生态承载力的评估方法与研究趋势展望（英文）
|
摘要
随着全球人地耦合关系的深入研究,生态承载力作为联系自然生态系统与人类系统的关键纽带逐渐成为生态学、资源、环境等领域的交叉研究热点和区域可持续发展研究的重要工具;但由于生态承载力受众多因素和不同时空条件制约,相关研究工作尚处于起步阶段,没有形成完整的理论体系;现阶段,国内外研究大多集中于生态承载力评估方法上并没有揭示生态承载力的内在驱动机制。本文在综述生态承载力演变发展与概念内涵的基础上,重点介绍生态足迹法、生态系统生产力消耗占用法与生态系统服务与消耗法三种针对于生态承载力的评估方法,并从生态承载力驱动机制、阈值界定、综合评价体系构建、多生态要素耦合动态模型建立等方面阐述生态承载力未来研究热点与发展方向,以期为未来生态承载力的研究提供借鉴。
With the intensive research into global coupling relationships,ecological carrying capacity(ECC),seen as the crucial link between natural ecosystems and human systems,has gradually become an important tool for interdisciplinary research in ecology,resources science and environmental science,as well as for research on regional sustainable development.However,ECC research remains immature and lacks a complete theoretical system,as a result of many limiting factors and different space-time conditions.At present,Chinese and foreign studies focus on methods to evaluate ECC while neglecting to identify the internal driving mechanisms of ECC.In this article,based on the development and conceptualization of ECC,we introduce three evaluation methods for ECC:ecological footprint(EF),human appropriation of net primary production(HANPP)and ecosystem services consumption(ESC).Furthermore,we illuminate research focuses and developmental directions for ECC with respect to driving mechanisms,threshold,comprehensive evaluation systems and coupling dynamic model of multi ecological factors,in order to provide a reference for future ECC research.
With the intensive research into global coupling relationships,ecological carrying capacity(ECC),seen as the crucial link between natural ecosystems and human systems,has gradually become an important tool for interdisciplinary research in ecology,resources science and environmental science,as well as for research on regional sustainable development.However,ECC research remains immature and lacks a complete theoretical system,as a result of many limiting factors and different space-time conditions.At present,Chinese and foreign studies focus on methods to evaluate ECC while neglecting to identify the internal driving mechanisms of ECC.In this article,based on the development and conceptualization of ECC,we introduce three evaluation methods for ECC:ecological footprint(EF),human appropriation of net primary production(HANPP)and ecosystem services consumption(ESC).Furthermore,we illuminate research focuses and developmental directions for ECC with respect to driving mechanisms,threshold,comprehensive evaluation systems and coupling dynamic model of multi ecological factors,in order to provide a reference for future ECC research.
引文
Arrow K,B Bolin,R Costanza,et al.1995.Economic growth,carrying capacity,and the environment.Science,268(5210):520-520.
Bailey J A,Z Gu,R A Clark,et al.2002.Recent segmental duplications in the human genome.Science,297(5583):1003-1007.
Brush S B.1975.The Concept of Carrying Capacity for Systems of Shifting Cultivation.American Anthropologist,77(4):799-811.
Chen B M.1991.An outine of the research method of the project the productivity and population carrying capacity of the and resource in China.Journal of Natural Resources,6(3):3-11.(in Chinese)
Cheng G D.2002.Evolution of the Concept of Carrying Capacity and the Analysis Framework of Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Northwest of China.Journal of Glaciolgy&Geocryology,24(4):361-367.(in Chinese)
Costanza R.2007.Sustainability or collapse?MIT Press in cooperation with Dahlem University Press.
Costanza R,R D Arge,R D Groot,et al.1998.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital.Ecological Economics,25(1):3-15.
Daily G C,P R Ehrlich.1992.Population,Sustainability,and Earth’s Carrying Capacity.Bioscience,42(10):761-771.
Den E M,T Fransen,H Rogner,et al.2013.The emissions gap report2013-A UNEP Synthesis Report.United Nations Environment Programme.
Dong W,X Zhang,T H Chi.2011.Index System and Evaluation Methods of Resources and Environment Carrying Capacity in Principal Function Area Division at Provincial Level.Journal of Geo-Information Science,13(2):177-183.(in Chinese)
Feng H Y,X Zhang,G Y Li,et al.2006.A system dynamics model and simulation for water resources carrying capacity in Beijing.Journal of China Agricultural University,11(6):106-110.(in Chinese)
Feng Z M.1994.The past,present and future of land carrying capacity research.China Land Science,8(3):1-9.(in Chinese)
Feng Z M,D W Liu.2006.A Study on Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Jingjinji Region.Journal of Natural Resources,21(5):689-699.(in Chinese)
Feng Z M,Y Z Yang,J Zhang.2008.The Land Carrying Capacity of China Based on Man-grain Relationship.Journal of Natural Resources,23(5):865-875.(in Chinese)
Feng Z M,Y Z Yang,H M Yan,et al.2017.A review of resources and environment carrying capacity research since the 20th Century:from theory to practice.Resources Science,39(3):379-395.(in Chinese)
Folke C,S Carpenter,B Walker,et al.2004.Regime Shifts,Resilience,and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management.Annual Review of Ecology Evolution&Systematics,35(1):557-581.
Gao J X.2001.Theory of Sustainable Development:Theory,Method and Application of Ecological Carrying Capacity.China Environmental Science Press.(in Chinese)
Garnett T,M C Appleby,A Balmford,et al.2013.Sustainable intensification in agriculture:premises and policies.Science,341(6141):33-34.
Ge L Q,S M Li,G D Xie,et al.2016.The population carrying capacity of waters ecosystem in China.Journal of Resources and Ecology,7(1):21-27.
Gerbens-Leenes P W,S Nonhebel.2002.Consumption patterns and their effects on land required for food.Ecological Economics,42(1-2):185-199.
Goldstein J H,G Caldarone,T K Duarte,et al.2012.Integrating ecosystem-service tradeoffs into land-use decisions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,109(19):7565-7570.
Haberl H,K H Erb,F Krausmann,et al.2007.Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth's terrestrial ecosystems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,104(31):129-142.
Holechek J,R D Pieper,C H Herbel.1989.Range Management,Principles and Practices.Journal of Wildlife Management,55(1):202-202.
Holling C S.1986.The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems:local surprise and global change.Sustainable Development of the Biosphere,292-317.
Hu S H,L J Zhang.2010.Analysis of the Ecological Carrying Capacity of the Tibet Nature Reserve Based on a Ecological Footprint Model:A Case Study of the Gongbu National Reserve.Resources Science,32(1):171-176.(in Chinese)
Hudak A T.1999.Rangeland Mismanagement in South Africa:Failure to Apply Ecological Knowledge.Hum Ecol,27(1):55-78.
Imhoff M L,L Bounoua.2006.Exploring global patterns of net primary production carbon supply and demand using satellite observations and statistical data.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,111(D22):5307-5314.
Imhoff M L,L Bounoua,T Ricketts,et al.2004.Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production.Nature,429(6994):870-873.
Jiao W J,Q W Min,S K Cheng,et al.2011.The emergy-based ecological footprint(EEF)of Traditional agricultural areas in China:A case study of Congjiang County,Guizhou Province.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2(1):56-65.
Kitzes J,A Galli,M Bagliani,et al.2009.A research agenda for improving national Ecological Footprint accounts.Ecological Economics,68(7):1991-2007.
Leemans H B J,Groot R S D.2003.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:Ecosystems and human well-being:a framework for assessment.Physics Teacher,34(9):534-534.
Liu Y W,R W He,Y L Zhao.2014.Dynamic analysis and forecast of ecological footprints and ecological capacity in Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture in Sichuan province.Ecology Science,92(6):1201-1207.(in Chinese)
Lu D D.2009.The Several Issues Regard to China's Regional Development Strategy and Approach.Economic Geography,29(1):2-7.(in Chinese)
Ma J,D X Wang,H L Lai,et al.2005.Water footprint-an application in water resources research.Resources Science,27(5):96-100.(in Chinese)
Maltus T R.1798.An Essay on the Principle of Population.London:St Paul’s Church-Yard.
Matsumoto H.2004.International urban systems and air passenger and cargo flows:some calculations.Journal of Air Transport Management,10(4):239-247.
Network G F.2010.Living Planet Report 2010.WWF International,Switzerland.
Park R E,E W Burgess.1921.Introduction to the Science of Sociology.University of Chicago Press.
Programme U N E.2012a.UNEP Year Book 2012:Emerging Issues in Our Global Environment.United Nations Environment Programme.
Programme U N E.2012b.UNEP 2011 Annual Report.Environmental Policy Collection.
Qi L H,J X Zhou,X D Zhang,et al.2007.Evaluation of the land oading capacity in hilly and mountainous regions in the upper reaches of The yangtze basin--the case of Yibin city in Sichuan province.Resources&Environment in the Yangtze Basin,16(2):169-174.(in Chinese)
Qin X H.2015.Eco-Sensitivity assessment and protection policy in a complex geomorphic region in China,Journal of Resources and Ecology,6(1):44-51.
Rockstr?m J,W Steffen,K Noone,et al.2009a.Planetary boundaries:exploring the safe operating space for humanity.Ecol Soc,14(2):292-292.
Rockstr?m J,W Steffen,K Noone,et al.2009b.A safe operating space for humanity.Nature,461(7263):472-475.
Running S W.2012.A measurable planetary boundary for the biosphere.Science,337(6101):1458-1459.
Satterthwaite D,G Mcgranahan,C Tacoli,et al.2010.Urbanization and its implications for food and farming.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,365(1554):2809-2820.
Scheffer M,S Carpenter,J A Foley,et al.2001.Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems.Nature,413(6856):591-596.
Scoones I.1993.Economic and ecological carrying capacity:applications to pastoral systems in Zimbabwe.Economics and Ecology,96-117.
Shen M H.2008.Ecological Economics.China Environmental Science Press.
Shen W S.2010.Study on Regional Ecological Carrying Capacity and Ecological Security.China Environmental Science Press.
Smaal A C,T C Prins,N Dankers,et al.1997.Minimum requirements for modelling bivalve carrying capacity.Aquatic Ecology,31(4):423-428.
UNEP.2012.21 Issues for the 21st Century:Result of the UNEP Foresight Process on Emerging Environmental Issues.Nairobi Kenya Unep.
USA,Department of Economic and Social Affairs.2014.System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012.World Bank Publications.
Verhulst P F.1838.Notice sur la loi que la population suit dans son accroissement.Correspondance Mathematique et Physique Publiee par A Quetelet,Brussels,10(10):113-121.
Wackernagel,Mathis.1996.Our Ecological Footprint:Reducing Human Impact on the Earth.New Society Publishers,1(3):171-174.
Wackernagel M,N B Schulz,D Deumling,et al.2002.Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,99(14):9266-9271.
Wang J,X Yao,L I Jing,et al.2000.Assessment for Ecological Carrying Capacity of Heihe River Basin.Research of Environmentalences,13(2):44-48.(in Chinese)
Wang K,C Zou,Z Kong et al.2005.Ecological carrying capacity and Chongming Island’s ecological construction.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,16(12):2447-2453.(in Chinese)
Wang K Y.2007.Compound Model System and Application of Ecological Carrying Capacity.Science Press.(in Chinese)
Wang M Q,J D Wang,J S Liu.2009.Evolution of ecological carrying capacity of western Jilin Province via set pair analysis and principal component analysis.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,17(4):795-799.(in Chinese)
Wang S H,M H Ying.Design and evaluation on the indicator system of land comprehensive carrying capacity.Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(3):248-254.(in Chinese)
Wang Z G,J Xia.1999.Quantitative Analysis on Bearing Capacity of Ecological Environment.Journal of Changjiang Vocational University,16(4):9-12.(in Chinese)
Wen M X,S L Liu,B S Cui.2007.Research on spatiotemporal change of ecological capacity and driving forces in the LRGR.Science Bulletin,52(2):74-81.
West J,H Schandl,S Heyenga,et al.2013.Resource efficiency in China:Economics and Prospect.United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP).(in Chinese)
WWF W.2014.Living Planet Report.WWF International.
Xiang X,T Pan,S H Wu,et al.2016.Assessment and prediction of ecological carrying capacity for the Northern Slope Economic Belt of Tianshan Mountains.Geographical Research,35(5):875-884.(in Chinese)
Xiao X,Q Zhang,S Saleska,et al.2005.Satellite-based modeling of gross primary production in a seasonally moist tropical evergreen forest.Remote Sensing of Environment,94(1):105-122.
Xiong J X,D L Chen,B F Peng,et al.2014.Spatio-temporal Difference of Coupling Coordinative Degree of Ecological Carrying Capacity in the Dongting Lake Region.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34(9):1108-1116.(in Chinese)
Xu L F,X Yang,K Wang et al.2006.Research progress in ecological carrying capacity.Ecology&Environment,15(5):1111-1116.
Xu Y,Z W He.2014.The study on balance of supply and demand of ecological capital of grassland in Shenzha county of Tibet based on RSand GIS.Wutan Huatan Jisuan Jishu,36(3):375-379.
Xu Y Q.2007.Evaluation of Ecological Carrying Capacity based on Ecological Footprint Model in Beijing.Resources Science,29(5):37-42.(in Chinese)
Xun B.2012.Evaluating Carrying Capacity of Urban Ecosystem in ARapidly Urbanizing Area:Case of Shenzhen.Journal of Beijing Normal University,48(1):74-80.(in Chinese)
Yang Z F,M R Su,B Zhang,et al.2010.Limiting factor analysis and regulation for urban ecosystems-A case study of Ningbo,China.Communications in Nonlinear Science&Numerical Simulation,15(9):2701-2709.
Yang Z F,X Sui.2005.Assessment of the ecological carrying capacity based on the ecosystem health.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,25(5):586-594.(in Chinese)
Yu K P.2005.Scientific Outlook on Development and Ecological Civilization.Marx Doctrine and Reality,(4):4-5.(in Chinese)
Yue D,D U Jun,J Liu,et al.2011.Spatio-temporal analysis of ecological carrying capacity in Jinghe Watershed based on Remote Sensing and Transfer Matrix.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(9):2550-2558.(in Chinese)
Zhang C G,T Liu.2003.Driving Mechanism and Modes of Ecological-Economic-Social Capacity in Oasis Systems.Economic Geography,23(1):83-87.(in Chinese)
Zhang K Y,S X Fu,W B Zhang.2011.Ecological Carrying Capacity of 31Provinces Based on Improved Ecological Footprint Model.Scientia Geographica Sinica,31(9):1084-1089.(in Chinese)
Zhen L,X L Liu,Y J Wei.2008.Consumption of Ecosystem Services:Models,Measurement and Management Framework.Resources Science,30(1):100-106.(in Chinese)
Zhou Y H,H M Zhu,Y P Zhang,et al.2011.Land resources synthetic carrying capacity in Changsha city:A systematic dynamics perspective.
Journal of Hunan Agricultural University,12(3):23-28.(in Chinese)
Bailey J A,Z Gu,R A Clark,et al.2002.Recent segmental duplications in the human genome.Science,297(5583):1003-1007.
Brush S B.1975.The Concept of Carrying Capacity for Systems of Shifting Cultivation.American Anthropologist,77(4):799-811.
Chen B M.1991.An outine of the research method of the project the productivity and population carrying capacity of the and resource in China.Journal of Natural Resources,6(3):3-11.(in Chinese)
Cheng G D.2002.Evolution of the Concept of Carrying Capacity and the Analysis Framework of Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Northwest of China.Journal of Glaciolgy&Geocryology,24(4):361-367.(in Chinese)
Costanza R.2007.Sustainability or collapse?MIT Press in cooperation with Dahlem University Press.
Costanza R,R D Arge,R D Groot,et al.1998.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital.Ecological Economics,25(1):3-15.
Daily G C,P R Ehrlich.1992.Population,Sustainability,and Earth’s Carrying Capacity.Bioscience,42(10):761-771.
Den E M,T Fransen,H Rogner,et al.2013.The emissions gap report2013-A UNEP Synthesis Report.United Nations Environment Programme.
Dong W,X Zhang,T H Chi.2011.Index System and Evaluation Methods of Resources and Environment Carrying Capacity in Principal Function Area Division at Provincial Level.Journal of Geo-Information Science,13(2):177-183.(in Chinese)
Feng H Y,X Zhang,G Y Li,et al.2006.A system dynamics model and simulation for water resources carrying capacity in Beijing.Journal of China Agricultural University,11(6):106-110.(in Chinese)
Feng Z M.1994.The past,present and future of land carrying capacity research.China Land Science,8(3):1-9.(in Chinese)
Feng Z M,D W Liu.2006.A Study on Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Jingjinji Region.Journal of Natural Resources,21(5):689-699.(in Chinese)
Feng Z M,Y Z Yang,J Zhang.2008.The Land Carrying Capacity of China Based on Man-grain Relationship.Journal of Natural Resources,23(5):865-875.(in Chinese)
Feng Z M,Y Z Yang,H M Yan,et al.2017.A review of resources and environment carrying capacity research since the 20th Century:from theory to practice.Resources Science,39(3):379-395.(in Chinese)
Folke C,S Carpenter,B Walker,et al.2004.Regime Shifts,Resilience,and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management.Annual Review of Ecology Evolution&Systematics,35(1):557-581.
Gao J X.2001.Theory of Sustainable Development:Theory,Method and Application of Ecological Carrying Capacity.China Environmental Science Press.(in Chinese)
Garnett T,M C Appleby,A Balmford,et al.2013.Sustainable intensification in agriculture:premises and policies.Science,341(6141):33-34.
Ge L Q,S M Li,G D Xie,et al.2016.The population carrying capacity of waters ecosystem in China.Journal of Resources and Ecology,7(1):21-27.
Gerbens-Leenes P W,S Nonhebel.2002.Consumption patterns and their effects on land required for food.Ecological Economics,42(1-2):185-199.
Goldstein J H,G Caldarone,T K Duarte,et al.2012.Integrating ecosystem-service tradeoffs into land-use decisions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,109(19):7565-7570.
Haberl H,K H Erb,F Krausmann,et al.2007.Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth's terrestrial ecosystems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,104(31):129-142.
Holechek J,R D Pieper,C H Herbel.1989.Range Management,Principles and Practices.Journal of Wildlife Management,55(1):202-202.
Holling C S.1986.The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems:local surprise and global change.Sustainable Development of the Biosphere,292-317.
Hu S H,L J Zhang.2010.Analysis of the Ecological Carrying Capacity of the Tibet Nature Reserve Based on a Ecological Footprint Model:A Case Study of the Gongbu National Reserve.Resources Science,32(1):171-176.(in Chinese)
Hudak A T.1999.Rangeland Mismanagement in South Africa:Failure to Apply Ecological Knowledge.Hum Ecol,27(1):55-78.
Imhoff M L,L Bounoua.2006.Exploring global patterns of net primary production carbon supply and demand using satellite observations and statistical data.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,111(D22):5307-5314.
Imhoff M L,L Bounoua,T Ricketts,et al.2004.Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production.Nature,429(6994):870-873.
Jiao W J,Q W Min,S K Cheng,et al.2011.The emergy-based ecological footprint(EEF)of Traditional agricultural areas in China:A case study of Congjiang County,Guizhou Province.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2(1):56-65.
Kitzes J,A Galli,M Bagliani,et al.2009.A research agenda for improving national Ecological Footprint accounts.Ecological Economics,68(7):1991-2007.
Leemans H B J,Groot R S D.2003.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:Ecosystems and human well-being:a framework for assessment.Physics Teacher,34(9):534-534.
Liu Y W,R W He,Y L Zhao.2014.Dynamic analysis and forecast of ecological footprints and ecological capacity in Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture in Sichuan province.Ecology Science,92(6):1201-1207.(in Chinese)
Lu D D.2009.The Several Issues Regard to China's Regional Development Strategy and Approach.Economic Geography,29(1):2-7.(in Chinese)
Ma J,D X Wang,H L Lai,et al.2005.Water footprint-an application in water resources research.Resources Science,27(5):96-100.(in Chinese)
Maltus T R.1798.An Essay on the Principle of Population.London:St Paul’s Church-Yard.
Matsumoto H.2004.International urban systems and air passenger and cargo flows:some calculations.Journal of Air Transport Management,10(4):239-247.
Network G F.2010.Living Planet Report 2010.WWF International,Switzerland.
Park R E,E W Burgess.1921.Introduction to the Science of Sociology.University of Chicago Press.
Programme U N E.2012a.UNEP Year Book 2012:Emerging Issues in Our Global Environment.United Nations Environment Programme.
Programme U N E.2012b.UNEP 2011 Annual Report.Environmental Policy Collection.
Qi L H,J X Zhou,X D Zhang,et al.2007.Evaluation of the land oading capacity in hilly and mountainous regions in the upper reaches of The yangtze basin--the case of Yibin city in Sichuan province.Resources&Environment in the Yangtze Basin,16(2):169-174.(in Chinese)
Qin X H.2015.Eco-Sensitivity assessment and protection policy in a complex geomorphic region in China,Journal of Resources and Ecology,6(1):44-51.
Rockstr?m J,W Steffen,K Noone,et al.2009a.Planetary boundaries:exploring the safe operating space for humanity.Ecol Soc,14(2):292-292.
Rockstr?m J,W Steffen,K Noone,et al.2009b.A safe operating space for humanity.Nature,461(7263):472-475.
Running S W.2012.A measurable planetary boundary for the biosphere.Science,337(6101):1458-1459.
Satterthwaite D,G Mcgranahan,C Tacoli,et al.2010.Urbanization and its implications for food and farming.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,365(1554):2809-2820.
Scheffer M,S Carpenter,J A Foley,et al.2001.Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems.Nature,413(6856):591-596.
Scoones I.1993.Economic and ecological carrying capacity:applications to pastoral systems in Zimbabwe.Economics and Ecology,96-117.
Shen M H.2008.Ecological Economics.China Environmental Science Press.
Shen W S.2010.Study on Regional Ecological Carrying Capacity and Ecological Security.China Environmental Science Press.
Smaal A C,T C Prins,N Dankers,et al.1997.Minimum requirements for modelling bivalve carrying capacity.Aquatic Ecology,31(4):423-428.
UNEP.2012.21 Issues for the 21st Century:Result of the UNEP Foresight Process on Emerging Environmental Issues.Nairobi Kenya Unep.
USA,Department of Economic and Social Affairs.2014.System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012.World Bank Publications.
Verhulst P F.1838.Notice sur la loi que la population suit dans son accroissement.Correspondance Mathematique et Physique Publiee par A Quetelet,Brussels,10(10):113-121.
Wackernagel,Mathis.1996.Our Ecological Footprint:Reducing Human Impact on the Earth.New Society Publishers,1(3):171-174.
Wackernagel M,N B Schulz,D Deumling,et al.2002.Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,99(14):9266-9271.
Wang J,X Yao,L I Jing,et al.2000.Assessment for Ecological Carrying Capacity of Heihe River Basin.Research of Environmentalences,13(2):44-48.(in Chinese)
Wang K,C Zou,Z Kong et al.2005.Ecological carrying capacity and Chongming Island’s ecological construction.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,16(12):2447-2453.(in Chinese)
Wang K Y.2007.Compound Model System and Application of Ecological Carrying Capacity.Science Press.(in Chinese)
Wang M Q,J D Wang,J S Liu.2009.Evolution of ecological carrying capacity of western Jilin Province via set pair analysis and principal component analysis.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,17(4):795-799.(in Chinese)
Wang S H,M H Ying.Design and evaluation on the indicator system of land comprehensive carrying capacity.Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(3):248-254.(in Chinese)
Wang Z G,J Xia.1999.Quantitative Analysis on Bearing Capacity of Ecological Environment.Journal of Changjiang Vocational University,16(4):9-12.(in Chinese)
Wen M X,S L Liu,B S Cui.2007.Research on spatiotemporal change of ecological capacity and driving forces in the LRGR.Science Bulletin,52(2):74-81.
West J,H Schandl,S Heyenga,et al.2013.Resource efficiency in China:Economics and Prospect.United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP).(in Chinese)
WWF W.2014.Living Planet Report.WWF International.
Xiang X,T Pan,S H Wu,et al.2016.Assessment and prediction of ecological carrying capacity for the Northern Slope Economic Belt of Tianshan Mountains.Geographical Research,35(5):875-884.(in Chinese)
Xiao X,Q Zhang,S Saleska,et al.2005.Satellite-based modeling of gross primary production in a seasonally moist tropical evergreen forest.Remote Sensing of Environment,94(1):105-122.
Xiong J X,D L Chen,B F Peng,et al.2014.Spatio-temporal Difference of Coupling Coordinative Degree of Ecological Carrying Capacity in the Dongting Lake Region.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34(9):1108-1116.(in Chinese)
Xu L F,X Yang,K Wang et al.2006.Research progress in ecological carrying capacity.Ecology&Environment,15(5):1111-1116.
Xu Y,Z W He.2014.The study on balance of supply and demand of ecological capital of grassland in Shenzha county of Tibet based on RSand GIS.Wutan Huatan Jisuan Jishu,36(3):375-379.
Xu Y Q.2007.Evaluation of Ecological Carrying Capacity based on Ecological Footprint Model in Beijing.Resources Science,29(5):37-42.(in Chinese)
Xun B.2012.Evaluating Carrying Capacity of Urban Ecosystem in ARapidly Urbanizing Area:Case of Shenzhen.Journal of Beijing Normal University,48(1):74-80.(in Chinese)
Yang Z F,M R Su,B Zhang,et al.2010.Limiting factor analysis and regulation for urban ecosystems-A case study of Ningbo,China.Communications in Nonlinear Science&Numerical Simulation,15(9):2701-2709.
Yang Z F,X Sui.2005.Assessment of the ecological carrying capacity based on the ecosystem health.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,25(5):586-594.(in Chinese)
Yu K P.2005.Scientific Outlook on Development and Ecological Civilization.Marx Doctrine and Reality,(4):4-5.(in Chinese)
Yue D,D U Jun,J Liu,et al.2011.Spatio-temporal analysis of ecological carrying capacity in Jinghe Watershed based on Remote Sensing and Transfer Matrix.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(9):2550-2558.(in Chinese)
Zhang C G,T Liu.2003.Driving Mechanism and Modes of Ecological-Economic-Social Capacity in Oasis Systems.Economic Geography,23(1):83-87.(in Chinese)
Zhang K Y,S X Fu,W B Zhang.2011.Ecological Carrying Capacity of 31Provinces Based on Improved Ecological Footprint Model.Scientia Geographica Sinica,31(9):1084-1089.(in Chinese)
Zhen L,X L Liu,Y J Wei.2008.Consumption of Ecosystem Services:Models,Measurement and Management Framework.Resources Science,30(1):100-106.(in Chinese)
Zhou Y H,H M Zhu,Y P Zhang,et al.2011.Land resources synthetic carrying capacity in Changsha city:A systematic dynamics perspective.
Journal of Hunan Agricultural University,12(3):23-28.(in Chinese)