生物质炭对植物表型及其相关基因表达影响的研究进展
|
摘要
【目的】生物质炭研究是近十年农业可持续发展研究的重要前沿领域。作为一种良好的土壤改良剂,生物质炭不仅能改善土壤肥力,而且能够通过改变土壤与植物的相互作用关系影响植物生长发育,最终影响作物的生产力。因此,以植物表型及其相关基因表达为视角的生物质炭研究有助于深入了解生物质炭对土壤和植物效应的作用机理,进一步充实生物质炭的农业应用的理论基础。【主要进展】本文回顾了近年来国内外关于生物质炭对植物生长影响的研究,从作物生产力、作物根系生长、作物病虫害和作物基因表达四个方面论述了生物质炭对植物表型和相关基因表达的影响;分析了生物质炭对植物表型及其相关基因表达的可能机理,探讨了生物质炭对植物表型及其相关基因表达研究的不足,提出了未来研究的发展方向。【问题与展望】未来生物质炭对植物表型和相关基因表达的研究应注重其系统性和全面性,例如建立规范化的生物质炭试验技术,特别是生物质炭相关标准和数据库的建立,同时应加强生物质炭对转基因作物的影响等方面的研究。
【Objectives】As a kind of soil amendment, biochar has been proved effective to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The responses of crop growth to biochar amendment result from changes in the interaction of soil and plant on plant development, which finally influences crop productivity. Therefore, it is helpful to understand the mechanism of plant response to biochar amendment if we shift our view from biomass production to plant phenotype and gene expression. This will also provide a sound theoretical base for biochar usage in agriculture. 【Major advances】In this review, we summarized the progress that researchers have got about biochar effects on plant growth from the following aspects: crop productivity, root growth and morphology,plant resistance to diseases and pests, and plant phenotype and gene expression. The mechanisms of biochar amendment on plant phenotype and gene expression were also discussed. In conclusion, studies that invested the effects of biochar on plant phenotype and gene expression are not enough. 【Suggestions and expectations】Further studies should pay much attention to holding a systemic view on biochar studies, including establishing standard rules and setting up databases for biochar properties, effects and so on.
【Objectives】As a kind of soil amendment, biochar has been proved effective to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The responses of crop growth to biochar amendment result from changes in the interaction of soil and plant on plant development, which finally influences crop productivity. Therefore, it is helpful to understand the mechanism of plant response to biochar amendment if we shift our view from biomass production to plant phenotype and gene expression. This will also provide a sound theoretical base for biochar usage in agriculture. 【Major advances】In this review, we summarized the progress that researchers have got about biochar effects on plant growth from the following aspects: crop productivity, root growth and morphology,plant resistance to diseases and pests, and plant phenotype and gene expression. The mechanisms of biochar amendment on plant phenotype and gene expression were also discussed. In conclusion, studies that invested the effects of biochar on plant phenotype and gene expression are not enough. 【Suggestions and expectations】Further studies should pay much attention to holding a systemic view on biochar studies, including establishing standard rules and setting up databases for biochar properties, effects and so on.
引文
[1]潘根兴,李恋卿,刘晓雨,等.热裂解生物质炭产业化:秸秆禁烧与绿色农业新途径[J].科技导报,2015,33(13):92-101.Pan G X,Li L Q,Liu X Y,et al.Industrialization of biochar from biomass pyrolysis:A new option for straw burning ban and green agriculture of China[J].Science&Technology Review,2015,33(13):92-101.
[2]Jeffery S,Bezemer T M,Cornelissen G,et al.The way forward in biochar research:targeting trade-offs between the potential wins[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7(1):1-13.
[3]Mohan D,Kumar A,Pittman C U.Sustainable biochar-A tool for climate change mitigation,soil management and water and wastewater treatment[A].Raju N J.Geostatistical and geospatial approaches for the characterization of natural resources in the environment[M].Springer International Publishing,2016.949-952.
[4]Singh R,Babu J N,Kumar R,et al.Multifaceted application of crop residue biochar as a tool for sustainable agriculture:An ecological perspective[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,77:324-347.
[5]Hagner M,Kemppainen R,Jauhiainen L,et al.The effects of birch(Betula spp.)biochar and pyrolysis temperature on soil properties and plant growth[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,163:224-234.
[6]Kim H S,Kim K R,Yang J E,et al.Effect of biochar on reclaimed tidal land soil properties and maize(Zea mays L.)response[J].Chemosphere,2016,142:153-159.
[7]?cis?owska M,W?odarczyk R,Koby?ecki R,et al.Biochar to improve the quality and productivity of soils[J].Journal of Ecological Engineering,2015,16(3):31-35.
[8]De Luca T H,Gundale M J,Mac Kenzie M D,et al.Biochar effects on soil nutrient transformations[A].Lehmann J,Joseph S.Biochar for environmental management:science,technology and implementation(2nd ed.)[M].New York:Routledge,2015:421-454.
[9]Cai Y,Chang S X.Biochar effects on soil fertility and nutrient cycling[A].Ok Y S,Uchimiya S M,Chang S X,Bolan N.Biochar:production,characterization and applications[M].Boca Raton:CRCPress,2015:246-271.
[10]Liu X,Zhang A,Ji C,et al.Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions-a meta-analysis of literature data[J].Plant and Soil,2013,373:583-594.
[11]Jeffery S,Verheijen F G A,van der Velde M,et al.A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2011,144:175-187.
[12]Liu X,Qu J,Li L,et al.Can biochar amendment be an ecological engineering technology to depress N2O emission in rice paddies?-A cross site field experiment from South China[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,42:168-173.
[13]Smith P.Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies[J].Global Change Biology,2016,22(3):1315-1324.
[14]Ng E,Cavagnaro T.Biochar effects on ecosystems:Insights from lipid-based analysis[A].Ralebitso-Senior T K,Orr C H.Biochar application:essential soil microbial ecology[M].New York:Elsevier,2016.55-77.
[15]Viger M,Hancock R D,Miglietta F,et al.More plant growth but less plant defence?First global gene expression data for plants grown in soil amended with biochar[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7(4):658-672.
[16]Jaiswal A K,Elad Y,Graber E R,et al.Rhizoctonia solani suppression and plant growth promotion in cucumber as affected by biochar pyrolysis temperature,feedstock and concentration[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,69:110-118.
[17]Gundale M J,Nilsson M C,Pluchon N,et al.The effect of biochar management on soil and plant community properties in a boreal forest[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2016,8(4):777-789.
[18]Mukherjee A,Lal R.The biochar dilemma[J].Soil Research,2014,52:217-230.
[19]Kuppusamy S,Thavamani P,Megharaj M,et al.Agronomic and remedial benefits and risks of applying biochar to soil:Current knowledge and future research directions[J].Environment International,2016,87:1-12.
[20]Sultan S.Phenotypic plasticity and plant adaptation[J].Acta Botanica Neerlandica,1995,44:363-383.
[21]Sultan S E.Phenotypic plasticity for plant development,function and life history[J].Trends in Plant Science,2000,5:537-542.
[22]Elad Y,Cytryn E,Harel Y M,et al.The biochar effect:plant resistance to biotic stresses[J].Phytopathologia Mediterranea,2012,50:335-349.
[23]Xu C Y,Hosseini-Bai S,Hao Y,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on yield and photosynthesis of peanut on two types of soils[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(8):6112-6125.
[24]Hansen V,Hauggaard-Nielsen H,Petersen C T,et al.Effects of gasification biochar on plant-available water capacity and plant growth in two contrasting soil types[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,161:1-9.
[25]Vaccari F,Maienza A,Miglietta F,et al.Biochar stimulates plant growth but not fruit yield of processing tomato in a fertile soil[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2015,207:163-170.
[26]Mehari Z H,Elad Y,Rav-David D,et al.Induced systemic resistance in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)against Botrytis cinerea by biochar amendment involves jasmonic acid signaling[J].Plant and Soil,2015,395(1):31-44.
[27]潘映红.论植物表型组和植物表型组学的概念与范畴[J].作物学报,2015,41:175-186.Pan Y H.Analysis of concepts and categories of plant phenome and phenomics[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41:175-186.
[28]Bruun E W,Petersen C T,Hansen E,et al.Biochar amendment to coarse sandy subsoil improves root growth and increases water retention[J].Soil Use and Management,2014,30:109-118.
[29]Brennan A,Jiménez E M,Puschenreiter M,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on root traits and contaminant availability of maize plants in a copper and arsenic impacted soil[J].Plant and Soil,2014,379:351-360.
[30]Harel Y M,Elad Y,Rav-David D,et al.Biochar mediates systemic response of strawberry to foliar fungal pathogens[J].Plant and Soil,2012,357:245-257.
[31]Huang W,Ji H,Gheysen G,et al.Biochar-amended potting medium reduces the susceptibility of rice to root-knot nematode infections[J].BMC Plant Biology,2015,15(1):1471-2229.
[32]Noguera D,Barot S,Laossi K R,et al.Biochar but not earthworms enhances rice growth through increased protein turnover[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,52:13-20.
[33]Lychuk T E,Izaurralde R C,Hill R L,et al.Biochar as a global change adaptation:predicting biochar impacts on crop productivity and soil quality for a tropical soil with the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate(EPIC)model[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2015,20(8):1437-1458.
[34]Novak J,Ippolito J,Lentz R,et al.Soil health,crop productivity,microbial transport,and mine spoil response to biochars[J].Bioenergy Research,2016,9(2):454-464.
[35]Spokas K A,Cantrell K B,Novak J M,et al.Biochar:a synthesis of its agronomic impact beyond carbon sequestration[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2012,41:973-989.
[36]Jeffery S,Abalos D,Spokas K A,et al.Biochar effects on crop yield[A].Lehmann J,Joseph S.Biochar for environmental management:science,technology and implementation(2nd ed.)[M].London,New York:Routledge,2015.301-326.
[37]Biederman L A,Harpole W S.Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling:a meta-analysis[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2013,5:202-214.
[38]Zhang D,Yan M,Niu Y,et al.Is current biochar research addressing global soil constraints for sustainable agriculture?[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2016,226:25-32.
[39]Mukherjee A,Lal R.Biochar impacts on soil physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions[J].Agronomy,2013,3:313-339.
[40]Herath H,Camps-Arbestain M,Hedley M.Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrasting soils:an Alfisol and an Andisol[J].Geoderma,2013,209:188-197.
[41]Smider B,Singh B.Agronomic performance of a high ash biochar in two contrasting soils[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:99-107.
[42]Liu X,Li L,Bian R,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on soilsilicon availability and rice uptake[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2014,177:91-96.
[43]Rondon M A,Lehmann J,Ramirez J,et al.Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)increases with bio-char additions[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2007,43(6):699-708.
[44]Guerena D T,Lehmann J,Thies J E,et al.Partitioning the contributions of biochar properties to enhanced biological nitrogen fixation in common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2015,51:479-491.
[45]Warnock D D,Lehmann J,Kuyper T W,et al.Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil-concepts and mechanisms[J].Plant and Soil,2007,300:9-20.
[46]Graber E R,Harel Y M,Kolton M,et al.Biochar impact on development and productivity of pepper and tomato grown in fertigated soilless media[J].Plant and Soil,2010,337:481-496.
[47]严小龙.根系生物学:原理与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.Yan X L.The root biology:Principle and application[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.
[48]Prendergast-Miller M,Duvall M,Sohi S.Biochar-root interactions are mediated by biochar nutrient content and impacts on soil nutrient availability[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2014,65:173-185.
[49]Prendergast-Miller M T,Duvall M,Sohi S P.Localisation of nitrate in the rhizosphere of biochar-amended soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43:2243-2246.
[50]Reibe K,G?tz K P,Ro?C L,et al.Impact of quality and quantity of biochar and hydrochar on soil Collembola and growth of spring wheat[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,83:84-87.
[51]Olmo M,Villar R,Salazar P,et al.Changes in soil nutrient availability explain biochar’s impact on wheat root development[J].Plant and Soil,2015,399(1):333-343.
[52]蒋健,王宏伟,刘国玲,等.生物炭对玉米根系特性及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2015,23(4):62-66.Jian J,Wang H W,Liu G L,et al.Effect of biochar on root characteristics and yield in maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2015,23(4):62-66.
[53]勾芒芒,屈忠义.土壤中施用生物炭对番茄根系特征及产量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(8):1348-1352.Gou M M,Qu Z Y.Effect of biochar on root distribution and yield of tomato in sandy loam soil[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(8):1348-1352.
[54]张伟明,孟军,王嘉宇,等.生物炭对水稻根系形态与生理特性及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(8):1445-1451.Zhang W M,Meng J,Wang J Y,et al.Effect of biochar on root morphological and physiological characteristics and yield in rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(8):1445-1451.
[55]Abiven S,Hund A,Martinsen V,et al.Biochar amendment increases maize root surface areas and branching:a shovelomics study in Zambia[J].Plant and Soil,2015,395:45-55.
[56]Zheng H,Wang Z,Deng X,et al.Impacts of adding biochar on nitrogen retention and bioavailability in agricultural soil[J].Geoderma,2013,206:32-39.
[57]Jones D,Rousk J,Edwards-Jones G,et al.Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,45:113-124.
[58]Sohi S,Prendergast-Miller M.Report on the effect of fresh and weathered biochar on the architecture of crop roots and soil mineral nitrogen in the rhizosphere[EB/OL].(2014-08-11)[2017-04-20].http://archive.northsearegion.eu/files/repository/20140811095355_WP42-Effectofbiocha-roncroproots.pdf.
[59]Reinhold-Hurek B,Bunger W,Burbano C S,et al.Roots shaping their microbiome:Global hotspots for microbial activity[J].Annual Review of Phytopathology,2015,53:403-424.
[60]Haichar F E Z,Marol C,Berge O,et al.Plant host habitat and root exudates shape soil bacterial community structure[J].The ISMEJournal,2008,2:1221-1230.
[61]Lu H,Lashari M S,Liu X,et al.Changes in soil microbial community structure and enzyme activity with amendment of biochar-manure compost and pyroligneous solution in a saline soil from Central China[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2015,70:67-76.
[62]Graber E,Frenkel O,Jaiswal A,et al.How may biochar influence severity of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens?[J].Carbon Management,2014,5:169-183.
[63]Masiello C A,Chen Y,Gao X D,et al.Biochar and microbial signaling:Production conditions determine effects on microbial communication[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47:11496-11503.
[64]Jones D,Edwards-Jones G,Murphy D.Biochar mediated alterations in herbicide breakdown and leaching in soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43:804-813.
[65]Bais H P,Weir T L,Perry L G,et al.The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interations with plants and other organisms[J].Annual Review of Plant Biology,2006,:233-266.
[66]Spokas K A,Baker J M,Reicosky D C.Ethylene:Potential key for biochar amendment impacts[J].Plant and Soil,2010,333:443-452.
[67]Fulton W,Gray M,Prahl F,et al.A simple technique to eliminate ethylene emissions from biochar amendment in agriculture[J].Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2013,33:469-474.
[68]Chiwocha S D,Dixon K W,Flematti G R,et al.Karrikins:a new family of plant growth regulators in smoke[J].Plant Science,2009,177:252-256.
[69]Nelson D C,Flematti G R,Ghisalberti E L,et al.Regulation of seed germination and seedling growth by chemical signals from burning vegetation[J].Plant Biology,2012,63:107-130.
[70]Lou Y,Joseph S,Li L,et al.Water extract from straw biochar used for plant growth promotion:An initial test[J].Bioresources,2015,11(1):249-266.
[71]娄颖梅,潘根兴,李恋卿,等.一种多效有机叶面调理剂的制备方法及应用:中国,2014105819673[P]2015-02-25.Lou Y M,Pan G X,Li L Q,et al.A method for preparing pleiotropic organic foliar conditioner and its application[P].China Patent:2014105819673,2015-02-25.
[72]Agrios G N.Plant pathology[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,2005.
[73]FAO.FAOSTAT[EB/OL].
[2016-07-17].http://faostat3.fao.org/download/R/RP/E.
[74]Grung M,Lin Y,Zhang H,et al.Pesticide levels and environmental risk in aquatic environments in China-A review[J].Environment International,2015,81:87-97.
[75]Bebber D P,Holmes T,Gurr S J.The global spread of crop pests and pathogens[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2014,23:1398-1407.
[76]Graber E R,Elad Y.Biochar impact on plant resistance to disease[A].Ladygina N,Rineau F.Biochar and soil biota[M].BocaRaton:CRC Press,2013.41-68.
[77]Elad Y,David D R,Harel Y M,et al.Induction of systemic resistance in plants by biochar,a soil-applied carbon sequestering agent[J].Phytopathology,2010,100:913-921.
[78]Hou X,Meng L,Li L,et al.Biochar amendment to soils impairs developmental and reproductive performances of a major rice pest Nilaparvata lugens(Homopera:Delphacidae)[J].Journal of Applied Entomology,2015,139(10):727-733.
[79]Matsubara Y,Hasegawa N,Fukui H.Incidence of Fusarium root rot in Asparagus seedlings infected with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus as affected by several soil amendments[J].Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science,2002,71:370-374.
[80]Nerome M,Toyota K,Islam T,et al.Suppression of bacterial wilt of tomato by incorporation of municipal biowaste charcoal into soil[J].Soil Microorganisms,2005,59:9-14.
[81]Elmer W H,Pignatello J J.Effect of biochar amendments on mycorrhizal associations and Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus in replant soils[J].Plant Disease,2011,95:960-966.
[82]Postma J,Clematis F,Nijhuis E H,et al.Efficacy of four phosphatemobilizing bacteria applied with an animal bone charcoal formulation in controlling Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radicis lycopersici in tomato[J].Biological Control,2013,67:284-291.
[83]Jaiswal A K,Frenkel O,Elad Y,et al.Non-monotonic influence of biochar dose on bean seedling growth and susceptibility to Rhizoctonia solani:the“Shifted Rmax-Effect”[J].Plant and Soil,2015,395(1):125-140.
[84]Knox O,Oghoro C,Burnett F,et al.Biochar increases soil p H,but is as ineffective as liming at controlling clubroot[J].Journal of Plant Pathology,2015,97:149-152.
[85]陈威,胡学玉,张阳阳,等.番茄根区土壤线虫群落变化对生物炭输入的响应[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(6):998-1003.Chen W,Hu X Y,Zhang Y Y,et al.Response of nematode community in tomato rhizosphere soil to biochar input[J].Ecology and Environmental Science,2015,24(6):998-1003.
[86]卢焱焱,王明伟,陈小云,等.生物质炭与氮肥配施对红壤线虫群落的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27:263-274.Lu Y Y,Wang M W,Cheng X Y,et al.Influence of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on soil nematode assemblage of upland red soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27:263-274.
[87]牛亚茹,付祥峰,邱良祝,等.施用生物质炭对大棚土壤特性、黄瓜品质和根结线虫病的影响[J].土壤,2017,49(1):57-62.Niu Y R,Fu X F,Qiu L Z,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on soil properties,cucumber quality and root-knot nematode disease in plastic greenhouse[J].Soils,2017,49(1):57-62.
[88]Lehmann J,Kuzyakov Y,Pan G,et al.Biochars and the plant-soil interface[J].Plant and Soil,2015,395:1-5.
[89]Yu L,Yuan Y,Tang J,et al.Biochar as an electron shuttle for reductive dechlorination of pentachlorophenol by Geobacter sulfurreducens[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5,16221:1-10.
[90]Yu L,Wang Y,Yuan Y,et al.Biochar as electron acceptor for microbial extracellular respiration[J].Geomicrobiology Journal,2016,33(6):530-536.
[91]Vallad G E,Goodman R M.Systemic acquired resistance andinduced systemic resistance in conventional agriculture[J].Crop Science,2004,44:1920-1934.
[92]George C,Kohler J,Rillig M C.Biochars reduce infection rates of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and associated biomass loss in carrot[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,95:11-18.
[93]Harel M,Kolton M,Elad Y,et al.Induced systemic resistance in strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa)to powdery mildew using various control agents[J].IOBC-WPRS Bulletin,2011,71:47-51.
[94]Chang C,Bleecker A B.Ethylene biology.More than a gas[J].Plant Physiology,2004,136:2895-2899.
[95]Schaller G E,Voesenek L A.Focus on ethylene[J].Plant Physiology,2015,169:1-2.
[96]Noguera D,Laossi K R,Lavelle P,et al.Amplifying the benefits of agroecology by using the right cultivars[J].Ecological Applications,2011,21:2349-2356.
[97]Mollinedo J,Schumacher T E,Chintala R.Biochar effects on phenotypic characteristics of“wild”and“sickle”Medicago truncatula genotypes[J].Plant and Soil,2016,400(1):1-14.
[98]Chen D,Guo H,Li R,et al.Low uptake affinity cultivars with biochar to tackle Cd-tainted rice-A field study over four rice seasons in Hunan,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,541:1489-1498.
[99]Lovén J,Orlando D A,Sigova A A,et al.Revisiting global gene expression analysis[J].Cell,2012,151(3):476-482.
[100]Hale S E,Lehmann J,Rutherford D,et al.Quantifying the total and bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins in biochars[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46:2830-2838.
[101]Wiedner K,Rumpel C,Steiner C,et al.Chemical evaluation of chars produced by thermochemical conversion(gasification,pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization)of agro-industrial biomass on a commercial scale[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2013,59:264-278.
[102]蒋太英,徐凡,甄晓溪,等.生物炭表面水溶活性分子可以有效提高水稻的耐旱性[J].分子植物育种,2015,13(6):1223-1232.Jiang T Y,Xu F,Zhen X X,et al.Water-soluble active molecule on biochar surface could enhance the tolerance to droght stress in rice[J].2015,13(6):1223-1232.
[103]甄晓溪,徐凡,蒋太英,等.生物炭浸提液对盐胁迫水稻幼苗生长的调节作用机制[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2015,46(4):471-475.Zhen X X,Xu F,Jiang T Y,et al.Mechanism of the regulating effect on biochar-leach liquor to rice seedling under salt stress[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2015,46(4):471-475.
[104]Camps-Arbestain M,Amonette J E,Singh B,et al.A biochar classification system and associated test methods.Biochar for environmental management:science,technology and implementation[M].London:Taylor and Francis,2015:165-194.
[105]Omondi M O,Xia X,Nahayo A,et al.Quantification of biochar effects on soil hydrological properties using meta-analysis of literature data[J].Geoderma,2016,274:28-34.
[106]Kaul S,Koo H L,Jenkins J,et al.Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana[J].Nature,2000,408:796-815.
[107]Lockhart J.Putting down roots:How nitrate and abscisic acid help shape root system architecture[J].The Plant Cell,2016,28:601-602.
[108]Stewart J J,Demmig-Adams B,Cohu C M,et al.Growth temperature impact on leaf form and function in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes from northern and southern Europe[J].Plant,Cell&Environment,2016,39(7):1549-1558.
[109]Graber E R,Tsechansky L,Mayzlish-Gati E,et al.A humic substances product extracted from biochar reduces Arabidopsis root hair density and length under P-sufficient and P-starvation conditions[J].Plant and Soil,2015,395(1):21-30.
[110]Main M,Frame B,Wang K.Rice,japonica(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Agrobacterium Protocols,2015,1:169-180.
[111]Izawa T,Shimamoto K.Becoming a model plant:the importance of rice to plant science[J].Trends in Plant Science,1996,1:95-99.
[112]Hussien A,Tavakol E,Horner D S,et al.Genetics of tillering in rice and barley[J].The Plant Genome,2014,7(1):1940-3372.
[113]Valent B.Rice blast as a model system for plant pathology[J].Phytopathology,1990,80:33-36.
[114]Clare A,Shackley S,Joseph S,et al.Competing uses for China's straw:the economic and carbon abatement potential of biochar[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7:1272-1282.
[115]Dickinson D,Balduccio L,Buysse J,et al.Cost-benefit analysis of using biochar to improve cereals agriculture[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7:850-864.
[116]Database UC.Davis biochar database[EB/OL].
[2016-07-15].http://biochar.ucdavis.edu/.
[117]Zhang Q.Strategies for developing green super rice[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2007,104:16402-16409.
[118]陈浩,林拥军,张启发.转基因水稻研究的回顾与展望[J].科学通报,2009,18:2699-2717.Chen H,Lin Y J,Zhang Q F.Review and prospect of transgenic rice research[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,18:2699-2717.
[119]Stam M,Mol J N,Kooter J M.Review article:the silence of genes in transgenic plants[J].Annals of Botany,1997,79:3-12.
[120]Lehmann J.Bio-energy in the black[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2007,5:381-387.
[121]Biere A,Goverse A.Plant-mediated systemic interactions between pathogens,parasitic nematodes,and herbivores above-and belowground[J].Annual Review of Phytopathology,2016,54:499-527.
[122]Pineda A,Soler R,Pozo M J,et al.Editorial:Above-belowground interactions involving plants,microbes and insects[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2015,6:318.
[123]Kammann C,Graber E R.Biochar effects on plant ecophysiology[A].Lehmann J,Joseph S.Biochar for Environmental Management:Science,technology and implementation(2nd ed.)[M].London:Routledge,2015:391-420.
[2]Jeffery S,Bezemer T M,Cornelissen G,et al.The way forward in biochar research:targeting trade-offs between the potential wins[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7(1):1-13.
[3]Mohan D,Kumar A,Pittman C U.Sustainable biochar-A tool for climate change mitigation,soil management and water and wastewater treatment[A].Raju N J.Geostatistical and geospatial approaches for the characterization of natural resources in the environment[M].Springer International Publishing,2016.949-952.
[4]Singh R,Babu J N,Kumar R,et al.Multifaceted application of crop residue biochar as a tool for sustainable agriculture:An ecological perspective[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,77:324-347.
[5]Hagner M,Kemppainen R,Jauhiainen L,et al.The effects of birch(Betula spp.)biochar and pyrolysis temperature on soil properties and plant growth[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,163:224-234.
[6]Kim H S,Kim K R,Yang J E,et al.Effect of biochar on reclaimed tidal land soil properties and maize(Zea mays L.)response[J].Chemosphere,2016,142:153-159.
[7]?cis?owska M,W?odarczyk R,Koby?ecki R,et al.Biochar to improve the quality and productivity of soils[J].Journal of Ecological Engineering,2015,16(3):31-35.
[8]De Luca T H,Gundale M J,Mac Kenzie M D,et al.Biochar effects on soil nutrient transformations[A].Lehmann J,Joseph S.Biochar for environmental management:science,technology and implementation(2nd ed.)[M].New York:Routledge,2015:421-454.
[9]Cai Y,Chang S X.Biochar effects on soil fertility and nutrient cycling[A].Ok Y S,Uchimiya S M,Chang S X,Bolan N.Biochar:production,characterization and applications[M].Boca Raton:CRCPress,2015:246-271.
[10]Liu X,Zhang A,Ji C,et al.Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions-a meta-analysis of literature data[J].Plant and Soil,2013,373:583-594.
[11]Jeffery S,Verheijen F G A,van der Velde M,et al.A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2011,144:175-187.
[12]Liu X,Qu J,Li L,et al.Can biochar amendment be an ecological engineering technology to depress N2O emission in rice paddies?-A cross site field experiment from South China[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,42:168-173.
[13]Smith P.Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies[J].Global Change Biology,2016,22(3):1315-1324.
[14]Ng E,Cavagnaro T.Biochar effects on ecosystems:Insights from lipid-based analysis[A].Ralebitso-Senior T K,Orr C H.Biochar application:essential soil microbial ecology[M].New York:Elsevier,2016.55-77.
[15]Viger M,Hancock R D,Miglietta F,et al.More plant growth but less plant defence?First global gene expression data for plants grown in soil amended with biochar[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7(4):658-672.
[16]Jaiswal A K,Elad Y,Graber E R,et al.Rhizoctonia solani suppression and plant growth promotion in cucumber as affected by biochar pyrolysis temperature,feedstock and concentration[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,69:110-118.
[17]Gundale M J,Nilsson M C,Pluchon N,et al.The effect of biochar management on soil and plant community properties in a boreal forest[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2016,8(4):777-789.
[18]Mukherjee A,Lal R.The biochar dilemma[J].Soil Research,2014,52:217-230.
[19]Kuppusamy S,Thavamani P,Megharaj M,et al.Agronomic and remedial benefits and risks of applying biochar to soil:Current knowledge and future research directions[J].Environment International,2016,87:1-12.
[20]Sultan S.Phenotypic plasticity and plant adaptation[J].Acta Botanica Neerlandica,1995,44:363-383.
[21]Sultan S E.Phenotypic plasticity for plant development,function and life history[J].Trends in Plant Science,2000,5:537-542.
[22]Elad Y,Cytryn E,Harel Y M,et al.The biochar effect:plant resistance to biotic stresses[J].Phytopathologia Mediterranea,2012,50:335-349.
[23]Xu C Y,Hosseini-Bai S,Hao Y,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on yield and photosynthesis of peanut on two types of soils[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(8):6112-6125.
[24]Hansen V,Hauggaard-Nielsen H,Petersen C T,et al.Effects of gasification biochar on plant-available water capacity and plant growth in two contrasting soil types[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,161:1-9.
[25]Vaccari F,Maienza A,Miglietta F,et al.Biochar stimulates plant growth but not fruit yield of processing tomato in a fertile soil[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2015,207:163-170.
[26]Mehari Z H,Elad Y,Rav-David D,et al.Induced systemic resistance in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)against Botrytis cinerea by biochar amendment involves jasmonic acid signaling[J].Plant and Soil,2015,395(1):31-44.
[27]潘映红.论植物表型组和植物表型组学的概念与范畴[J].作物学报,2015,41:175-186.Pan Y H.Analysis of concepts and categories of plant phenome and phenomics[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41:175-186.
[28]Bruun E W,Petersen C T,Hansen E,et al.Biochar amendment to coarse sandy subsoil improves root growth and increases water retention[J].Soil Use and Management,2014,30:109-118.
[29]Brennan A,Jiménez E M,Puschenreiter M,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on root traits and contaminant availability of maize plants in a copper and arsenic impacted soil[J].Plant and Soil,2014,379:351-360.
[30]Harel Y M,Elad Y,Rav-David D,et al.Biochar mediates systemic response of strawberry to foliar fungal pathogens[J].Plant and Soil,2012,357:245-257.
[31]Huang W,Ji H,Gheysen G,et al.Biochar-amended potting medium reduces the susceptibility of rice to root-knot nematode infections[J].BMC Plant Biology,2015,15(1):1471-2229.
[32]Noguera D,Barot S,Laossi K R,et al.Biochar but not earthworms enhances rice growth through increased protein turnover[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,52:13-20.
[33]Lychuk T E,Izaurralde R C,Hill R L,et al.Biochar as a global change adaptation:predicting biochar impacts on crop productivity and soil quality for a tropical soil with the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate(EPIC)model[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2015,20(8):1437-1458.
[34]Novak J,Ippolito J,Lentz R,et al.Soil health,crop productivity,microbial transport,and mine spoil response to biochars[J].Bioenergy Research,2016,9(2):454-464.
[35]Spokas K A,Cantrell K B,Novak J M,et al.Biochar:a synthesis of its agronomic impact beyond carbon sequestration[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2012,41:973-989.
[36]Jeffery S,Abalos D,Spokas K A,et al.Biochar effects on crop yield[A].Lehmann J,Joseph S.Biochar for environmental management:science,technology and implementation(2nd ed.)[M].London,New York:Routledge,2015.301-326.
[37]Biederman L A,Harpole W S.Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling:a meta-analysis[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2013,5:202-214.
[38]Zhang D,Yan M,Niu Y,et al.Is current biochar research addressing global soil constraints for sustainable agriculture?[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2016,226:25-32.
[39]Mukherjee A,Lal R.Biochar impacts on soil physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions[J].Agronomy,2013,3:313-339.
[40]Herath H,Camps-Arbestain M,Hedley M.Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrasting soils:an Alfisol and an Andisol[J].Geoderma,2013,209:188-197.
[41]Smider B,Singh B.Agronomic performance of a high ash biochar in two contrasting soils[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:99-107.
[42]Liu X,Li L,Bian R,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on soilsilicon availability and rice uptake[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2014,177:91-96.
[43]Rondon M A,Lehmann J,Ramirez J,et al.Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)increases with bio-char additions[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2007,43(6):699-708.
[44]Guerena D T,Lehmann J,Thies J E,et al.Partitioning the contributions of biochar properties to enhanced biological nitrogen fixation in common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2015,51:479-491.
[45]Warnock D D,Lehmann J,Kuyper T W,et al.Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil-concepts and mechanisms[J].Plant and Soil,2007,300:9-20.
[46]Graber E R,Harel Y M,Kolton M,et al.Biochar impact on development and productivity of pepper and tomato grown in fertigated soilless media[J].Plant and Soil,2010,337:481-496.
[47]严小龙.根系生物学:原理与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.Yan X L.The root biology:Principle and application[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.
[48]Prendergast-Miller M,Duvall M,Sohi S.Biochar-root interactions are mediated by biochar nutrient content and impacts on soil nutrient availability[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2014,65:173-185.
[49]Prendergast-Miller M T,Duvall M,Sohi S P.Localisation of nitrate in the rhizosphere of biochar-amended soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43:2243-2246.
[50]Reibe K,G?tz K P,Ro?C L,et al.Impact of quality and quantity of biochar and hydrochar on soil Collembola and growth of spring wheat[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,83:84-87.
[51]Olmo M,Villar R,Salazar P,et al.Changes in soil nutrient availability explain biochar’s impact on wheat root development[J].Plant and Soil,2015,399(1):333-343.
[52]蒋健,王宏伟,刘国玲,等.生物炭对玉米根系特性及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2015,23(4):62-66.Jian J,Wang H W,Liu G L,et al.Effect of biochar on root characteristics and yield in maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2015,23(4):62-66.
[53]勾芒芒,屈忠义.土壤中施用生物炭对番茄根系特征及产量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(8):1348-1352.Gou M M,Qu Z Y.Effect of biochar on root distribution and yield of tomato in sandy loam soil[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(8):1348-1352.
[54]张伟明,孟军,王嘉宇,等.生物炭对水稻根系形态与生理特性及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(8):1445-1451.Zhang W M,Meng J,Wang J Y,et al.Effect of biochar on root morphological and physiological characteristics and yield in rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(8):1445-1451.
[55]Abiven S,Hund A,Martinsen V,et al.Biochar amendment increases maize root surface areas and branching:a shovelomics study in Zambia[J].Plant and Soil,2015,395:45-55.
[56]Zheng H,Wang Z,Deng X,et al.Impacts of adding biochar on nitrogen retention and bioavailability in agricultural soil[J].Geoderma,2013,206:32-39.
[57]Jones D,Rousk J,Edwards-Jones G,et al.Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,45:113-124.
[58]Sohi S,Prendergast-Miller M.Report on the effect of fresh and weathered biochar on the architecture of crop roots and soil mineral nitrogen in the rhizosphere[EB/OL].(2014-08-11)[2017-04-20].http://archive.northsearegion.eu/files/repository/20140811095355_WP42-Effectofbiocha-roncroproots.pdf.
[59]Reinhold-Hurek B,Bunger W,Burbano C S,et al.Roots shaping their microbiome:Global hotspots for microbial activity[J].Annual Review of Phytopathology,2015,53:403-424.
[60]Haichar F E Z,Marol C,Berge O,et al.Plant host habitat and root exudates shape soil bacterial community structure[J].The ISMEJournal,2008,2:1221-1230.
[61]Lu H,Lashari M S,Liu X,et al.Changes in soil microbial community structure and enzyme activity with amendment of biochar-manure compost and pyroligneous solution in a saline soil from Central China[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2015,70:67-76.
[62]Graber E,Frenkel O,Jaiswal A,et al.How may biochar influence severity of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens?[J].Carbon Management,2014,5:169-183.
[63]Masiello C A,Chen Y,Gao X D,et al.Biochar and microbial signaling:Production conditions determine effects on microbial communication[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47:11496-11503.
[64]Jones D,Edwards-Jones G,Murphy D.Biochar mediated alterations in herbicide breakdown and leaching in soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43:804-813.
[65]Bais H P,Weir T L,Perry L G,et al.The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interations with plants and other organisms[J].Annual Review of Plant Biology,2006,:233-266.
[66]Spokas K A,Baker J M,Reicosky D C.Ethylene:Potential key for biochar amendment impacts[J].Plant and Soil,2010,333:443-452.
[67]Fulton W,Gray M,Prahl F,et al.A simple technique to eliminate ethylene emissions from biochar amendment in agriculture[J].Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2013,33:469-474.
[68]Chiwocha S D,Dixon K W,Flematti G R,et al.Karrikins:a new family of plant growth regulators in smoke[J].Plant Science,2009,177:252-256.
[69]Nelson D C,Flematti G R,Ghisalberti E L,et al.Regulation of seed germination and seedling growth by chemical signals from burning vegetation[J].Plant Biology,2012,63:107-130.
[70]Lou Y,Joseph S,Li L,et al.Water extract from straw biochar used for plant growth promotion:An initial test[J].Bioresources,2015,11(1):249-266.
[71]娄颖梅,潘根兴,李恋卿,等.一种多效有机叶面调理剂的制备方法及应用:中国,2014105819673[P]2015-02-25.Lou Y M,Pan G X,Li L Q,et al.A method for preparing pleiotropic organic foliar conditioner and its application[P].China Patent:2014105819673,2015-02-25.
[72]Agrios G N.Plant pathology[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,2005.
[73]FAO.FAOSTAT[EB/OL].
[2016-07-17].http://faostat3.fao.org/download/R/RP/E.
[74]Grung M,Lin Y,Zhang H,et al.Pesticide levels and environmental risk in aquatic environments in China-A review[J].Environment International,2015,81:87-97.
[75]Bebber D P,Holmes T,Gurr S J.The global spread of crop pests and pathogens[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2014,23:1398-1407.
[76]Graber E R,Elad Y.Biochar impact on plant resistance to disease[A].Ladygina N,Rineau F.Biochar and soil biota[M].BocaRaton:CRC Press,2013.41-68.
[77]Elad Y,David D R,Harel Y M,et al.Induction of systemic resistance in plants by biochar,a soil-applied carbon sequestering agent[J].Phytopathology,2010,100:913-921.
[78]Hou X,Meng L,Li L,et al.Biochar amendment to soils impairs developmental and reproductive performances of a major rice pest Nilaparvata lugens(Homopera:Delphacidae)[J].Journal of Applied Entomology,2015,139(10):727-733.
[79]Matsubara Y,Hasegawa N,Fukui H.Incidence of Fusarium root rot in Asparagus seedlings infected with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus as affected by several soil amendments[J].Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science,2002,71:370-374.
[80]Nerome M,Toyota K,Islam T,et al.Suppression of bacterial wilt of tomato by incorporation of municipal biowaste charcoal into soil[J].Soil Microorganisms,2005,59:9-14.
[81]Elmer W H,Pignatello J J.Effect of biochar amendments on mycorrhizal associations and Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus in replant soils[J].Plant Disease,2011,95:960-966.
[82]Postma J,Clematis F,Nijhuis E H,et al.Efficacy of four phosphatemobilizing bacteria applied with an animal bone charcoal formulation in controlling Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radicis lycopersici in tomato[J].Biological Control,2013,67:284-291.
[83]Jaiswal A K,Frenkel O,Elad Y,et al.Non-monotonic influence of biochar dose on bean seedling growth and susceptibility to Rhizoctonia solani:the“Shifted Rmax-Effect”[J].Plant and Soil,2015,395(1):125-140.
[84]Knox O,Oghoro C,Burnett F,et al.Biochar increases soil p H,but is as ineffective as liming at controlling clubroot[J].Journal of Plant Pathology,2015,97:149-152.
[85]陈威,胡学玉,张阳阳,等.番茄根区土壤线虫群落变化对生物炭输入的响应[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(6):998-1003.Chen W,Hu X Y,Zhang Y Y,et al.Response of nematode community in tomato rhizosphere soil to biochar input[J].Ecology and Environmental Science,2015,24(6):998-1003.
[86]卢焱焱,王明伟,陈小云,等.生物质炭与氮肥配施对红壤线虫群落的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27:263-274.Lu Y Y,Wang M W,Cheng X Y,et al.Influence of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on soil nematode assemblage of upland red soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27:263-274.
[87]牛亚茹,付祥峰,邱良祝,等.施用生物质炭对大棚土壤特性、黄瓜品质和根结线虫病的影响[J].土壤,2017,49(1):57-62.Niu Y R,Fu X F,Qiu L Z,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on soil properties,cucumber quality and root-knot nematode disease in plastic greenhouse[J].Soils,2017,49(1):57-62.
[88]Lehmann J,Kuzyakov Y,Pan G,et al.Biochars and the plant-soil interface[J].Plant and Soil,2015,395:1-5.
[89]Yu L,Yuan Y,Tang J,et al.Biochar as an electron shuttle for reductive dechlorination of pentachlorophenol by Geobacter sulfurreducens[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5,16221:1-10.
[90]Yu L,Wang Y,Yuan Y,et al.Biochar as electron acceptor for microbial extracellular respiration[J].Geomicrobiology Journal,2016,33(6):530-536.
[91]Vallad G E,Goodman R M.Systemic acquired resistance andinduced systemic resistance in conventional agriculture[J].Crop Science,2004,44:1920-1934.
[92]George C,Kohler J,Rillig M C.Biochars reduce infection rates of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and associated biomass loss in carrot[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,95:11-18.
[93]Harel M,Kolton M,Elad Y,et al.Induced systemic resistance in strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa)to powdery mildew using various control agents[J].IOBC-WPRS Bulletin,2011,71:47-51.
[94]Chang C,Bleecker A B.Ethylene biology.More than a gas[J].Plant Physiology,2004,136:2895-2899.
[95]Schaller G E,Voesenek L A.Focus on ethylene[J].Plant Physiology,2015,169:1-2.
[96]Noguera D,Laossi K R,Lavelle P,et al.Amplifying the benefits of agroecology by using the right cultivars[J].Ecological Applications,2011,21:2349-2356.
[97]Mollinedo J,Schumacher T E,Chintala R.Biochar effects on phenotypic characteristics of“wild”and“sickle”Medicago truncatula genotypes[J].Plant and Soil,2016,400(1):1-14.
[98]Chen D,Guo H,Li R,et al.Low uptake affinity cultivars with biochar to tackle Cd-tainted rice-A field study over four rice seasons in Hunan,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,541:1489-1498.
[99]Lovén J,Orlando D A,Sigova A A,et al.Revisiting global gene expression analysis[J].Cell,2012,151(3):476-482.
[100]Hale S E,Lehmann J,Rutherford D,et al.Quantifying the total and bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins in biochars[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46:2830-2838.
[101]Wiedner K,Rumpel C,Steiner C,et al.Chemical evaluation of chars produced by thermochemical conversion(gasification,pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization)of agro-industrial biomass on a commercial scale[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2013,59:264-278.
[102]蒋太英,徐凡,甄晓溪,等.生物炭表面水溶活性分子可以有效提高水稻的耐旱性[J].分子植物育种,2015,13(6):1223-1232.Jiang T Y,Xu F,Zhen X X,et al.Water-soluble active molecule on biochar surface could enhance the tolerance to droght stress in rice[J].2015,13(6):1223-1232.
[103]甄晓溪,徐凡,蒋太英,等.生物炭浸提液对盐胁迫水稻幼苗生长的调节作用机制[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2015,46(4):471-475.Zhen X X,Xu F,Jiang T Y,et al.Mechanism of the regulating effect on biochar-leach liquor to rice seedling under salt stress[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2015,46(4):471-475.
[104]Camps-Arbestain M,Amonette J E,Singh B,et al.A biochar classification system and associated test methods.Biochar for environmental management:science,technology and implementation[M].London:Taylor and Francis,2015:165-194.
[105]Omondi M O,Xia X,Nahayo A,et al.Quantification of biochar effects on soil hydrological properties using meta-analysis of literature data[J].Geoderma,2016,274:28-34.
[106]Kaul S,Koo H L,Jenkins J,et al.Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana[J].Nature,2000,408:796-815.
[107]Lockhart J.Putting down roots:How nitrate and abscisic acid help shape root system architecture[J].The Plant Cell,2016,28:601-602.
[108]Stewart J J,Demmig-Adams B,Cohu C M,et al.Growth temperature impact on leaf form and function in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes from northern and southern Europe[J].Plant,Cell&Environment,2016,39(7):1549-1558.
[109]Graber E R,Tsechansky L,Mayzlish-Gati E,et al.A humic substances product extracted from biochar reduces Arabidopsis root hair density and length under P-sufficient and P-starvation conditions[J].Plant and Soil,2015,395(1):21-30.
[110]Main M,Frame B,Wang K.Rice,japonica(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Agrobacterium Protocols,2015,1:169-180.
[111]Izawa T,Shimamoto K.Becoming a model plant:the importance of rice to plant science[J].Trends in Plant Science,1996,1:95-99.
[112]Hussien A,Tavakol E,Horner D S,et al.Genetics of tillering in rice and barley[J].The Plant Genome,2014,7(1):1940-3372.
[113]Valent B.Rice blast as a model system for plant pathology[J].Phytopathology,1990,80:33-36.
[114]Clare A,Shackley S,Joseph S,et al.Competing uses for China's straw:the economic and carbon abatement potential of biochar[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7:1272-1282.
[115]Dickinson D,Balduccio L,Buysse J,et al.Cost-benefit analysis of using biochar to improve cereals agriculture[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7:850-864.
[116]Database UC.Davis biochar database[EB/OL].
[2016-07-15].http://biochar.ucdavis.edu/.
[117]Zhang Q.Strategies for developing green super rice[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2007,104:16402-16409.
[118]陈浩,林拥军,张启发.转基因水稻研究的回顾与展望[J].科学通报,2009,18:2699-2717.Chen H,Lin Y J,Zhang Q F.Review and prospect of transgenic rice research[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,18:2699-2717.
[119]Stam M,Mol J N,Kooter J M.Review article:the silence of genes in transgenic plants[J].Annals of Botany,1997,79:3-12.
[120]Lehmann J.Bio-energy in the black[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2007,5:381-387.
[121]Biere A,Goverse A.Plant-mediated systemic interactions between pathogens,parasitic nematodes,and herbivores above-and belowground[J].Annual Review of Phytopathology,2016,54:499-527.
[122]Pineda A,Soler R,Pozo M J,et al.Editorial:Above-belowground interactions involving plants,microbes and insects[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2015,6:318.
[123]Kammann C,Graber E R.Biochar effects on plant ecophysiology[A].Lehmann J,Joseph S.Biochar for Environmental Management:Science,technology and implementation(2nd ed.)[M].London:Routledge,2015:391-420.