江淮区域稻麦两熟制周年资源分配、利用特征
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摘要
江淮区域稻麦周年两熟种植模式自然资源分配与利用特征尚不明确,限制了该区作物周年高产高效协同发展。本研究通过对江淮区域不同地区多年多点水稻-小麦种植模式高产试验数据分析,明确两熟制季节间资源分配特征、资源利用效率及其与产量的关系。结果表明:2008—2017年小麦季和周年辐射均呈降低趋势,水稻季沿淮和江淮地区呈增加趋势,沿江地区呈降低趋势;小麦季积温呈增加趋势、水稻季大部分呈降低趋势,周年沿淮地区呈增加趋势,江淮和沿江地区呈降低趋势;降雨小麦季、水稻季和周年总体呈增加趋势。江淮地区周年辐射量从北向南逐渐减少,不同种植模式间无显著差异;小麦季、水稻季辐射分配率粳稻-小麦模式分别为53.1%、51.9%,籼稻-小麦模式分别为55.0%、49.8%。江淮地区从北向南累积积温和降雨量逐渐增加,不同种植模式间无显著差异;小麦季、水稻季积温分配率粳稻-小麦模式为38.5%、67.3%,籼稻-小麦模式为40.7%、65.1%;小麦季、水稻季降雨分配率在2种模式间无显著差异,而不同地区间差异显著,沿淮地区为32.8%、70.5%,江淮地区为40.8%、64.7%,沿江地区为46.2%、57.2%。当前生产模式下,江淮区域稻麦两熟种植模式以水稻产量所占比重最高,平均为57.0%。小麦季积温生产效率沿淮地区显著高于江淮地区和沿江地区,不同种植模式间差异较小;水稻季积温生产效率不同地区不同模式间差异较小;周年积温生产效率不同地区间差异显著,且沿淮地区>江淮地区>沿江地区,不同种植模式间差异不显著。区域间作物光能生产效率差异较小,小麦季、水稻季和周年均无显著差异。不同地区降雨生产效率变异较大,小麦季、水稻季和周年均以沿淮地区大于江淮地区,显著高于沿江地区;不同种植模式间无显著差异。因此,江淮区域稻麦周年两熟资源高效利用原则应以合理配置季节间辐射为主,兼顾降雨和积温。不同地区应结合气候资源配置特点,通过合理的播栽期、周年生育期适宜的品种搭配等栽培措施将部分光热资源调配给水稻,实现产量和资源利用效率双提升。
Rice-wheat double cropping system is the main cropping pattern in the Jianghuai Area. The characteristics of natural resource allocation and utilization and their relationship with yield are still unclear. It is necessary to establish a quantitative evaluation index system for the systematic guidance of the double cropping system. In this study, resources distribution between two seasons,resources utilization efficiencies, and yield of rice-wheat double cropping system in three regions of the Jianghuai Area: along Huaihe River region(AHR), Jianghuai region(JH), and along Yangtze River region(AYR), were quantitatively analyzed using the large database created from high yield field experiments during 2008-2017. The results were as follows: radiation during wheat season and per year decreased in the region, while in the rice season radiation increased in AHR and JH but decreased in AYR. The accumulated temperature increased in wheat season and decreased in rice season, and the annual accumulated temperature increased in AHR and decreased in JH and AYR. Precipitation during wheat season, rice season, and per year increased. The annual radiation in the Jianghuai area increased from the north to the south with no significant difference between japonica rice-wheat system and indica rice-wheat system. The radiation distribution rate of wheat season and rice season were 53.1% and 51.9%, respectively, for the japonica rice-wheat double cropping system, and 55.0% and 49.8%, respectively, for the indica rice-wheat double cropping system.The cumulative accumulated temperature and precipitation gradually increased from the north to the south of Jianghuai area, with no significant difference between two systems, but there were significant differences between different regions. The distribution rate of accumulated temperature in wheat and rice season were 38.5% and 67.3%, respectively, for the japonica rice-wheat, and were 40.7%,65.1%, respectively for the indica rice-wheat double cropping system. The accumulated precipitation distribution rate of wheat season and rice season were 32.8% and 70.5%, respectively, for the AHR region; 40.8% and 64.7% respectively, for the JH region; and 46.2%, 57.2%, respectively, for the AYR region. Under the current production pattern, rice production had the highest yield proportion of the wheat-rice double cropping system, with an average of 57.0%. The temperature production efficiency in wheat season was higher in AHR than in JH and AYR; during rice season this did not change greatly between the two systems and among the three regions. The annual temperature production efficiency order for the three regions was: AHR > JH > AYR. Radiation use efficiency of crops was not different for different seasons. The rain production efficiency in wheat and rice seasons and per year was significantly lower in AYR than both in AHR and JH. Rice production in the JH region was mainly affected by radiation, and wheat production was mainly affected by rainfall, which limited further increase in crop yield potential. Climate change effects tended to be unfavorable to the evolution of climate resources in the future. When compared with wheat, rice had higher efficient utilization of radiation resources, which was important for improving yield and the resource use efficiency of rice-wheat double cropping system in the JH region. Based on the analysis, we put forward the principle of annual high efficiency utilization, because radiation was the main factor between the two wheat-rice double cropping system, when considering rainfall and growth degree-days. Cultivation measures such as sowing date adjustment and annual cultivars combination can allocate more resources to rice season, thus improving the yield and resource utilization efficiency.
Rice-wheat double cropping system is the main cropping pattern in the Jianghuai Area. The characteristics of natural resource allocation and utilization and their relationship with yield are still unclear. It is necessary to establish a quantitative evaluation index system for the systematic guidance of the double cropping system. In this study, resources distribution between two seasons,resources utilization efficiencies, and yield of rice-wheat double cropping system in three regions of the Jianghuai Area: along Huaihe River region(AHR), Jianghuai region(JH), and along Yangtze River region(AYR), were quantitatively analyzed using the large database created from high yield field experiments during 2008-2017. The results were as follows: radiation during wheat season and per year decreased in the region, while in the rice season radiation increased in AHR and JH but decreased in AYR. The accumulated temperature increased in wheat season and decreased in rice season, and the annual accumulated temperature increased in AHR and decreased in JH and AYR. Precipitation during wheat season, rice season, and per year increased. The annual radiation in the Jianghuai area increased from the north to the south with no significant difference between japonica rice-wheat system and indica rice-wheat system. The radiation distribution rate of wheat season and rice season were 53.1% and 51.9%, respectively, for the japonica rice-wheat double cropping system, and 55.0% and 49.8%, respectively, for the indica rice-wheat double cropping system.The cumulative accumulated temperature and precipitation gradually increased from the north to the south of Jianghuai area, with no significant difference between two systems, but there were significant differences between different regions. The distribution rate of accumulated temperature in wheat and rice season were 38.5% and 67.3%, respectively, for the japonica rice-wheat, and were 40.7%,65.1%, respectively for the indica rice-wheat double cropping system. The accumulated precipitation distribution rate of wheat season and rice season were 32.8% and 70.5%, respectively, for the AHR region; 40.8% and 64.7% respectively, for the JH region; and 46.2%, 57.2%, respectively, for the AYR region. Under the current production pattern, rice production had the highest yield proportion of the wheat-rice double cropping system, with an average of 57.0%. The temperature production efficiency in wheat season was higher in AHR than in JH and AYR; during rice season this did not change greatly between the two systems and among the three regions. The annual temperature production efficiency order for the three regions was: AHR > JH > AYR. Radiation use efficiency of crops was not different for different seasons. The rain production efficiency in wheat and rice seasons and per year was significantly lower in AYR than both in AHR and JH. Rice production in the JH region was mainly affected by radiation, and wheat production was mainly affected by rainfall, which limited further increase in crop yield potential. Climate change effects tended to be unfavorable to the evolution of climate resources in the future. When compared with wheat, rice had higher efficient utilization of radiation resources, which was important for improving yield and the resource use efficiency of rice-wheat double cropping system in the JH region. Based on the analysis, we put forward the principle of annual high efficiency utilization, because radiation was the main factor between the two wheat-rice double cropping system, when considering rainfall and growth degree-days. Cultivation measures such as sowing date adjustment and annual cultivars combination can allocate more resources to rice season, thus improving the yield and resource utilization efficiency.
引文
[1]李潮海,苏新宏,谢瑞芝,等.超高产栽培条件下夏玉米产量与气候生态条件关系研究[J].中国农业科学,2001,34(3):311-316LI C H,SU X H,XIE R Z,et al.Study on relationship between grain-yield of summer corn and climatic ecological condition under super-high-yield cultivation[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2001,34(3):311-316
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[3]高阳,段爱旺,刘祖贵,等.玉米和大豆条带间作模式下的光环境特性[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(6):1248-1254GAO Y,DUAN A W,LIU Z G,et al.Light environment characteristics in maize-soybean strip intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(6):1248-1254
[4]付雪丽,张惠,贾继增,等.冬小麦-夏玉米“双晚”种植模式的产量形成及资源效率研究[J].作物学报,2009,35(9):1708-1714FU X L,ZHANG H,JIA J Z,et al.Yield performance and resources use efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize in double late-cropping system[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(9):1708-1714
[5]姚义,霍中洋,张洪程,等.不同生态区播期对直播稻生育期及温光利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(4):633-647YAO Y,HUO Z Y,ZHANG H C,et al.Effects of sowing date on growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of direct seeding rice in different ecological regions[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2012,45(4):633-647
[6]DU X B,CHEN B L,SHEN T Y,et al.Effect of cropping system on radiation use efficiency in double-cropped wheat-cotton[J].Field Crops Research,2015,170:21-31
[7]DU X,CHEN B,MENG Y,et al.Effect of cropping system on cotton biomass and yield formation in double-cropped wheat-cotton[J].International Journal of Plant Production,2016,10(1):29-44
[8]MATTHEWS R B,AZAM-ALI S N,SAFFELL R A,et al.Plant growth and development in relation to the microclimate of a sorghum/groundnut intercrop[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1991,53(4):285-301
[9]崔亮,苏本营,杨峰,等.不同玉米-大豆带状套作组合条件下光合有效辐射强度分布特征对大豆光合特性和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(8):1489-1501CUI L,SU B Y,YANG F,et al.Effects of photo-synthetically active radiation on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of soybean in different maize/soybean relay strip intercropping systems[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(8):1489-1501
[10]许信旺,孙满英,方宇媛,等.安徽省气候变化对水稻生产的影响及应对[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(9):1755-1763XU X W,SUN M Y,FANG Y Y,et al.Impact of climatic change on rice production and response strategies in Anhui Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(9):1755-1763
[11]严定春,朱艳,曹卫星.水稻栽培适宜品种选择的知识模型[J].南京农业大学学报,2004,27(4):20-25YAN D C,ZHU Y,CAO W X.A knowledge model for selection of suitable variety in rice production[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2004,27(4):20-25
[12]CHEN C Q,LEI C X,DENG A X,et al.Will higher minimum temperatures increase corn production in Northeast China?An analysis of historical data over 1965-2008[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(12):1580-1588
[13]LIU Y E,XIE R Z,HOU P,et al.Phenological responses of maize to changes in environment when grown at different latitudes in China[J].Field Crops Research,2013,144:192-199
[14]翟修云,陆森林,毛金凤.稻麦周年生产产量19.5t/hm2群体特征和高产高效栽培技术[J].上海农业科技,2016,(6):58-59ZHAI X Y,LU S L,MAO J F.Population characteristics of annual yield of rice and wheat 19.5t/hm2 and high yield and high efficiency cultivation techniques[J].Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,(6):58-59
[15]吴文革,习敏,许有尊,等.籼粳交组合甬优1540钵育机插超高产的产量构成及其群体光合特征[J].扬州大学学报:农业与生命科学版,2017,38(1):1-9WU W G,XI M,XU Y Z,et al.Population photosynthetic characteristics and yield formation of the mechanically transplanted pot seedlings in hybrid rice variety Yongyou 1540 with super high-yield[J].Journal of Yangzhou University:Agricultural and Life Science Edition,2017,38(1):1-9
[16]CAVIGLIA O P,SADRAS V O,ANDRADE F H.Intensification of agriculture in the south-eastern pampas:Ⅰ.Capture and efficiency in the use of water and radiation in double-cropped wheat-soybean[J].Field Crops Research,2004,87(2/3):117-129
[17]CAVIGLIA O P,ANDRADE F H.Sustainable intensification of agriculture in the argentinean pampas:Capture and use efficiency of environmental resources[J].The Americas Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology,2010,3(S1):1-8
[18]周宝元.黄淮海两熟制资源季节间优化配置及季节内高效利用技术体系研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015ZHOU B Y.Study on the distribution and high efficient utilization of resources for double cropping system in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2015
[19]高海涛,王育红,孟战赢,等.小麦-玉米双晚种植对周年产量和资源利用的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2012,32(6):1102-1106GAO H T,WANG Y H,MENG Z Y,et al.Effects of later sowing of winter wheat and later harvest of summer maize cropping system on yield and resources use efficiency of whole-year[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2012,32(6):1102-1106
[20]李立娟,王美云,薛庆林,等.黄淮海双季玉米产量性能与资源效率的研究[J].作物学报,2011,37(7):1229-1234LI L J,WANG M Y,XUE Q L,et al.Yield performance and resource efficiency of double-cropping maize in the Yellow,Huai and Hai River valleys region[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(7):1229-1234
[21]周宝元,王志敏,岳阳,等.冬小麦-夏玉米与双季玉米种植模式产量及光温资源利用特征比较[J].作物学报,2015,41(9):1393-1405ZHOU B Y,WANG Z M,YUE Y,et al.Comparison of yield and light-temperature resource use efficiency between wheat-maize and maize-maize cropping systems[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(9):1393-1405
[2]朱元刚,董树亭,张吉旺,等.种植方式对夏玉米光合生产特征和光温资源利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(6):1417-1424ZHU Y G,DONG S T,ZHANG J W,et al.Effects of cropping patterns on photosynthesis characteristics of summer maize and its utilization of solar and heat resources[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(6):1417-1424
[3]高阳,段爱旺,刘祖贵,等.玉米和大豆条带间作模式下的光环境特性[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(6):1248-1254GAO Y,DUAN A W,LIU Z G,et al.Light environment characteristics in maize-soybean strip intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(6):1248-1254
[4]付雪丽,张惠,贾继增,等.冬小麦-夏玉米“双晚”种植模式的产量形成及资源效率研究[J].作物学报,2009,35(9):1708-1714FU X L,ZHANG H,JIA J Z,et al.Yield performance and resources use efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize in double late-cropping system[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(9):1708-1714
[5]姚义,霍中洋,张洪程,等.不同生态区播期对直播稻生育期及温光利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(4):633-647YAO Y,HUO Z Y,ZHANG H C,et al.Effects of sowing date on growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of direct seeding rice in different ecological regions[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2012,45(4):633-647
[6]DU X B,CHEN B L,SHEN T Y,et al.Effect of cropping system on radiation use efficiency in double-cropped wheat-cotton[J].Field Crops Research,2015,170:21-31
[7]DU X,CHEN B,MENG Y,et al.Effect of cropping system on cotton biomass and yield formation in double-cropped wheat-cotton[J].International Journal of Plant Production,2016,10(1):29-44
[8]MATTHEWS R B,AZAM-ALI S N,SAFFELL R A,et al.Plant growth and development in relation to the microclimate of a sorghum/groundnut intercrop[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1991,53(4):285-301
[9]崔亮,苏本营,杨峰,等.不同玉米-大豆带状套作组合条件下光合有效辐射强度分布特征对大豆光合特性和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(8):1489-1501CUI L,SU B Y,YANG F,et al.Effects of photo-synthetically active radiation on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of soybean in different maize/soybean relay strip intercropping systems[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(8):1489-1501
[10]许信旺,孙满英,方宇媛,等.安徽省气候变化对水稻生产的影响及应对[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(9):1755-1763XU X W,SUN M Y,FANG Y Y,et al.Impact of climatic change on rice production and response strategies in Anhui Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(9):1755-1763
[11]严定春,朱艳,曹卫星.水稻栽培适宜品种选择的知识模型[J].南京农业大学学报,2004,27(4):20-25YAN D C,ZHU Y,CAO W X.A knowledge model for selection of suitable variety in rice production[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2004,27(4):20-25
[12]CHEN C Q,LEI C X,DENG A X,et al.Will higher minimum temperatures increase corn production in Northeast China?An analysis of historical data over 1965-2008[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(12):1580-1588
[13]LIU Y E,XIE R Z,HOU P,et al.Phenological responses of maize to changes in environment when grown at different latitudes in China[J].Field Crops Research,2013,144:192-199
[14]翟修云,陆森林,毛金凤.稻麦周年生产产量19.5t/hm2群体特征和高产高效栽培技术[J].上海农业科技,2016,(6):58-59ZHAI X Y,LU S L,MAO J F.Population characteristics of annual yield of rice and wheat 19.5t/hm2 and high yield and high efficiency cultivation techniques[J].Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,(6):58-59
[15]吴文革,习敏,许有尊,等.籼粳交组合甬优1540钵育机插超高产的产量构成及其群体光合特征[J].扬州大学学报:农业与生命科学版,2017,38(1):1-9WU W G,XI M,XU Y Z,et al.Population photosynthetic characteristics and yield formation of the mechanically transplanted pot seedlings in hybrid rice variety Yongyou 1540 with super high-yield[J].Journal of Yangzhou University:Agricultural and Life Science Edition,2017,38(1):1-9
[16]CAVIGLIA O P,SADRAS V O,ANDRADE F H.Intensification of agriculture in the south-eastern pampas:Ⅰ.Capture and efficiency in the use of water and radiation in double-cropped wheat-soybean[J].Field Crops Research,2004,87(2/3):117-129
[17]CAVIGLIA O P,ANDRADE F H.Sustainable intensification of agriculture in the argentinean pampas:Capture and use efficiency of environmental resources[J].The Americas Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology,2010,3(S1):1-8
[18]周宝元.黄淮海两熟制资源季节间优化配置及季节内高效利用技术体系研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015ZHOU B Y.Study on the distribution and high efficient utilization of resources for double cropping system in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2015
[19]高海涛,王育红,孟战赢,等.小麦-玉米双晚种植对周年产量和资源利用的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2012,32(6):1102-1106GAO H T,WANG Y H,MENG Z Y,et al.Effects of later sowing of winter wheat and later harvest of summer maize cropping system on yield and resources use efficiency of whole-year[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2012,32(6):1102-1106
[20]李立娟,王美云,薛庆林,等.黄淮海双季玉米产量性能与资源效率的研究[J].作物学报,2011,37(7):1229-1234LI L J,WANG M Y,XUE Q L,et al.Yield performance and resource efficiency of double-cropping maize in the Yellow,Huai and Hai River valleys region[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(7):1229-1234
[21]周宝元,王志敏,岳阳,等.冬小麦-夏玉米与双季玉米种植模式产量及光温资源利用特征比较[J].作物学报,2015,41(9):1393-1405ZHOU B Y,WANG Z M,YUE Y,et al.Comparison of yield and light-temperature resource use efficiency between wheat-maize and maize-maize cropping systems[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(9):1393-1405