基于土地利用的厦门市生态水文调节服务评估
|
摘要
生态系统具有重要的水文调节服务,通过对降水截留、过滤、吸收等手段,能够起到削峰补枯、缓和地表径流、增加地下径流的作用.以厦门市为研究对象,采用SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)水文模型评估了2015年厦门市生态系统水文调节服务;以土地利用为驱动变量,对2010年厦门市生态水文调节服务进行了评估,分析近年来厦门市加快城市绿化和海绵城市建设背景下土地利用变化对厦门市生态水文调节服务的影响.结果表明:2015年厦门市生态水文调节量为5. 43×10~8m~3,时空差异较为明显.从各辖区来看,位于北部山区的同安区调节量(2. 91×10~8m~3)最高,单位面积生态水文调节量(44. 61×10~4m~3/km2)亦最高;建成区内的湖里区调节量和单位面积调节量均最低.从年内分布来看,5—9月生态水文调节量占全年的84. 96%,生态系统有效减缓了径流输出,起到削峰的作用;10—11月,生态系统通过拦蓄降水,将其转换为土壤水和地下径流,使得该时期的实际径流大于潜在径流,起到补充枯期径流的作用.在相同气象条件下,2010年和2015年厦门市生态水文调节能力的空间分布整体一致,相比于2010年,2015年厦门市生态水文调节能力有明显提高,各辖区调节量和单位面积调节量均有所增加.研究显示,厦门市生态水文调节服务受气象条件和土地利用的共同作用,降水量越大,生态水文调节量越大,并且北部高植被覆盖区的生态水文调节能力高于南部建成区.
Ecosystem has important hydrological regulation service such as precipitation interception,filtration and absorption,which can reduce the flood peak,smooth the surface runoff and increase the subsurface runoff. In this paper,the SWAT hydrological model was adopted to evaluate the ecological and hydrological regulation service of the ecosystem in Xiamen City in 2015. Then,the land utilization situation of Xiamen City in 2010 was utilized to calculate the impacts of the city greening and sponge city construction on the ecological and hydrological regulation functions. The results show that the amount of ecological and hydrological regulation functions in Xiamen City in 2015 was 543 million m~3,and there were obvious differences in the spatial and temporal distribution. For instance,the Tong'an District had the highest total volume of 291 million m~3 and per unit of 44. 61× 10~4m~3/km2,while the Huli District had the lowest values. In a single year,84. 96% of the hydrological regulation occurred in the period from May to September,which effectively reduced the flood peak. From October to November,the actual runoff was higher than potential runoff because the ecosystem resulted in flood water transfer into soil and groundwater systems to replenish the runoff in dry season. Under the same meteorological condition,the overall hydrologicaldistributions in Xiamen City in 2015 were almost the same as that of 2010,and the ecological and hydrological regulation ability for all regions were improved. The results indict that the ecological hydrological regulation ability in Xiamen City is affected by meteorological conditions and land use: the more precipitation,the higher ecological hydrological regulation ability; the north mountain area with high vegetation coverage has higher ability than that of the southern urban area.
Ecosystem has important hydrological regulation service such as precipitation interception,filtration and absorption,which can reduce the flood peak,smooth the surface runoff and increase the subsurface runoff. In this paper,the SWAT hydrological model was adopted to evaluate the ecological and hydrological regulation service of the ecosystem in Xiamen City in 2015. Then,the land utilization situation of Xiamen City in 2010 was utilized to calculate the impacts of the city greening and sponge city construction on the ecological and hydrological regulation functions. The results show that the amount of ecological and hydrological regulation functions in Xiamen City in 2015 was 543 million m~3,and there were obvious differences in the spatial and temporal distribution. For instance,the Tong'an District had the highest total volume of 291 million m~3 and per unit of 44. 61× 10~4m~3/km2,while the Huli District had the lowest values. In a single year,84. 96% of the hydrological regulation occurred in the period from May to September,which effectively reduced the flood peak. From October to November,the actual runoff was higher than potential runoff because the ecosystem resulted in flood water transfer into soil and groundwater systems to replenish the runoff in dry season. Under the same meteorological condition,the overall hydrologicaldistributions in Xiamen City in 2015 were almost the same as that of 2010,and the ecological and hydrological regulation ability for all regions were improved. The results indict that the ecological hydrological regulation ability in Xiamen City is affected by meteorological conditions and land use: the more precipitation,the higher ecological hydrological regulation ability; the north mountain area with high vegetation coverage has higher ability than that of the southern urban area.
引文
[1] WILCOX B P,THUROW T L. Emerging issues in rangeland ecohydrology:vegetation change and the water cycle[J].Rangeland Ecology&Management,2006,59(2):220-224.
[2] PAMUKCU P,ERDEM N,SERENGIL Y,et al. Ecohydrologic modelling of water resources and land use for watershed conservation[J].Ecological Informatics,2016,36:31-41.
[3]秦嘉励,杨万勤,张健.岷江上游典型生态系统水源涵养量及价值评估[J].应用与环境生物学报,2009,15(4):453-458.QIN Jiali,YANG Wanqin,ZHANG Jian. Assessment of ecosystem water conservation value in the Upper Minjiang River,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2009,15(4):453-458.
[4]王晓学,沈会涛,李叙勇,等.森林水源涵养功能的多尺度内涵、过程及计量方法[J].生态学报,2013,33(4):1019-1030.WANG Xiaoxue,SHEN Huitao,LI Xuyong,et al. Concepts,processes and quantification methods of the forest water conservation at the multiple scales[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(4):1019-1030.
[5]崔向慧,李海静,王兵.江西大岗山常绿阔叶林生态系统水量平衡的研究[J].林业科学,2006,42(2):8-12.CUI Xianghui,LI Haijing,WANG Bing.Water balance of evergreen broad_leaved forest ecosystem in Dagangshan Mountain,Jiangxi Province[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2006,42(2):8-12.
[6]贺淑霞,李叙勇,莫菲,等.中国东部森林样带典型森林水源涵养功能[J].生态学报,2011,31(12):3285-3295.HE Shuxia,LI Xuyong,MO Fei,et al.The water conservation study of typical forest ecosystems in the forest transect of eastern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(12):3285-3295.
[7]邓伟,刘红,李世龙,等.重庆市重要生态功能区生态系统服务动态变化[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(2):250-258.DENG Wei,LIU Hong,LI Shilong,et al. Dynamic changes of ecosystem services of Key Ecological Function Areas in Chongqing,China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(2):250-258.
[8]刘璐璐,邵全琴,刘纪远,等.琼江河流域森林生态系统水源涵养能力估算[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(3):451-457.LIU Lulu,SHAO Quanqin,LIU Jiyuan,et al. Estimation of forest water conservation capacity in Qiongjiang River Watershed[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(3):451-457.
[9] GLAVAN M Z,PINTAR M,VOLK M.Land use change in a twohundred years period and its impact on blue and green water flow in two Slovenian Mediterranean catchments:lesson for the future[J].Hydrological Processes,2012,27(26):3964-3980.
[10]吕一河,胡健,孙飞翔,等.水源涵养与水文调节:和而不同的陆地生态系统水文服务[J].生态学报,2015,35(15):5191-5196.LYihe,HU Jian,SUN Feixiang,et al. Water retention and hydrological regulation:harmony but not the same in terrestrial hydrological ecosystem services[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(15):5191-5196.
[11] FRANCESCONI W,SRINIVASAN R,PREZ-MIANA E,et al.Using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)to model ecosystem services:a systematic review[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2016,535:625-636.
[12] FAN M,SHIBATA H,WANG Q.Optimal conservation planning of multiple hydrological ecosystem services under land use and climate changes in Teshio River Watershed,northernmost of Japan[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,62:1-13.
[13] BUCAA A.The impact of human activities on land use and land cover changes and environmental processes in the Gorce Mountains(Western Polish Carpathians)in the past 50 years[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2014,138:4-14.
[14] WANG Z,LIU Z,SONG K,et al. Land use changes in northeast China driven by human activities and climatic variation[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2009,19(3):225-230.
[15] TARANTINO C,BLONDA P,PASQUARIELLO G.Remote sensed data for automatic detection of land-use changes due to human activity in support to landslide studies[J]. Natural Hazards,2007,41(1):245-267.
[16]史晓亮,杨志勇,严登华,等.滦河流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文响应[J].水科学进展,2014,25(1):21-27.SHI Xiaoliang, YANG Zhiyong, YAN Denghua, et al. On hydrological response to land-use/cover change in Luanhe River Basin[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(1):21-27.
[17]郝振纯,苏振宽.土地利用变化对海河流域典型区域的径流影响[J].水科学进展,2015,26(4):491-499.HAO Zhenchun,SU Zhenkuan.Effects of land use change on runoff in the typical areas in Haihe River Basin[J]. Advances in Water Science,2015,26(4):491-499.
[18] FOHRER N,HAVERKAMP S,ECKHARDT K,et al. Hydrologic Response to land use changes on the catchment scale[J].Physics&Chemistry of the Earth Part B:Hydrology Oceans&Atmosphere,2001,26(7/8):577-582.
[19] LI J,TAN S,CHEN F,et al. Quantitatively analyze the impact of land use/land cover change on annual runoff decrease[J]. Natural Hazards,2014,74(2):1191-1207.
[20] FOHRER N,HAVERKAMP S,ECKHARDT K,et al. Hydrologic response to land use changes on the catchment scale[J].Physics&Chemistry of the Earth Part B Hydrology Oceans&Atmosphere,2001,26(7/8):577-582.
[21]孙传芝,邢世和.厦门市耕地土壤与地力评价[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2012.
[22] LUZIO M,SRINIVASAN R,ARNOLD J G.Integration of watershed tools and SWAT model into BASINS[J].Journal of American Water Resource Association,2002,38(4):1127-1141.
[23] SAHA P P,ZELEKE K. Rainfall-runoff modelling for sustainable water resources management:SWAT model review in Australia[M]//SETEGN S,DONOSO M. Sustainability of integrated water resources management. Springer International Publishing,2015:563-578.
[24] LEE M,PARK G,PARK M,et al.Evaluation of non-point source pollution reduction by applying best management practices using a SWAT model and QuickBird high resolution satellite imagery[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(6):826-833.
[25]白雪,马克明,杨柳,等.三江平原湿地保护区内外的生态功能差异[J].生态学报,2008,28(2):620-626.BAI Xue,MA Keming,YANG Liu,et al. Ecological function differences inside and outside the wetland nature reserves in Sanjiang Plain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(2):620-626.
[26] WILLIAMS J R,LASEUR W V.Water yield model using SCS curve numbers[J]. Journal of the Hydraulics Division,1976,102(9):1241-1253.
[27] MORIASI D N,ARNOLD J G,LIEW M W V,et al. Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J]. Transactions of the ASABE,2007,50(3):885-900.
[28] SANTHI C,ARNOLD J G,WILLIAMS J R,et al.Validation of the swat model on a large river basin with point and nonpoint sources[J].Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2010,37(5):1169-1188.
[29]李士美,谢高地,张彩霞,等.森林生态系统水源涵养服务流量过程研究[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(4):585-593.LI Shimei,XIE Gaodi,ZHANG Caixia,et al. Flow process of water conservation service of forest ecosystem[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(4):585-593.
[30]龚诗涵,肖洋,郑华,等.中国生态系统水源涵养空间特征及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2017,37(7):2455-2462.GONG Shihan,XIAO Yang,ZHENG Hua,et al. Spatial patterns of ecosystem water conservation in China and its impact factors analysis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(7):2455-2462.
[31]尹云鹤,吴绍洪,赵东升,等.过去30年气候变化对黄河源区水源涵养量的影响[J].地理研究,2016,35(1):49-57.YIN Yunhe,WU Shaohong,ZHAO Dongsheng,et al. Ecosystem water conservation changes in response to climate change in the Source Region of the Yellow River from 1981 to 2010[J].Geographical Research,2016,35(1):49-57.
[2] PAMUKCU P,ERDEM N,SERENGIL Y,et al. Ecohydrologic modelling of water resources and land use for watershed conservation[J].Ecological Informatics,2016,36:31-41.
[3]秦嘉励,杨万勤,张健.岷江上游典型生态系统水源涵养量及价值评估[J].应用与环境生物学报,2009,15(4):453-458.QIN Jiali,YANG Wanqin,ZHANG Jian. Assessment of ecosystem water conservation value in the Upper Minjiang River,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2009,15(4):453-458.
[4]王晓学,沈会涛,李叙勇,等.森林水源涵养功能的多尺度内涵、过程及计量方法[J].生态学报,2013,33(4):1019-1030.WANG Xiaoxue,SHEN Huitao,LI Xuyong,et al. Concepts,processes and quantification methods of the forest water conservation at the multiple scales[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(4):1019-1030.
[5]崔向慧,李海静,王兵.江西大岗山常绿阔叶林生态系统水量平衡的研究[J].林业科学,2006,42(2):8-12.CUI Xianghui,LI Haijing,WANG Bing.Water balance of evergreen broad_leaved forest ecosystem in Dagangshan Mountain,Jiangxi Province[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2006,42(2):8-12.
[6]贺淑霞,李叙勇,莫菲,等.中国东部森林样带典型森林水源涵养功能[J].生态学报,2011,31(12):3285-3295.HE Shuxia,LI Xuyong,MO Fei,et al.The water conservation study of typical forest ecosystems in the forest transect of eastern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(12):3285-3295.
[7]邓伟,刘红,李世龙,等.重庆市重要生态功能区生态系统服务动态变化[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(2):250-258.DENG Wei,LIU Hong,LI Shilong,et al. Dynamic changes of ecosystem services of Key Ecological Function Areas in Chongqing,China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(2):250-258.
[8]刘璐璐,邵全琴,刘纪远,等.琼江河流域森林生态系统水源涵养能力估算[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(3):451-457.LIU Lulu,SHAO Quanqin,LIU Jiyuan,et al. Estimation of forest water conservation capacity in Qiongjiang River Watershed[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(3):451-457.
[9] GLAVAN M Z,PINTAR M,VOLK M.Land use change in a twohundred years period and its impact on blue and green water flow in two Slovenian Mediterranean catchments:lesson for the future[J].Hydrological Processes,2012,27(26):3964-3980.
[10]吕一河,胡健,孙飞翔,等.水源涵养与水文调节:和而不同的陆地生态系统水文服务[J].生态学报,2015,35(15):5191-5196.LYihe,HU Jian,SUN Feixiang,et al. Water retention and hydrological regulation:harmony but not the same in terrestrial hydrological ecosystem services[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(15):5191-5196.
[11] FRANCESCONI W,SRINIVASAN R,PREZ-MIANA E,et al.Using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)to model ecosystem services:a systematic review[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2016,535:625-636.
[12] FAN M,SHIBATA H,WANG Q.Optimal conservation planning of multiple hydrological ecosystem services under land use and climate changes in Teshio River Watershed,northernmost of Japan[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,62:1-13.
[13] BUCAA A.The impact of human activities on land use and land cover changes and environmental processes in the Gorce Mountains(Western Polish Carpathians)in the past 50 years[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2014,138:4-14.
[14] WANG Z,LIU Z,SONG K,et al. Land use changes in northeast China driven by human activities and climatic variation[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2009,19(3):225-230.
[15] TARANTINO C,BLONDA P,PASQUARIELLO G.Remote sensed data for automatic detection of land-use changes due to human activity in support to landslide studies[J]. Natural Hazards,2007,41(1):245-267.
[16]史晓亮,杨志勇,严登华,等.滦河流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文响应[J].水科学进展,2014,25(1):21-27.SHI Xiaoliang, YANG Zhiyong, YAN Denghua, et al. On hydrological response to land-use/cover change in Luanhe River Basin[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(1):21-27.
[17]郝振纯,苏振宽.土地利用变化对海河流域典型区域的径流影响[J].水科学进展,2015,26(4):491-499.HAO Zhenchun,SU Zhenkuan.Effects of land use change on runoff in the typical areas in Haihe River Basin[J]. Advances in Water Science,2015,26(4):491-499.
[18] FOHRER N,HAVERKAMP S,ECKHARDT K,et al. Hydrologic Response to land use changes on the catchment scale[J].Physics&Chemistry of the Earth Part B:Hydrology Oceans&Atmosphere,2001,26(7/8):577-582.
[19] LI J,TAN S,CHEN F,et al. Quantitatively analyze the impact of land use/land cover change on annual runoff decrease[J]. Natural Hazards,2014,74(2):1191-1207.
[20] FOHRER N,HAVERKAMP S,ECKHARDT K,et al. Hydrologic response to land use changes on the catchment scale[J].Physics&Chemistry of the Earth Part B Hydrology Oceans&Atmosphere,2001,26(7/8):577-582.
[21]孙传芝,邢世和.厦门市耕地土壤与地力评价[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2012.
[22] LUZIO M,SRINIVASAN R,ARNOLD J G.Integration of watershed tools and SWAT model into BASINS[J].Journal of American Water Resource Association,2002,38(4):1127-1141.
[23] SAHA P P,ZELEKE K. Rainfall-runoff modelling for sustainable water resources management:SWAT model review in Australia[M]//SETEGN S,DONOSO M. Sustainability of integrated water resources management. Springer International Publishing,2015:563-578.
[24] LEE M,PARK G,PARK M,et al.Evaluation of non-point source pollution reduction by applying best management practices using a SWAT model and QuickBird high resolution satellite imagery[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(6):826-833.
[25]白雪,马克明,杨柳,等.三江平原湿地保护区内外的生态功能差异[J].生态学报,2008,28(2):620-626.BAI Xue,MA Keming,YANG Liu,et al. Ecological function differences inside and outside the wetland nature reserves in Sanjiang Plain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(2):620-626.
[26] WILLIAMS J R,LASEUR W V.Water yield model using SCS curve numbers[J]. Journal of the Hydraulics Division,1976,102(9):1241-1253.
[27] MORIASI D N,ARNOLD J G,LIEW M W V,et al. Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J]. Transactions of the ASABE,2007,50(3):885-900.
[28] SANTHI C,ARNOLD J G,WILLIAMS J R,et al.Validation of the swat model on a large river basin with point and nonpoint sources[J].Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2010,37(5):1169-1188.
[29]李士美,谢高地,张彩霞,等.森林生态系统水源涵养服务流量过程研究[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(4):585-593.LI Shimei,XIE Gaodi,ZHANG Caixia,et al. Flow process of water conservation service of forest ecosystem[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(4):585-593.
[30]龚诗涵,肖洋,郑华,等.中国生态系统水源涵养空间特征及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2017,37(7):2455-2462.GONG Shihan,XIAO Yang,ZHENG Hua,et al. Spatial patterns of ecosystem water conservation in China and its impact factors analysis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(7):2455-2462.
[31]尹云鹤,吴绍洪,赵东升,等.过去30年气候变化对黄河源区水源涵养量的影响[J].地理研究,2016,35(1):49-57.YIN Yunhe,WU Shaohong,ZHAO Dongsheng,et al. Ecosystem water conservation changes in response to climate change in the Source Region of the Yellow River from 1981 to 2010[J].Geographical Research,2016,35(1):49-57.