增密减氮对嫩单18产量和氮素利用率的影响
|
摘要
以紧凑耐密型玉米品种嫩单18为试验材料。设置2个种植密度:60 000株/hm~2和75 000株/hm~2;设置4个施氮量:0(N0)、120 kg/hm~2(N1)、240 kg/hm~2(N2)和360 kg/hm~2(N3)。探究栽培密度与氮肥施用水平对耐密型玉米品种嫩单18单株及群体干物质积累特性、氮素转运效率、氮素利用效率、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,同一种植密度条件下,氮肥施用水平对千粒重、穗粒数、产量、花后单株干物质积累量、花后群体干物质积累量和氮素利用率影响显著;增加种植密度,同一施肥水平下嫩单18的千粒重和穗粒数显著降低,花后氮素同化量对子粒的贡献率随着施氮量的增加而减少,营养器官氮素转运量对子粒的贡献率随着施氮量的增加而增加,这与低密度种植情况相反,表明高密度条件下花后营养器官氮素转运量对提高玉米产量的贡献较大。因此,根据品种特性适当增加种植密度、减少氮肥用量能够更好地协调群体与个体间的关系,提高群体的光能和养分利用效率,从而获得更高的产量。综合玉米子粒产量和氮肥利用率,嫩单18的适宜栽培模式为密度75 000株/hm~2、施氮量240 kg/hm~2。
The dense tolerant maize variety‘Nendan 18'was used as the test material. Two planting densities of 60 000 plants/ha and 75 000 plants/ha were set and four nitrogen application rates of 0(N0), 120 kg/ha(N1), 240 kg/ha(N2) and 360 kg/ha(N3) adopted. The effects of planting density and nitrogen application rate on the dry matter accumulation characteristics, nitrogen transport efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, yield and its components of the dense tolerant maize variety‘Nendan 18'were studied. The results showed that under the same planting density,1 000-grain weight, grain number per spike, yield, dry matter accumulation per plant, post-anthesis population dry matter quality and nitrogen utilization rate were significantly affected by nitrogen fertilizer application rate. As planting density increased, the 1 000-grain weight and the number of kernels of‘Nendan 18'decreased significantly while the fertilization level was the same. As the nitrogen application rate increased, the contribution rate of nitrogen assimilation to the grain density decreased after flowering, whereas the contribution of nitrogen transport from vegetative organs to grain increased. This performance was opposite to that of low-density planting, which indicating that nitrogen transport from vegetative organs was the main factor to increase maize yield at high-density conditions.Therefore, according to the characteristics of the variety, increasing the planting density and reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can better coordinate the relationship between the group and the individual, and improve the light energy and nutrient utilization efficiency of the group, thereby higher yield was gotten. Integrated considering maize grain yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization, the suitable cultivation mode of‘Nendan 18'was that the planting density at 75 000 plants/ha and the nitrogen application rate at 240 kg/ha.
The dense tolerant maize variety‘Nendan 18'was used as the test material. Two planting densities of 60 000 plants/ha and 75 000 plants/ha were set and four nitrogen application rates of 0(N0), 120 kg/ha(N1), 240 kg/ha(N2) and 360 kg/ha(N3) adopted. The effects of planting density and nitrogen application rate on the dry matter accumulation characteristics, nitrogen transport efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, yield and its components of the dense tolerant maize variety‘Nendan 18'were studied. The results showed that under the same planting density,1 000-grain weight, grain number per spike, yield, dry matter accumulation per plant, post-anthesis population dry matter quality and nitrogen utilization rate were significantly affected by nitrogen fertilizer application rate. As planting density increased, the 1 000-grain weight and the number of kernels of‘Nendan 18'decreased significantly while the fertilization level was the same. As the nitrogen application rate increased, the contribution rate of nitrogen assimilation to the grain density decreased after flowering, whereas the contribution of nitrogen transport from vegetative organs to grain increased. This performance was opposite to that of low-density planting, which indicating that nitrogen transport from vegetative organs was the main factor to increase maize yield at high-density conditions.Therefore, according to the characteristics of the variety, increasing the planting density and reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can better coordinate the relationship between the group and the individual, and improve the light energy and nutrient utilization efficiency of the group, thereby higher yield was gotten. Integrated considering maize grain yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization, the suitable cultivation mode of‘Nendan 18'was that the planting density at 75 000 plants/ha and the nitrogen application rate at 240 kg/ha.
引文
[1]王维俊.伊宁县玉米生产存在问题及发展对策研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2015.
[2]肖川,刘永功,王莉.利用补贴倾斜促进粮食作物生产[J].经济问题探索,2013(9):170-174.
[3]魏珊珊.吡啶氮肥用量对夏玉米/冬小麦轮作体系温室气体排放的影响[D].石家庄:河北农业大学,2016.
[4]王蒙.黑土区玉米控释氮肥的施用技术研究[D].长春:吉林农业大学,2013.
[5]彭正萍,刘亚男,李迎春,等.持续氮素调控对小麦/玉米轮作系统氮素利用和表观损失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):74-79.
[6]朱云云.基于Dasiy模型对夏玉米-冬小麦氮素利用效率的模拟及管理调控[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2014.
[7]李广浩,刘娟,董树亭,等.密植与氮肥用量对不同耐密型夏玉米品种产量及氮素利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(12):2247-2258.
[8]申丽霞,王璞,兰林旺,等.施氮对夏玉米碳氮代谢及穗粒形成的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):1074-1079.
[9]王帅,韩晓日,战秀梅,等.氮肥水平对玉米灌浆期穗位叶光合功能的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(2):280-289.
[10]徐丽娜,黄收兵,陶洪斌,等.不同氮肥模式对夏玉米冠层结构及部分生理和农艺性状的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(2):301-306.
[11]吕丽华,赵明,赵久然,等.不同施氮量下夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性的变化[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(9):2624-2632.
[12]陈传永,侯玉虹,孙锐,等.密植对不同玉米品种产量性能的影响及其耐密性分析[J].作物学报,2010,36(7):1153-1160.
[13]陈延玲,吴秋平,陈晓超,等.不同耐密性玉米品种的根系生长及其对种植密度的响应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(1):52-59.
[14]冯海娟,张善平,马存金,等.种植密度对夏玉米茎秆维管束结构及茎流特性的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(8):1435-1442.
[15]王瑞,李中青,李齐霞,等.种植密度对不同品种玉米农艺性状·品质及产量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2015(23):72-73.
[16]孟战赢,王育红,王向阳,等.密度对夏玉米灌浆特性及产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2011,40(12):48-51.
[17]申丽霞,魏亚萍,王璞,等.施氮对夏玉米顶部子粒早期发育及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(11):1746-1751.
[18]陈国平.玉米的干物质生产与分配[J].玉米科学,1994,2(1):48-53.
[19]曹胜彪,张吉旺,杨今胜,等.密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(5):106-120.
[20]Andrade F H,Vega C,Uhart S,et al.Kernel Number Determination in Maize[J].Crop Science,1999,39(2):453-459.
[21]赵洪祥,边少锋,孙宁,等.氮肥运筹对玉米氮素动态变化和氮肥利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(3):122-129.
[22]孙浒,张吉旺,靳立斌.玉米高产与氮肥高效协同实现存在的问题及其途径[J].玉米科学,2014,22(1):143-148.
[23]吕丽华,陶洪斌,王璞,等.施氮量对夏玉米碳、氮代谢和氮利用效率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(4):630-637.
[24]易镇邪,王璞,申丽霞,等.不同类型氮肥对夏玉米氮素累积、转运与氮肥利用的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(5):772-778.
[25]何萍,金继运,林葆.氮肥用量对春玉米叶片衰老的影响及其机理研究[J].中国农业科学,1998,31(3):66-71.
[2]肖川,刘永功,王莉.利用补贴倾斜促进粮食作物生产[J].经济问题探索,2013(9):170-174.
[3]魏珊珊.吡啶氮肥用量对夏玉米/冬小麦轮作体系温室气体排放的影响[D].石家庄:河北农业大学,2016.
[4]王蒙.黑土区玉米控释氮肥的施用技术研究[D].长春:吉林农业大学,2013.
[5]彭正萍,刘亚男,李迎春,等.持续氮素调控对小麦/玉米轮作系统氮素利用和表观损失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):74-79.
[6]朱云云.基于Dasiy模型对夏玉米-冬小麦氮素利用效率的模拟及管理调控[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2014.
[7]李广浩,刘娟,董树亭,等.密植与氮肥用量对不同耐密型夏玉米品种产量及氮素利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(12):2247-2258.
[8]申丽霞,王璞,兰林旺,等.施氮对夏玉米碳氮代谢及穗粒形成的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):1074-1079.
[9]王帅,韩晓日,战秀梅,等.氮肥水平对玉米灌浆期穗位叶光合功能的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(2):280-289.
[10]徐丽娜,黄收兵,陶洪斌,等.不同氮肥模式对夏玉米冠层结构及部分生理和农艺性状的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(2):301-306.
[11]吕丽华,赵明,赵久然,等.不同施氮量下夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性的变化[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(9):2624-2632.
[12]陈传永,侯玉虹,孙锐,等.密植对不同玉米品种产量性能的影响及其耐密性分析[J].作物学报,2010,36(7):1153-1160.
[13]陈延玲,吴秋平,陈晓超,等.不同耐密性玉米品种的根系生长及其对种植密度的响应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(1):52-59.
[14]冯海娟,张善平,马存金,等.种植密度对夏玉米茎秆维管束结构及茎流特性的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(8):1435-1442.
[15]王瑞,李中青,李齐霞,等.种植密度对不同品种玉米农艺性状·品质及产量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2015(23):72-73.
[16]孟战赢,王育红,王向阳,等.密度对夏玉米灌浆特性及产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2011,40(12):48-51.
[17]申丽霞,魏亚萍,王璞,等.施氮对夏玉米顶部子粒早期发育及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(11):1746-1751.
[18]陈国平.玉米的干物质生产与分配[J].玉米科学,1994,2(1):48-53.
[19]曹胜彪,张吉旺,杨今胜,等.密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(5):106-120.
[20]Andrade F H,Vega C,Uhart S,et al.Kernel Number Determination in Maize[J].Crop Science,1999,39(2):453-459.
[21]赵洪祥,边少锋,孙宁,等.氮肥运筹对玉米氮素动态变化和氮肥利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(3):122-129.
[22]孙浒,张吉旺,靳立斌.玉米高产与氮肥高效协同实现存在的问题及其途径[J].玉米科学,2014,22(1):143-148.
[23]吕丽华,陶洪斌,王璞,等.施氮量对夏玉米碳、氮代谢和氮利用效率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(4):630-637.
[24]易镇邪,王璞,申丽霞,等.不同类型氮肥对夏玉米氮素累积、转运与氮肥利用的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(5):772-778.
[25]何萍,金继运,林葆.氮肥用量对春玉米叶片衰老的影响及其机理研究[J].中国农业科学,1998,31(3):66-71.