乳酸菌和烷基多糖苷对玉米秸秆黄贮品质及其体外发酵特性影响研究
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摘要
研究玉米秸秆中添加乳酸菌和烷基多糖苷时对其黄贮品质与体外发酵特性的影响。采用3×3双因素试验设计,即乳酸菌设3个水平(0、1×10~(10)、2×10~(10) CFU·kg~(-1)),烷基多糖苷设3个水平(0、0.10、0.20 g·kg~(-1)),每个处理3个重复。玉米秸秆黄贮完成后,采用体外发酵技术评定其瘤胃发酵特性。结果表明:随乳酸菌添加水平的上升,黄贮玉米秸乳酸含量、比表面积、外观总评分、酸性洗涤纤维和干物质含量显著(P<0.05)提高,氨氮/总氮显著(P<0.05)降低,体外发酵潜在最大产气量显著(P<0.05)增加、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度极显著(P<0.01)增加、产气速率显著(P<0.05)降低;随烷基多糖苷添加水平的升高,黄贮玉米秸外观总评分、酸性洗涤纤维和干物质含量、以及体外发酵后Zeta电位、电子迁移率及干物质消失率显著(P<0.05)升高;黄贮玉米秸粗蛋白质、pH值、乙酸和异丁酸含量以及体外发酵后丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸的摩尔百分比受乳酸菌与烷基多糖苷交互作用(P<0.05)的影响。结果表明:乳酸菌添加量为2×10~(10) CFU·kg~(-1),烷基多糖苷添加量为0.2 g·kg~(-1)时,既能够保证玉米秸秆较好的黄贮品质,同时又能提高其降解特性。
The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of lactic acid bacteria and alkyl polyglycoside addition on the quality of yellow corn stover silage and its' in vitro fermentation characteristics. A 3×3 factorial design, i.e. three lactic acid bacteria levels(0, 1×10~(10), 2×10~(10) CFU·kg~(-1)) and three alkyl polyglycoside levels(0, 0.10, 0.20 g·kg~(-1)) with three replicates per treatment was employed in this study. After the yellow silage from corn stover had completed fermentation, its rumen degradation characteristics were evaluated by in vitro fermentation techniques. It was found that the levels of lactic acid, acid detergent fiber, and dry matter in silage, specific surface area and total score of sensory evaluation significantly(P<0.05) increased, while the ratio of ammonia to total nitrogen significantly(P<0.05) decreased with increased addition of lactic acid bacteria. The potential maximum gas production(P<0.05) and the total volatile fatty acids significantly(P<0.01) increased, while the rate of gas production was significantly(P<0.05) reduced with increased lactic acid bacteria supplementation. With increased rate of alkyl polyglycoside addition, the total score and the content of acid detergent fiber and dry matter of the silage, the Zeta potential and electron mobility of microorganism in fermentation liquor and the in vitro dry matter disappearance of the silage were significantly(P<0.05) increased. The lactic acid bacteria interacted(P<0.05) with the alkyl polyglycosides with respect to crude protein content and pH value of the silage, and the proportion of acetate, isobutyrate, butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate in vitro fermentation. In conclusion, when the dosage of lactic acid bacteria was 2×10~(10) CFU·kg~(-1) and the amount of alkyl polyglycoside was 0.20 g·kg~(-1), the quality of yellow corn stover silage could be guaranteed and the degradation characteristics were be improved.
The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of lactic acid bacteria and alkyl polyglycoside addition on the quality of yellow corn stover silage and its' in vitro fermentation characteristics. A 3×3 factorial design, i.e. three lactic acid bacteria levels(0, 1×10~(10), 2×10~(10) CFU·kg~(-1)) and three alkyl polyglycoside levels(0, 0.10, 0.20 g·kg~(-1)) with three replicates per treatment was employed in this study. After the yellow silage from corn stover had completed fermentation, its rumen degradation characteristics were evaluated by in vitro fermentation techniques. It was found that the levels of lactic acid, acid detergent fiber, and dry matter in silage, specific surface area and total score of sensory evaluation significantly(P<0.05) increased, while the ratio of ammonia to total nitrogen significantly(P<0.05) decreased with increased addition of lactic acid bacteria. The potential maximum gas production(P<0.05) and the total volatile fatty acids significantly(P<0.01) increased, while the rate of gas production was significantly(P<0.05) reduced with increased lactic acid bacteria supplementation. With increased rate of alkyl polyglycoside addition, the total score and the content of acid detergent fiber and dry matter of the silage, the Zeta potential and electron mobility of microorganism in fermentation liquor and the in vitro dry matter disappearance of the silage were significantly(P<0.05) increased. The lactic acid bacteria interacted(P<0.05) with the alkyl polyglycosides with respect to crude protein content and pH value of the silage, and the proportion of acetate, isobutyrate, butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate in vitro fermentation. In conclusion, when the dosage of lactic acid bacteria was 2×10~(10) CFU·kg~(-1) and the amount of alkyl polyglycoside was 0.20 g·kg~(-1), the quality of yellow corn stover silage could be guaranteed and the degradation characteristics were be improved.
引文
[1] Yuan X,Li P,Wang H,et al.Enhancing the anaerobic digestion of corn stalks using composite microbial pretreatment.Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology,2011,21(7):746.
[2] Zhang X L,You W,Zhao H B,et al.Effects of lactic acid bacteria preparation on quality and nutrient composition of whole cornsilage.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2018,(1):336-342.张相伦,游伟,赵红波,等.乳酸菌制剂对全株玉米青贮品质及营养成分的影响.动物营养学报,2018,(1):336-342.
[3] Fu H Y.Biosurfactants and their application on composting of municipal solid waste.Changsha:Hunan University,2004.傅海燕.生物表面活性剂及其在城市生活垃圾堆肥中的应用.长沙:湖南大学,2004.
[4] Cong Z H,Tang S X,Tan Z L,et al.Effects of different nonionic surfactants on in vitro fermentation characteristics of cereal straws.Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(3):1085-1096.
[5] Liu Y,Ran T,Tan Z L.Effects of surface tension and specific surface areas on in vitro fermentation of fiber.Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinia,2013,44(6):901-910.刘勇,冉涛,谭支良.表面张力和比表面积对纤维体外发酵特性的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(6):901-910.
[6] Wang M,Wang R,Tang S X,et al.Comparisons of manual and automated incubation systems:Effects of venting procedures on in vitro ruminal fermentation.Livestock Science,2016,184:41-45.
[7] Menke K H,Raab L,Salewski A,et al.The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feeding stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro.The Journal of Agricultural Science,2009,93(1):217.
[8] Liu J X,Yang Z H,Ye J A,et al.Reasonable modulation and quality assessment criteria for silage.Feed Industry Magazine,1999,(4):4-7.刘建新,杨振海,叶均安,等.青贮饲料的合理调制与质量评定标准.饲料工业,1999,(4):4-7.
[9] Fu T,Liu Q S,Fan Z Y,et al.Determination of organic acids in silage by ion chromatography.China Animal Husbandry Veterinary Medicine,2005,32(5):16-17.傅彤,刘庆生,范志影,等.应用离子色谱测定青贮饲料中有机酸含量的研究.中国畜牧兽医,2005,32(5):16-17.
[10] Wang M,Sun X Z,Janssen P H,et al.Responses of methane production and fermentation pathways to the increased dissolved hydrogen concentration generated by eight substrates in vitro ruminal cultures.Animal Feed Science and Technology,2014,194:1-11.
[11] Feng Z C,Gao M.Improvement of the method for determination of ammonia nitrogen content in rumen fluid by colorimetry.Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2010,(6):40-41.冯宗慈,高民.通过比色测定瘤胃液氨氮含量方法的改进.畜牧与饲料科学,2010,(6):40-41.
[12] Yang S.Feed analysis and quality testing technology.Beijing:Beijing Agricultural University Press,1993.杨胜.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术.北京:北京农业大学出版社,1993.
[13] Hall M B,Pell A N,Chase L E.Characteristics of neutral detergent-soluble fiber fermentation by mixed ruminal microbes.Animal Feed Science and Technology,1998,70(1/2):23-39.
[14] Wang M,Janssen P H,Sun X Z,et al.A mathematical model to describe in vitro kinetics of H2 gas accumulation.Animal Feed Science & Technology,2013,184(1/4):1-16.
[15] Wang M,Sun X Z,Tang S X,et al.Deriving fractional rate of degradation of logistic-exponential (LE) model to evaluate early in vitro fermentation.Animal an International Journal of Animal Bioscience,2013,7(6):920.
[16] Wang M,Tang S X,Tan Z L.Modeling in vitro gas production kinetics:Derivation of Logistic-Exponential (LE) equations and comparison of models.Animal Feed Science & Technology,2011,165(3/4):137-150.
[17] Weinberg Z G,Muck R E.New trends and opportunities in the development and use of inoculants for silage.Fems Microbiology Reviews,2010,19(1):53-68.
[18] Zhao Z F.Isolation and screening of lactic acid bacteria from corn silage and the effect of adding it on corn silage quality and aerobic stability.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2009.赵子夫.乳酸菌的分离筛选及其对玉米青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2009.
[19] Zhong S,Zhang X N,Yang Y G,et al.Effects of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase on alfalfa silage quality with different moisture.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2017,29(5):1821-1830.钟书,张晓娜,杨云贵,等.乳酸菌和纤维素酶对不同含水量紫花苜蓿青贮品质的影响.动物营养学报,2017,29(5):1821-1830.
[20] Guo G,Yuan X,Li L,et al.Effects of fibrolytic enzymes,molasses and lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality of mixed silage of corn and hulless & ndash;barely straw in the Tibetan Plateau.Grassland Science,2014,60(4):240-246.
[21] D’Antonio P,Madison J.Practical applications of transparent and opaque microperforated and microslit absorbers.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2017,141(5):3872.
[22] Desai J D,Banat I M.Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,1997,61(1):47-64.
[23] Chiou W S,Chang S H,Bi Y.The effects of wet sorghum distillers’ grains inclusion on napiergrass silage quality.Journal of the Science of Food & Agriculture,2000,80(8):1199-1205.
[24] Dong Z H,Yuan X J,Wen A Y,et al.Effect of lactic acid bacteria and fermentation substrates on the quality of Mulberry (Morus alba) leaf silage.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(6):167-174.董志浩,原现军,闻爱友,等.添加乳酸菌和发酵底物对桑叶青贮发酵品质的影响.草业学报,2016,25(6):167-174.
[25] Li Y,Yu C,Zhu W,et al.Effect of complex lactic acid bacteria on silage quality and in vitro dry matter digestibility of corn straw.Journal of Animal & Veterinary Advances,2012,11(9):1395-1399.
[26] Addah W,Baah J,Okine E K,et al.A third-generation esterase inoculant alters fermentation pattern and improves aerobic stability of barley silage and the efficiency of body weight gain of growing feedlot cattle.Journal of Animal Science,2012,90(5):1541.
[27] Cai Y,Ohmomo S,Kumai S.Distribution and lactate fermentation characteristics of lactic acid bacteria on forage crops and grasses.Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science,1994,39:420-428.
[28] Zhang G J,Wang H M,Luo H L,et al.Evaluation of nutritional values of leguminous forages in different growing periods by in vitro gas production and in vitro digestion techniques.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2011,23(3):387-394.张桂杰,王红梅,罗海玲,等.应用体外产气与体外消化法评定不同生育期豆科牧草营养价值.动物营养学报,2011,23(3):387-394.
[29] Tang S X,Huang R L,Tan Z L,et al.Study on in vitro fermentation characteristics of different species of oat straw.Genomics and Applied Biology,2006,25(4):330-335.汤少勋,黄瑞林,谭支良,等.不同品种燕麦秸秆体外发酵产气特性的研究.基因组学与应用生物学,2006,25(4):330-335.
[30] Li Y F,Hao J X,Ma Y Y,et al.Nutritive value evaluation of different types of feeds by in vitro ruminal fermentation method.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2013,25(10):2403-2413.李袁飞,郝建祥,马艳艳,等.体外瘤胃发酵法评定不同类型饲料的营养价值.动物营养学报,2013,25(10):2403-2413.
[31] Feng Y L.Ruminant nutrition.Beijing:Science Press,2004.冯仰廉.反刍动物营养学.北京:科学出版社,2004.
[32] Goto M,Bae H,Lee S S,et al.Effects of surfactant Tween 80 on forage degradability and microbial growth on the in vitro rumen mixed and pure cultures.Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2003,16(5):672-676.
[33] Hristov A N,Mcallister T A,Olson M E,et al.Effect of Tween 80 and salinomycin on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in steers fed a diet containing 70% barley.Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2000,80(2):363-372.
[34] Mcallister T A,Stanford K,Bae H D,et al.Effect of a surfactant and exogenous enzymes on digestibility of feed and on growth performance and carcass traits of lambs.Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2000,80(1):35-44.
[35] Lee S S,Kim H S,Moon Y H,et al.The effects of a non-ionic surfactant on the fermentation characteristics,microbial growth,enzyme activity and digestibility in the rumen of cows.Animal Feed Science & Technology,2004,115(1/2):37-50.
[36] Wilson W W,Wade M M,Holman S C,et al.Status of methods for assessing bacterial cell surface charge properties based on zeta potential measurements.Journal of Microbiological Methods,2001,43(3):153-164.
[37] Kang S H,Kim J Y,Sung Y E.Role of surface state on the electron flow in modified TiO2 film incorporating carbon powder for a dye-sensitized solar cell.Electrochimica Acta,2007,52(16):5242-5250.
[38] Zhang P.Compositions and surface characteristic of microbial extracellular polymeric substances in wastewater treatment.Chongqing:Chongqing University,2016.张鹏.废水处理微生物胞外聚合物成分及表面特性.重庆:重庆大学,2016.
[39] Hong S H,Jeong J,Shim S,et al.Effect of electric currents on bacterial detachment and inactivation.Biotechnology & Bioengineering,2008,100(2):379-386.
[2] Zhang X L,You W,Zhao H B,et al.Effects of lactic acid bacteria preparation on quality and nutrient composition of whole cornsilage.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2018,(1):336-342.张相伦,游伟,赵红波,等.乳酸菌制剂对全株玉米青贮品质及营养成分的影响.动物营养学报,2018,(1):336-342.
[3] Fu H Y.Biosurfactants and their application on composting of municipal solid waste.Changsha:Hunan University,2004.傅海燕.生物表面活性剂及其在城市生活垃圾堆肥中的应用.长沙:湖南大学,2004.
[4] Cong Z H,Tang S X,Tan Z L,et al.Effects of different nonionic surfactants on in vitro fermentation characteristics of cereal straws.Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(3):1085-1096.
[5] Liu Y,Ran T,Tan Z L.Effects of surface tension and specific surface areas on in vitro fermentation of fiber.Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinia,2013,44(6):901-910.刘勇,冉涛,谭支良.表面张力和比表面积对纤维体外发酵特性的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(6):901-910.
[6] Wang M,Wang R,Tang S X,et al.Comparisons of manual and automated incubation systems:Effects of venting procedures on in vitro ruminal fermentation.Livestock Science,2016,184:41-45.
[7] Menke K H,Raab L,Salewski A,et al.The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feeding stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro.The Journal of Agricultural Science,2009,93(1):217.
[8] Liu J X,Yang Z H,Ye J A,et al.Reasonable modulation and quality assessment criteria for silage.Feed Industry Magazine,1999,(4):4-7.刘建新,杨振海,叶均安,等.青贮饲料的合理调制与质量评定标准.饲料工业,1999,(4):4-7.
[9] Fu T,Liu Q S,Fan Z Y,et al.Determination of organic acids in silage by ion chromatography.China Animal Husbandry Veterinary Medicine,2005,32(5):16-17.傅彤,刘庆生,范志影,等.应用离子色谱测定青贮饲料中有机酸含量的研究.中国畜牧兽医,2005,32(5):16-17.
[10] Wang M,Sun X Z,Janssen P H,et al.Responses of methane production and fermentation pathways to the increased dissolved hydrogen concentration generated by eight substrates in vitro ruminal cultures.Animal Feed Science and Technology,2014,194:1-11.
[11] Feng Z C,Gao M.Improvement of the method for determination of ammonia nitrogen content in rumen fluid by colorimetry.Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2010,(6):40-41.冯宗慈,高民.通过比色测定瘤胃液氨氮含量方法的改进.畜牧与饲料科学,2010,(6):40-41.
[12] Yang S.Feed analysis and quality testing technology.Beijing:Beijing Agricultural University Press,1993.杨胜.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术.北京:北京农业大学出版社,1993.
[13] Hall M B,Pell A N,Chase L E.Characteristics of neutral detergent-soluble fiber fermentation by mixed ruminal microbes.Animal Feed Science and Technology,1998,70(1/2):23-39.
[14] Wang M,Janssen P H,Sun X Z,et al.A mathematical model to describe in vitro kinetics of H2 gas accumulation.Animal Feed Science & Technology,2013,184(1/4):1-16.
[15] Wang M,Sun X Z,Tang S X,et al.Deriving fractional rate of degradation of logistic-exponential (LE) model to evaluate early in vitro fermentation.Animal an International Journal of Animal Bioscience,2013,7(6):920.
[16] Wang M,Tang S X,Tan Z L.Modeling in vitro gas production kinetics:Derivation of Logistic-Exponential (LE) equations and comparison of models.Animal Feed Science & Technology,2011,165(3/4):137-150.
[17] Weinberg Z G,Muck R E.New trends and opportunities in the development and use of inoculants for silage.Fems Microbiology Reviews,2010,19(1):53-68.
[18] Zhao Z F.Isolation and screening of lactic acid bacteria from corn silage and the effect of adding it on corn silage quality and aerobic stability.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2009.赵子夫.乳酸菌的分离筛选及其对玉米青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2009.
[19] Zhong S,Zhang X N,Yang Y G,et al.Effects of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase on alfalfa silage quality with different moisture.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2017,29(5):1821-1830.钟书,张晓娜,杨云贵,等.乳酸菌和纤维素酶对不同含水量紫花苜蓿青贮品质的影响.动物营养学报,2017,29(5):1821-1830.
[20] Guo G,Yuan X,Li L,et al.Effects of fibrolytic enzymes,molasses and lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality of mixed silage of corn and hulless & ndash;barely straw in the Tibetan Plateau.Grassland Science,2014,60(4):240-246.
[21] D’Antonio P,Madison J.Practical applications of transparent and opaque microperforated and microslit absorbers.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2017,141(5):3872.
[22] Desai J D,Banat I M.Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,1997,61(1):47-64.
[23] Chiou W S,Chang S H,Bi Y.The effects of wet sorghum distillers’ grains inclusion on napiergrass silage quality.Journal of the Science of Food & Agriculture,2000,80(8):1199-1205.
[24] Dong Z H,Yuan X J,Wen A Y,et al.Effect of lactic acid bacteria and fermentation substrates on the quality of Mulberry (Morus alba) leaf silage.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(6):167-174.董志浩,原现军,闻爱友,等.添加乳酸菌和发酵底物对桑叶青贮发酵品质的影响.草业学报,2016,25(6):167-174.
[25] Li Y,Yu C,Zhu W,et al.Effect of complex lactic acid bacteria on silage quality and in vitro dry matter digestibility of corn straw.Journal of Animal & Veterinary Advances,2012,11(9):1395-1399.
[26] Addah W,Baah J,Okine E K,et al.A third-generation esterase inoculant alters fermentation pattern and improves aerobic stability of barley silage and the efficiency of body weight gain of growing feedlot cattle.Journal of Animal Science,2012,90(5):1541.
[27] Cai Y,Ohmomo S,Kumai S.Distribution and lactate fermentation characteristics of lactic acid bacteria on forage crops and grasses.Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science,1994,39:420-428.
[28] Zhang G J,Wang H M,Luo H L,et al.Evaluation of nutritional values of leguminous forages in different growing periods by in vitro gas production and in vitro digestion techniques.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2011,23(3):387-394.张桂杰,王红梅,罗海玲,等.应用体外产气与体外消化法评定不同生育期豆科牧草营养价值.动物营养学报,2011,23(3):387-394.
[29] Tang S X,Huang R L,Tan Z L,et al.Study on in vitro fermentation characteristics of different species of oat straw.Genomics and Applied Biology,2006,25(4):330-335.汤少勋,黄瑞林,谭支良,等.不同品种燕麦秸秆体外发酵产气特性的研究.基因组学与应用生物学,2006,25(4):330-335.
[30] Li Y F,Hao J X,Ma Y Y,et al.Nutritive value evaluation of different types of feeds by in vitro ruminal fermentation method.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2013,25(10):2403-2413.李袁飞,郝建祥,马艳艳,等.体外瘤胃发酵法评定不同类型饲料的营养价值.动物营养学报,2013,25(10):2403-2413.
[31] Feng Y L.Ruminant nutrition.Beijing:Science Press,2004.冯仰廉.反刍动物营养学.北京:科学出版社,2004.
[32] Goto M,Bae H,Lee S S,et al.Effects of surfactant Tween 80 on forage degradability and microbial growth on the in vitro rumen mixed and pure cultures.Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2003,16(5):672-676.
[33] Hristov A N,Mcallister T A,Olson M E,et al.Effect of Tween 80 and salinomycin on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in steers fed a diet containing 70% barley.Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2000,80(2):363-372.
[34] Mcallister T A,Stanford K,Bae H D,et al.Effect of a surfactant and exogenous enzymes on digestibility of feed and on growth performance and carcass traits of lambs.Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2000,80(1):35-44.
[35] Lee S S,Kim H S,Moon Y H,et al.The effects of a non-ionic surfactant on the fermentation characteristics,microbial growth,enzyme activity and digestibility in the rumen of cows.Animal Feed Science & Technology,2004,115(1/2):37-50.
[36] Wilson W W,Wade M M,Holman S C,et al.Status of methods for assessing bacterial cell surface charge properties based on zeta potential measurements.Journal of Microbiological Methods,2001,43(3):153-164.
[37] Kang S H,Kim J Y,Sung Y E.Role of surface state on the electron flow in modified TiO2 film incorporating carbon powder for a dye-sensitized solar cell.Electrochimica Acta,2007,52(16):5242-5250.
[38] Zhang P.Compositions and surface characteristic of microbial extracellular polymeric substances in wastewater treatment.Chongqing:Chongqing University,2016.张鹏.废水处理微生物胞外聚合物成分及表面特性.重庆:重庆大学,2016.
[39] Hong S H,Jeong J,Shim S,et al.Effect of electric currents on bacterial detachment and inactivation.Biotechnology & Bioengineering,2008,100(2):379-386.