Curves on Two-lane Highways[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2011,28(3):113-117.
[5]杨涛,宋丹丹.弯道路面车辆稳定性的预测控制仿真[J].公路交通科技,2012,29(10):149-153.YANG Tao,SONG Dan-dan.Simulation of Predictive Control for Vehicle Yaw Stability on Curve[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2012,29(10):149-153.
[6]KHATTAK A J,KNAPP K K,GIESE K L,et al.Safety Implication of Snowstorms on Interstate Highways[C]//2000 Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board.Washington,D.C.:2000.
[7]ANDREY J,MILLS B,VANDERMOLEN J.Weather Information and Road Safety[R].Waterloo:Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction,2001.
[8]郭英.公路车辆行驶速度与事故关系模型研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2012.GUO Ying.Study on Model of Relationship between Vehicle Speed and Accident on Highway[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2012.
[9]ZWAHLEN H T,JIN Y P.Curve Radius Perception Accuracy as a Function of Number of Delineation Devices(Chevrons)[J].Thin Solid Films,1995,518(2):518-521.
[10]FINLEY M.Low Cost Local Road Safety Solutions[R].Fredericksburg:American Traffic Safety Services Association,2006.
[11]颜先华.公路视错觉减速标线设计研究[D].西安:长安大学,2011.YAN Xian-hua.Study on Design of Highway Optical Illusion Deceleration Markings[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University,2011.
[12]朱绪飞,赵炜华,刘浩学,等.基于仿真的公路视错觉减速标线效果对比研究[J].公路与汽运,2012(1):74-78.ZHU Xu-fei,ZHAO Wei-hua,LIU Hao-xue,et al.Comparative Study on Effect of Highway Optical Illusion Deceleration Markings Based on Simulation[J].Highways&Automotive Applications,2012(1):74-78.
[13]DING H,ZHAO X,RONG J,et al.Experimental Research on the Effectiveness and Adaptability of Speed Reduction Markings in Downhill Sections on Urban Roads:A Driving Simulation Study[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2015,75:119-127.
[14]RAKHA H A,KATZ B J,DUKE D.Design and Evaluation of Peripheral Transverse Bars to Reduce Vehicle Speed[C]//TRB 85th Annual Meeting.Washington,D.C.:Transportation Research Board,2006.
[15]段萌萌.基于驾驶员视觉-生理特征的减速标线设计研究[D].重庆:重庆交通大学,2015.DUAN Meng-meng.Study on Design of Speed Deceleration Marking Based on Driver's Visual-physical Characteristics[D].Chongqing:Chongqing Jiaotong University,2015.
[16]徐良杰,铁文君,奚少新.基于路面色彩信息的驾驶员视觉心理效应分析[J].武汉理工大学学报:交通科学与工程版,2016,40(4):592-596.XU Liang-jie,TIE Wen-jun,XI Shao-xin.Analysis of Driver's Visual Psychological Effects Based on Pavement Color Information[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology:Transportation Science&Engineering Edition,2016,40(4):592-596.
[17]康凯.基于真实场景的虚拟减速标线视频试验平台的开发研究[D].西安:长安大学,2008.KANG Kai.Study on Development of Virtual Slowdown Markings Videos Test Platform Based on Real Scene[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University,2008.
[18]刘兵.基于驾驶员视知觉的虚车速控制和车道保持机理研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2008.LIU Bing.Research of Mechanism of Virtual Vehicle Speed Controlling and Lane Keeping Based on Driver's Visual Perception[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology,2008.