水利风景区管理效能评估及影响因素识别——基于181个国家级水利风景区样本
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摘要
基于管理规范、管理执行、管理支持和管理效益4个方面的指标构建,对中国181个国家水利风景区进行问卷调查,以评价水利风景区的管理效能。结果表明:181个水利风景区管理效能平均得分为58.4分,得分低于60分的水利风景区占54.7%,说明我国水利风景区的管理效能总体偏低;水利风景区管理效能与景区类型、批准设立时间、地域分布、所在地区域经济发展水平、主要功能、管理机构独立性差异显著,与面积大小和经营性质之间差异不显著。从分类指标看,管理效果类指标得分最低,从全部指标看,土地权属、游客控制、餐住布局、管理条例、环境保护考核、生态厕所、居民参与、资源调查、保护经费、环境保护宣传、环境保护培训、经营情况等10个指标得分低于平均分。建议破除管理体制障碍,实行分类管理,试点跨流域、市场化、多功能间生态补偿制度,实行特许经营制度,加强自然保护地监督管理,完善自然保护地制度体系。
Based on four types of indices of management rules,management implementation, management support and management effectiveness,a questionnaire survey is conducted involving 181 Chinese national water parks( abbreviated as CNWPs) to assess their management performance. The results demonstrate that 181 CNWPs have an average score of 58. 4,and54. 7% of them have a score below 60 of the total score,illustrating that their general management performance is relatively low. There is a significant difference in the scores of the management performance among CNWPs with different types,established time,regions,economic levels,main functions and institutional independence, while there is no significant difference among CNWPs with different areas and types of business. The average scores of the management implementation are the lowest than those of the other three types of indices. From the whole factors,the scores of the land ownership,control of tourists,layout of catering and lodging,management plan,green performance appraisal, utilization of bio-toilets, community participation,resource censor,protection fund,environmental propaganda,environmental training and operating conditions are lower than the average ones. The following suggestions are proposed: reform of management system, implementation of classified management system, exploration of ecological compensation of inter-basin,marketization and multi-function,implementation of the franchise system, strengthening of supervision over natural protection and improvement of the system of natural protection.
Based on four types of indices of management rules,management implementation, management support and management effectiveness,a questionnaire survey is conducted involving 181 Chinese national water parks( abbreviated as CNWPs) to assess their management performance. The results demonstrate that 181 CNWPs have an average score of 58. 4,and54. 7% of them have a score below 60 of the total score,illustrating that their general management performance is relatively low. There is a significant difference in the scores of the management performance among CNWPs with different types,established time,regions,economic levels,main functions and institutional independence, while there is no significant difference among CNWPs with different areas and types of business. The average scores of the management implementation are the lowest than those of the other three types of indices. From the whole factors,the scores of the land ownership,control of tourists,layout of catering and lodging,management plan,green performance appraisal, utilization of bio-toilets, community participation,resource censor,protection fund,environmental propaganda,environmental training and operating conditions are lower than the average ones. The following suggestions are proposed: reform of management system, implementation of classified management system, exploration of ecological compensation of inter-basin,marketization and multi-function,implementation of the franchise system, strengthening of supervision over natural protection and improvement of the system of natural protection.
引文
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[20]辛丽娟,靳勇超,朱彦鹏,等.中国荒漠类自然保护区保护成效评估指标及其应用[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(b):1693-1699.
[21]郑海洋,蒋明康,卓明,等.浙江省国家级自然保护区有效管理现状分析[J].环境科学与管理,2009,34(1):6-26.
[22]高军,徐网谷,蒋明康.浙江省国家级自然保护区有效管理现状分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(2):16-20.
[23]董红霞,李晓玲,王楠,等.黄河下游防洪工程建设对湿地自然保护区的影响及减缓措施探讨[J].水资源保护,2011,27(5):97-100.
[24]井雪儿,张守红.北京市雨水收集利用蓄水池容积计算与分析[J].水资源保护,2017,33(5):91-97.
[2]权佳,欧阳志云,徐卫华.自然保护区管理快速评价和优先性确定方法及应用[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(6):1206-1212.
[3]HOCKINGS M.Systems for assessing the effectiveness of management in protected areas[J].Bioscience,2003,53:823-832.
[4]HOCKINGS M,STOLTON S,LEVERINGTON F,et al.Evaluating effectiveness:A famework for assessing management effectiveness of protected areas[J].Arch Pediatr Urug,2000,71(1-4):5-9.
[5]HOCKINGS M.Evaluating protected area management:A review of system for assessing management effectiveness of protected areas[M].Lawes,Australia:University of Queensland,2000.
[6]CIFUENTES M,IZURIETA A,DE FARIA H.Measuring protected area management effectiveness[R].Project Report.Costa Rica:IUCN/WWF,2000.
[7]ERVIN J.Assessing protected area management effectiveness:a quick guide for practitioners[R].Arlington:The Nature Conservancy,2007.
[8]ANDAM K S,FERRARO P J,PFAFF A,et al.Measuring the effectiveness of protectedareas networks in reducing deforestation[J].Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences,2008,105:16089-16094.
[9]BORRINI-FEYERABEND G,DUDLEY N,JAEGER T,et al.Governance of protected areas:from understanding to Action[R].Gland:IUCN,2013.
[10]CARO T,GARDNER T A,STONER C,et al.Assessing the effectiveness of protected areas:paradoxescall for pluralism in evaluating conservation performance[J].Diversity and Distributions,2009,15:178-182.
[11]GASTON K J,JACKSON S F,CANTú-SALAZAR L,et al.The ecological performance of protected areas[J].Annual Reviewof Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,2008,39:93-113.
[12]王伟,辛利娟,杜金鸿,等.自然保护区成效评估:进展与展望[J].生物多样性,2016,24(10):1177-1188.
[13]杨道德,邓娇,周先雁,等.候鸟类型国家级自然保护区保护成效评估指标体系构建与案例研究[J].生态学报,2015,35(6):1891-1898.
[14]晏玉莹,杨道德,邓娇,等.国家级自然保护区成效评估指标体系构建[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(5):1571-1578.
[15]权佳,欧阳志云,徐卫华,等.中国自然保护区管理有效性的现状评价与对策[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(7):1739-1746.
[16]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿,等.我国自然保护区管理体制所面临的问题与对策探讨[J].科技导报,2002,22(1):49-56.
[17]姜立军,苗鸿,张菊,等.自然保护区管理有效性评价指标分析[J].农村生态环境,2005,31(1):72-74.
[18]闫文圣,肖焰恒.关于自然保护区开展生态旅游的探讨[J].中国·人口资源与环境,2003,13(6):62-65.
[19]靳勇超,罗建武,朱彦鹏,等.内蒙古辉河国家级自然保护区湿地保护成效[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(9),1424-1429.
[20]辛丽娟,靳勇超,朱彦鹏,等.中国荒漠类自然保护区保护成效评估指标及其应用[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(b):1693-1699.
[21]郑海洋,蒋明康,卓明,等.浙江省国家级自然保护区有效管理现状分析[J].环境科学与管理,2009,34(1):6-26.
[22]高军,徐网谷,蒋明康.浙江省国家级自然保护区有效管理现状分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(2):16-20.
[23]董红霞,李晓玲,王楠,等.黄河下游防洪工程建设对湿地自然保护区的影响及减缓措施探讨[J].水资源保护,2011,27(5):97-100.
[24]井雪儿,张守红.北京市雨水收集利用蓄水池容积计算与分析[J].水资源保护,2017,33(5):91-97.