规模养猪场户清洁生产认知与行为的影响因素及其作用机理——基于山东省509家规模养猪场户的调查数据
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摘要
生猪养殖是重要的环境污染源,规模养猪场户实施清洁生产行为是防治生猪养殖污染的重要途径。为从根本上降低生猪养殖污染,避免废弃物末端治理带来的弊端,实现环境效益与经济效益相统一。依据计划行为理论,利用山东省17地市509份问卷调查数据,运用结构方程模型,实证研究了规模养猪场户清洁生产认知与行为的影响因素及其作用机理。结果表明,由如何看待清洁生产和对生猪养殖污染熟悉度组成的规模养猪场户清洁生产态度,以及由年龄、受教育年限和生猪养殖出栏量组成的规模养猪场户禀赋特征对清洁生产认知具有显著的正向影响;由政府对清洁生产支持力度和经营组织对清洁生产的要求组成的外部规范对清洁生产认知有正向影响,但并不显著;规模养猪场户清洁生产认知对源头预防行为、过程控制行为和末端治理行为有显著的正向影响;规模养猪场户清洁生产态度、禀赋特征及外部规范约束对清洁生产行为有间接影响。其作用机理为:规模养猪场户清洁生产行为受制于认知程度,而认知程度又是行为主体态度、外部规范和主体自身禀赋特征共同作用的结果,而三者产生的作用条件又归因于外界环境(政府机构、经营组织、上下游企业等)与行为主体间的不断沟通。可见,规模养猪场户清洁生产行为作用机理并非单个因素间简单的线性作用,而是全产业链参与者与其所处环境间相互作用的结果。因此,应当根据认知与行为的影响因素和作用机理,提高规模养猪场户对清洁生产的积极态度,加强外部规范性,强化主体自身良好的禀赋,通过较高的认知水平正向作用于行为的形成和完善,并最终从根本上降低生猪养殖污染,实现经济效益与环境效益相统一。
Pig breeding is a key source of environmental pollution. The clean production of large-scale pig farm is critical for preventing pollution by pig breeding. Based on the theory of planned behavior, using data derived from 509 questionnaires of a survey in17 cities, Shandong Province, structural equation model was used to empirically analyze the driving factors and their action mechanisms of cognition and behavior of clean production in large-scale pig farms. The results showed that the attitude of large-scale pig farmers to clean production and characteristics of pig farm households had significantly positive impact on cleaner production perception. The former was mainly driven by understanding of clean production and familiarity with pig breeding pollution, and latter included age, years of schooling and slaughter fattened hogs number of farmers. External regulations consisting of government support and requirements of cooperative organizations had positive but no significant impact on cleaner production perception. The cognition of clean production in large-scale pig farms had significant positive impact on source prevention, process control and terminal governance behaviors. Clean production attitude, endowment characteristics and external regulation had indirect impact on cleaner production behavior of farmers. The action mechanism was as follows: clean production behavior of large-scale pig farmers was subject to the degree of cognition, which was the result of interaction of behavioral subject attitudes, external regulations and subject endowment characteristics. This was attributed to continuous communication between the external environment(government, operating organizations, upstream and downstream enterprises, etc.) and the behavioral agent. It was noted that clean production behavior mechanism of large-scale pig farmers was not a simple linear effect between individual factors, but the result of interaction among the participants of the whole industrial chain and the environment. Therefore, based on the driving factors and mechanism of cognition and behavior, improving positive attitude of large-scale pig farmers towards cleaner production, strengthening external regulations and reinforcing subject endowment had positive influence on degree of cognition. Acting on formation and improvement of behavior and ultimately reducing pollution of pig breeding led to achievable economic and environmental benefits.
Pig breeding is a key source of environmental pollution. The clean production of large-scale pig farm is critical for preventing pollution by pig breeding. Based on the theory of planned behavior, using data derived from 509 questionnaires of a survey in17 cities, Shandong Province, structural equation model was used to empirically analyze the driving factors and their action mechanisms of cognition and behavior of clean production in large-scale pig farms. The results showed that the attitude of large-scale pig farmers to clean production and characteristics of pig farm households had significantly positive impact on cleaner production perception. The former was mainly driven by understanding of clean production and familiarity with pig breeding pollution, and latter included age, years of schooling and slaughter fattened hogs number of farmers. External regulations consisting of government support and requirements of cooperative organizations had positive but no significant impact on cleaner production perception. The cognition of clean production in large-scale pig farms had significant positive impact on source prevention, process control and terminal governance behaviors. Clean production attitude, endowment characteristics and external regulation had indirect impact on cleaner production behavior of farmers. The action mechanism was as follows: clean production behavior of large-scale pig farmers was subject to the degree of cognition, which was the result of interaction of behavioral subject attitudes, external regulations and subject endowment characteristics. This was attributed to continuous communication between the external environment(government, operating organizations, upstream and downstream enterprises, etc.) and the behavioral agent. It was noted that clean production behavior mechanism of large-scale pig farmers was not a simple linear effect between individual factors, but the result of interaction among the participants of the whole industrial chain and the environment. Therefore, based on the driving factors and mechanism of cognition and behavior, improving positive attitude of large-scale pig farmers towards cleaner production, strengthening external regulations and reinforcing subject endowment had positive influence on degree of cognition. Acting on formation and improvement of behavior and ultimately reducing pollution of pig breeding led to achievable economic and environmental benefits.
引文
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[14]虞祎,张晖,胡浩.排污补贴视角下的养殖户环保投资影响因素研究--基于沪、苏、浙生猪养殖户的调查分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(2):159-163YU Y,ZHANG H,HU H.Study on the factors affecting breeding farmers’environmental investment in the perspective of pollution subsidies:Based on the survey of farmers from Shanghai,Jiangsu and Zhejiang[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2012,22(2):159-163
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[17]杨惠芳.生猪面源污染现状及防治对策研究--以浙江省嘉兴市为例[J].农业经济问题,2013,(7):25-29YANG H F.Current status and countermeasures of pigs non-point source pollution:Case of Jiaxing[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2013,(7):25-29
[18]邬兰娅,齐振宏,张董敏,等.养猪业环境外部性内部化的治理对策研究--以死猪漂浮事件为例[J].农业现代化研究,2013,34(6):694-697WU L Y,QI Z H,ZHANG D M.Countermeasures for internalization of environmental externalities in pig-raising industry-A case of floating dead pigs[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2013,34(6):694-697
[19]吴林海,许国艳,杨乐.环境污染治理成本内部化条件下的适度生猪养殖规模的研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(7):113-119WU L H,XU G Y,YANG L.Optimum-scale of pig farming:Aperspective of internalizing the cost of environmental pollution control[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(7):113-119
[20]乔娟,舒畅.养殖场户病死猪处理的实证研究:无害化处理和方式选择[J].中国农业大学学报,2017,22(3):179-187QIAO J,SHU C.Empirical research on dead pig disposing in farm:Harmless treatment and method selection[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2017,22(3):179-187
[21]AJZEN I.The theory of planned behavior[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1991,50(2):179-211
[22]丹尼尔·卡尼曼,保罗·斯洛维奇,阿莫斯·特沃斯基.不确定状况下的判断:启发式和偏差[M].方文,吴新利,张擘,等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2013:3-20KAHNEMAN D,SLOVIC P,TVERSKY A.Judgment Under Uncertainty:Heuristics and Biases[M].FANG W,WU X L,ZHANG B,et al,trans.Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2013:3-20
[23]刘雪芬,杨志海,王雅鹏.畜禽养殖户生态认知及行为决策研究--基于山东、安徽等6省养殖户的实地调研[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(10):169-176LIU X F,YANG Z H,WANG Y P.Ecological cognition and behavior decision of poultry farmers:Based on field research of farmers in six provinces such as Shandong and Anhui[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(10):169-176
[24]赵丽平,邱雯,王雅鹏,等.农户生态养殖认知及其行为的不一致性分析--以水禽养殖户为例[J].华中农业大学学报:社会科学版,2015,(6):44-50ZHAO L P,QIU W,WANG Y P,et al.Inconsistency of cognition of farmer’s ecological farming and their behaviorsTaking waterfowl farmers for example[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University:Social Sciences Edition,2015,(6):44-50
[25]潘丹,孔凡斌.养殖户环境友好型畜禽粪便处理方式选择行为分析--以生猪养殖为例[J].中国农村经济,2015,(9):17-29PAN D,KONG F B.Analysis on the behavior choice of environmentally friendly livestock and poultry manure treatment methods in farmers-Taking pig breeding as an example[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2015,(9):17-29
[2]NORSE D,JU X T.Environmental costs of China’s food security[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2015,209:5-14
[3]TABASSUM-ABBASI,ABBASI T,ABBASI S A.Reducing the global environmental impact of livestock production:The minilivestock option[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112:1754-1766
[4]VU T K V,TRAN M T,DANG T T S.A survey of manure management on pig farms in northern Vietnam[J].Livestock Science,2007,112(3):288-297
[5]DOURMAD J Y,JONDREVILLE C.Impact of nutrition on nitrogen,phosphorus,Cu and Zn in pig manure,and on emissions of ammonia and odours[J].Livestock Science,2007,112(3):192-198
[6]SNEERINGER S,KEY N.Effects of CAFO regulations on livestock producers’behaviors[C]//Agricultural&Applied Economics Association’s 2013 AAEA&CAES Joint Annual Meeting.Washington,DC:Agricultural&Applied Economics Association,2013
[7]ZULFIQAR F,THAPA G B.Determinants and intensity of adoption of“better cotton”as an innovative cleaner production alternative[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,172:3468-3478
[8]COLE D,TODD L,WING S.Concentrated swine feeding operations and public health:A review of occupational and community health effects[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2000,108(8):685-699
[9]CAMPAGNOLO E R,JOHNSON K R,KARPATI A,et al.Antimicrobial residues in animal waste and water resources proximal to large-scale swine and poultry feeding operations[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,299(1/3):89-95
[10]LIENHOOP N,BROUWER R.Agri-environmental policy valuation:Farmers’contract design preferences for afforestation schemes[J].Land Use Policy,2015,42:568-577
[11]应瑞瑶,薛荦绮,周力.基于垂直协作视角的农户清洁生产关键点研究--以生猪养殖业为例[J].资源科学,2014,36(3):612-619YING R Y,XUE L Q,ZHOU L.Critical clean production behavior of pig farmers based on vertical coordination angle[J].Resources Science,2014,36(3):612-619
[12]吴秀敏.养猪户采用安全兽药的意愿及其影响因素--基于四川省养猪户的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2007,(9):17-24WU X M.The willingness of pig farmers to adopt safe veterinary drugs and its influencing factors-An empirical analysis based on pig farmers in Sichuan Province[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2007,(9):17-24
[13]吴林海,谢旭燕.生猪养殖户认知特征与兽药使用行为的相关性研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(2):160-169WU L H,XIE X Y.A study about the interrelation between pig farmers’cognitive characteristics and behaviors on veterinary drugs use[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(2):160-169
[14]虞祎,张晖,胡浩.排污补贴视角下的养殖户环保投资影响因素研究--基于沪、苏、浙生猪养殖户的调查分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(2):159-163YU Y,ZHANG H,HU H.Study on the factors affecting breeding farmers’environmental investment in the perspective of pollution subsidies:Based on the survey of farmers from Shanghai,Jiangsu and Zhejiang[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2012,22(2):159-163
[15]胡浩,张晖,黄士新.规模养殖户健康养殖行为研究--以上海市为例[J].农业经济问题,2009,(8):25-31HU H,ZHANG H,HUANG S X.An analysis on the scale breeding farmers’healthy breeding behavior:A case study in Shanghai City[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2009,(8):25-31
[16]虞祎,张晖,胡浩.环境规制对中国生猪生产布局的影响分析[J].中国农村经济,2011,(8):81-88YU Y,ZHANG H,HU H.Analysis of the influence of environmental regulation on the distribution of Chinese pig production[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2011,(8):81-88
[17]杨惠芳.生猪面源污染现状及防治对策研究--以浙江省嘉兴市为例[J].农业经济问题,2013,(7):25-29YANG H F.Current status and countermeasures of pigs non-point source pollution:Case of Jiaxing[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2013,(7):25-29
[18]邬兰娅,齐振宏,张董敏,等.养猪业环境外部性内部化的治理对策研究--以死猪漂浮事件为例[J].农业现代化研究,2013,34(6):694-697WU L Y,QI Z H,ZHANG D M.Countermeasures for internalization of environmental externalities in pig-raising industry-A case of floating dead pigs[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2013,34(6):694-697
[19]吴林海,许国艳,杨乐.环境污染治理成本内部化条件下的适度生猪养殖规模的研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(7):113-119WU L H,XU G Y,YANG L.Optimum-scale of pig farming:Aperspective of internalizing the cost of environmental pollution control[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(7):113-119
[20]乔娟,舒畅.养殖场户病死猪处理的实证研究:无害化处理和方式选择[J].中国农业大学学报,2017,22(3):179-187QIAO J,SHU C.Empirical research on dead pig disposing in farm:Harmless treatment and method selection[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2017,22(3):179-187
[21]AJZEN I.The theory of planned behavior[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1991,50(2):179-211
[22]丹尼尔·卡尼曼,保罗·斯洛维奇,阿莫斯·特沃斯基.不确定状况下的判断:启发式和偏差[M].方文,吴新利,张擘,等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2013:3-20KAHNEMAN D,SLOVIC P,TVERSKY A.Judgment Under Uncertainty:Heuristics and Biases[M].FANG W,WU X L,ZHANG B,et al,trans.Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2013:3-20
[23]刘雪芬,杨志海,王雅鹏.畜禽养殖户生态认知及行为决策研究--基于山东、安徽等6省养殖户的实地调研[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(10):169-176LIU X F,YANG Z H,WANG Y P.Ecological cognition and behavior decision of poultry farmers:Based on field research of farmers in six provinces such as Shandong and Anhui[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(10):169-176
[24]赵丽平,邱雯,王雅鹏,等.农户生态养殖认知及其行为的不一致性分析--以水禽养殖户为例[J].华中农业大学学报:社会科学版,2015,(6):44-50ZHAO L P,QIU W,WANG Y P,et al.Inconsistency of cognition of farmer’s ecological farming and their behaviorsTaking waterfowl farmers for example[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University:Social Sciences Edition,2015,(6):44-50
[25]潘丹,孔凡斌.养殖户环境友好型畜禽粪便处理方式选择行为分析--以生猪养殖为例[J].中国农村经济,2015,(9):17-29PAN D,KONG F B.Analysis on the behavior choice of environmentally friendly livestock and poultry manure treatment methods in farmers-Taking pig breeding as an example[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2015,(9):17-29