中国低碳生态新城新区:现状、问题及对策
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摘要
低碳生态新城新区作为城市空间可持续扩张的一种新形式和新城新区建设的重要主导方向,正在把中国新城新区建设推向一个理性发展的新阶段。通过近15年来的发展与建设,中国低碳生态城市建设从概念转向示范试点,数量不断增多;低碳生态工业园区和社区建设取得示范成效;真正意义上的低碳生态新城新区建设尚处萌芽阶段;低碳生态新城新区建设推动低碳生态产业正在成为城市新的经济增长点。但低碳新城新区建设中也暴露出一系列新问题,表现为部分新城新区以低碳生态之名变相圈地造城,盲投盲建加大负债风险;部分新城新区挂着低碳生态之牌,发展着"低端不低碳"和"生产不生态"的产业;选址普遍存在重"大"轻"小",重"新"轻"旧"的现象;建设缺失通用的衡量标准与权威性强的通用指标体系。针对这些问题,未来要加强智慧低碳生态技术的集成应用,建设一批产城融合的示范区;大力发展智慧低碳生态产业,提升新城新区建设的智慧化、生态化和低碳化;构建一套通用性强的国家建设标准及指标体系;推行融智、融商、融资的"三融模式",引进民间资本;推行产业规划、空间规划和技术规划的"三规合一"模式,以科学的低碳生态新城新区规划指导新城新区健康发展。
As a new pattern of urban spatial expansion with sustainability and an important orientation of new city construction, low- carbon eco- metro area is leading China's new city construction movement towards a more rational stage. After about 15 years' development and construction, low- carbon eco- city construction, featured with low- carbon eco- industrial park and community, stepped from conceptual design to demonstration pilot with an increasing number covering almost 60% cities in China, and some achievements have been reached,which promotes the low- carbon eco- industry that is becoming the brand- new source of economic growth. However, in its true sense, the number of built low-carbon eco-metro area is small, and it is still in its infancy; meanwhile, there are a series of problems during the construction process. For example, some cities' low-carbon eco-metro area construction is just a disguised form of enclosure movement, and the blind investment and construction exacerbates local indebtedness; some low- carbon eco- metro areas establish the "low- end noncarbon" or "non- ecological production" industry within the park; the location of low- carbon eco- metro areas are often in big and new regions; and the construction of location of lowcarbon eco- metro areas lacks a general and authoritative standards and index system.Therefore, in the coming years, our low-carbon eco-metro area construction should insist on the principle of low-carbon and ecological development, strictly control the traditional construction pattern and foster the development of low-carbon eco-metro area. At the same time, a variety of studies and measurements should be taken to support this plan. For instance, the integrated application of smart low- carbon eco- technology must be strengthened to build groups of national low- carbon and ecological demonstration areas with integrated industry and community; the smart, ecological and low- carbon features must be enhanced by establishing smart, ecological and low- carbon industries; a series of general and practical national lowcarbon eco- metro area construction standards and comprehensive assessment and evaluation index system must be set up; the role of market mechanism needs to be emphasized to foster the integration of intelligence, business and capital and introduce private investment into the low- carbon eco- metro area construction; preferential policies such as land use, taxation, loans and ecological compensation should be implemented to support the low-carbon eco-metro areas to be brought into state- level new areas. Besides, the scientific integrated planning model of industry planning, spatial planning and technology planning should be taken as the guide to the healthy development of new urban area construction.
As a new pattern of urban spatial expansion with sustainability and an important orientation of new city construction, low- carbon eco- metro area is leading China's new city construction movement towards a more rational stage. After about 15 years' development and construction, low- carbon eco- city construction, featured with low- carbon eco- industrial park and community, stepped from conceptual design to demonstration pilot with an increasing number covering almost 60% cities in China, and some achievements have been reached,which promotes the low- carbon eco- industry that is becoming the brand- new source of economic growth. However, in its true sense, the number of built low-carbon eco-metro area is small, and it is still in its infancy; meanwhile, there are a series of problems during the construction process. For example, some cities' low-carbon eco-metro area construction is just a disguised form of enclosure movement, and the blind investment and construction exacerbates local indebtedness; some low- carbon eco- metro areas establish the "low- end noncarbon" or "non- ecological production" industry within the park; the location of low- carbon eco- metro areas are often in big and new regions; and the construction of location of lowcarbon eco- metro areas lacks a general and authoritative standards and index system.Therefore, in the coming years, our low-carbon eco-metro area construction should insist on the principle of low-carbon and ecological development, strictly control the traditional construction pattern and foster the development of low-carbon eco-metro area. At the same time, a variety of studies and measurements should be taken to support this plan. For instance, the integrated application of smart low- carbon eco- technology must be strengthened to build groups of national low- carbon and ecological demonstration areas with integrated industry and community; the smart, ecological and low- carbon features must be enhanced by establishing smart, ecological and low- carbon industries; a series of general and practical national lowcarbon eco- metro area construction standards and comprehensive assessment and evaluation index system must be set up; the role of market mechanism needs to be emphasized to foster the integration of intelligence, business and capital and introduce private investment into the low- carbon eco- metro area construction; preferential policies such as land use, taxation, loans and ecological compensation should be implemented to support the low-carbon eco-metro areas to be brought into state- level new areas. Besides, the scientific integrated planning model of industry planning, spatial planning and technology planning should be taken as the guide to the healthy development of new urban area construction.
引文
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[34]朱孟珏,周春山.中国城市新区开发的管理模式与空间组织研究.热带地理,2013,33(1):56-62.[Zhu Mengjue,Zhou Chunshan.Management mode and spatial organization of new urban district.Tropical Geography,2013,33(1):56-62.]
[35]宋德勇,张纪录.中国城市低碳发展的模式选择.中国人口?资源与环境,2012,22(1):15-20.[Song Deyong,Zhang Jilu.Model selection for low carbon development of Chinese cities.China Population,Resources and Environment,2012,22(1):15-20.]
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[2]方创琳,马海涛.新型城镇化背景下中国的新区建设与土地集约利用.中国土地科学,2013,27(7):4-9.[Fang Chuanglin,Ma Haitao.New city district development and intensive land use in the context of new-type urbanization.China Land Use,2013,27(7):4-9.]
[3]王洋,王少剑,秦静.中国城市土地城市化水平与进程的空间评价.地理研究,2014,33(12):2228-2238.[Wang Yang,Wang Shaojian,Qin Jing.Spatial evaluation of land urbanization level and process in Chinese cities.Geographical Research,2014,33(12):2228-2238.]
[4]吕斌,孙婷.低碳视角下城市空间形态紧凑度研究.地理研究,2013,32(6):1057-1067.[Lv Bin,Sun Ting.Study on spatial form compactness from low-carbon perspective.Geographical Research,2013,32(6):1057-1067.]
[5]方创琳.中国城市发展方针的演变调整与城市规模新格局.地理研究,2014,33(4):674-686.[Fang Chuanglin.A review of Chinese urban development policy,emerging patterns,and future adjustments.Geographical Research,2014,33(4):674-686.]
[6]沈清基,安超,刘昌寿.低碳生态城市的内涵、特征及规划建设的基本原理探讨.城市规划学刊,2010,(5):48-57.[Shen Qingji,An Chao,Liu Changtao.A discussion on the connotation,characteristic,and basic principles of planning/construction of the low carbon eco-city.Urban Planning Forum,2010,(5):48-57.]
[7]Gomi K,Shimada K,Matsuoka Y.A low-carbon scenario creation method for a local-scale economy and its application in Kyoto city.Energy Policy,2010,38(6):4783-4796.
[8]Phdungsilp A.Integrated energy and carbon modeling with a decision support system:Policy scenarios for low-carbon city development in Bangkok.Energy Policy,2010,38(9):4808-4817.
[9]Sperling J B,Ramaswami A.Exploring health outcomes as a motivator for low-carbon city development:Implications for infrastructure interventions in Asian cities.Habitat International,2013,37(1):113-123.
[10]Yuan K Q,Dong J.Sustainable land use evaluation for urban agglomerations from perspective of low carbon.Bulletin of Soil&Water Conservation,2014,34(1):226-206.
[11]Jabareen Y R.Sustainable urban forms their typologies,models,and concepts.Journal of Planning Education&Research,2006,26(1):38-52.
[12]Lo K.China's low-carbon city initiatives:The implementation gap and the limits of the target responsibility system.Habitat International,2014,42:236-244.
[13]Wang Y,Ding Q,Zhuang D.An eco-city evaluation method based on spatial analysis technology:A case study of Jiangsu province,China.Ecological Indicators,2015,58:37-46.
[14]Zhuang Y.Confucian ecological vision and the Chinese eco-city.Cities,2015,45:142-147.
[15]Tsolakis N,Anthopoulos L.Eco-cities:An integrated system dynamics framework and a concise research taxonomy.Sustainable Cities&Society,2015,17:1-14.
[16]冯娴慧,魏清泉.基于绿地生态机理的城市空间形态研究.热带地理,2006,4(4):344-348.[Feng Xianhui,Wei Qingquan.A study of the urban spatial form based on the ecological principles of green space.Tropical Geography,2006,4(4):344-348.]
[17]Sun J,Liu H X.Stochastic eco-routing in a signalized traffic network.Transportation Research Part C:Emerging Technologies,2015,7:110-128.
[18]仇保兴.中国城市发展模式转型趋势:低碳生态城市.城市发展研究,2009,16(8):1-6.[Qiu Baoxing.The transformation trends of urban development model in China:Low carbon eco-city.Urban Studies,2009,16(8):1-6.]
[19]仇保兴.中国低碳生态城市发展的总体思路.建设科技,2009,(15):12-17.[Qiu Baoxing.The general idea of low-carbon eco-city development in China.Construction Science and Technology,2009,(15):12-17.]
[20]孟菲,杨富强.低碳发展:中国城市发展的主轴.建设科技,2009,(15):42-43.[Meng Fei,Yang Fuqiang.Low-carbon development:The centerpiece of China's urban development.Construction Science and Technology,2009,(15):42-43.]
[21]赵国杰,郝文升.低碳生态城市:三维目标综合评价方法研究.城市发展研究,2011,18(6):31-36.[Zhao Guojie,Hao Wensheng.Low-carbon eco-city:Research on three-dimensional objective comprehensive evaluation method.Urban Studies,2011,18(6):31-36.]
[22]李迅,刘琰.中国低碳生态城市发展的现状、问题与对策.城市规划学刊,2011,(4):23-28.[Li Xun,Liu Yan.The current situation,problems and solutions of Chinese eco-cities development.Urban Planning Forum,2011,(4):23-28.]
[23]李迅,曹广忠,徐文珍,等.中国低碳生态城市发展战略.城市发展研究,2010,17(1):21-26.[Li Xun,Cao Guangzhong,Xu Wenzen,et al.China's low-carbon eco-city development strategy.Urban Studies,2010,17(1):21-26.]
[24]罗炜.基于低碳生态城市理念的深圳坪山新城规划研究.杭州:浙江大学硕士学位论文,2014.[Luo Wei.The research on the new town planning of Pingshan on account of the idea of low carbon ecological city.Hangzhou:Master Dissertation of Zhejiang University,2014.]
[25]张萍.以碳收支为基础的低碳生态新区控规编制探索:以山东省巨野北部新区控规为例.上海城市规划,2014,(4):120-125.[Zhang Ping.Study of regulatory planning for low-carbon and ecological new areas based on the analysis of carbon budget:A case study of regulatory planning for northern new areas in Juye county,Shandong province.Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2014,(4):120-125.]
[26]陈俊杰.基于低碳生态理念的城市新区城市设计研究:以万庄生态新城城市设计为例.生物技术世界,2014,(2):9.[Chen Junjie.Research on urban design of urban new district based low-carbon concept:A case study of Wanzhuang ecocity.Biotech World,2014,(2):9.]
[27]方创琳,刘晓丽,蔺雪芹.中国城市化发展阶段的修正及地域分异规律分析.干旱区地理,2008,31(4):512-523.[Fang Chuanglin,Liu Xiaoli,Lin Xueqin.Stages correlation and regularity analysis of urbanization course of China.Arid Land Geography,2008,31(4):512-523.]
[28]方创琳.中国城市化进程亚健康的反思与警示.现代城市研究,2011,59(8):6-11.[Fang Chuanglin.The reflection of sub-health of urbanization in China.Modern Urban Research,2011,59(8):6-11.]
[29]方创琳.中国快速城市化进程的资源环境保障问题与对策建议.中国科学院院刊,2009,24(5):468-474.[Fang Chuanglin.Issues of resources and environment protection in China's rapid urbanization process and suggestions on countermeasures.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2009,24(5):468-474.]
[30]方创琳,方嘉雯.解析城镇化进程中的资源环境保障瓶颈.中国国情国力,2013,(4):33-34.[Fang Chuanglin,Fang Jiawen.Research on the bottleneck of resources environment in rapid urbanization.China National Conditions and Strength,2013,(4):33-34.]
[31]方创琳.中国城市化进程及资源环境保障报告.北京:科学出版社,2010.[Fang Chuanglin.Report of the Protection on Resources and Environment in China's Urbanization.Beijing:Science Press,2010.]
[32]方创琳,马海涛.新型城镇化背景下中国的新区建设与土地集约利用.中国土地科学,2013,27(7):4-10.[Fang Chuanglin,Ma Haitao.New city district development and intensive land use in the context of new-type urbanization.China Land Use,2013,27(7):4-9.]
[33]朱孟珏,周春山.改革开放以来中国城市新区开发的演变历程、特征及机制研究.现代城市研究,2012,60(9):80-85.[Zhu Mengjue,Zhou Chunshan.The evolution course,character,and mechanism of Chinese new urban district since1978.Modern Urban Research,2012,60(9):80-85.]
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