生成词库理论研究述评
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摘要
生成词库理论建立并发展了一套词义结构描写体系和语义组合机制,以此解释词义在不同语境下的创造性和动态性用法。本文对该理论进行回顾;介绍关于它的多层面研究;指出目前存在的一些问题,如对于语言现象解释力的不完全充分性,依赖句子平面而忽略语境背景等;并提出未来的三个研究方向:一是结合句法、语义和语用多维度地解释语言变异现象;二是与其他语义知识资源结合推动自然语言处理;三是在汉语方面可以继续深化研究课题,并建立名词语义知识库。
A semantic structure description system and a semantic compositional mechanism are established in the generative lexicon theory to explain the creative and dynamic usage of word meaning in different contexts. This paper reviews the multifaceted research and points out the existing problems,e. g.,the incomplete adequacy of explanation,reliance on sentence plane and ignorance of contextual background,etc. Three research directions are suggested in this paper: explaining language variation with multidimensional perspective of syntax,semantics and pragmatics; promoting natural language processing with other semantic knowledge resources; and deepening the research in Chinese and setting up the semantic knowledge base of nouns.
A semantic structure description system and a semantic compositional mechanism are established in the generative lexicon theory to explain the creative and dynamic usage of word meaning in different contexts. This paper reviews the multifaceted research and points out the existing problems,e. g.,the incomplete adequacy of explanation,reliance on sentence plane and ignorance of contextual background,etc. Three research directions are suggested in this paper: explaining language variation with multidimensional perspective of syntax,semantics and pragmatics; promoting natural language processing with other semantic knowledge resources; and deepening the research in Chinese and setting up the semantic knowledge base of nouns.
引文
[1]Asher,Nicholas&Alex Lascarides.Metaphor in discourse[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[2]Asher,Nicholas&James Pustejovsky.A type composition logic for generative lexicon[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[3]Bassac,C.&P.Bouillon.The telic relationship in compounds[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[4]Bergler,Sabine.Metonymy and metaphor:boundary cases and the role of a generative lexicon[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[5]Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.Qualia and the structuring of verb meaning[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[6]Busa,F.,Calzolari,N.&A.Lenci.Generative lexicon and the SIMPLE model:developing semantic resources for NLP[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[7]Copestake,Ann.The semi-generative lexicon:limits on productivity[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[8]Copestake,Ann&Ted Briscoe.Lexical operations in a unification based framework[C]//Pustejovsky,J.&S.Bergler.Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation.Proceedings of the First SIGLEX Workshop.Berkeley,CA,Springer-Verlag,Berlin,1992.101-119.
[9]Copestake,Ann&Ted Briscoe.Semi-productive polysemy and sense extension[J].Journal of Semantics,1995,(12):15-67.
[10]Climent,S.Individuation by partitive constructions in Spanish[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[11]Drakovi,I.,Pustejovsky,J.&R.Schreuder.Adjective-noun combinations and the generative lexicon[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[12]Fodor,Jerry A.&Ernie Lepore.The emptiness of the lexicon:reflections on James Pustejovsky’s“The Generative Lexicon”[J].Linguistic Inquiry,1998,29(2):269-288.
[13]Geeraerts,Dirk.Theories of Lexical Semantics[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2010.
[14]Gordard,D.&J.Jayez.Towards a proper treatment of coercion phenomena[C]//Proceedings of the 6th Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL.Utrecht:OTS Utrecht,1993.168-177.
[15]Huang,Chu-Ren&K.Ahrens.Individuals,kinds and events:classifier coercion of nouns[J].Language Sciences,2003,(25):353-373.
[16]Im,Seohyun&Chungmin Lee.Type construction of nouns with the verb ha-“do”[C]//Language,Information,and Computation:Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference,2002.103-112.
[17]Jayez,Jacques.Underspecification,context selection,and generativity[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[18]Johnston,M.&F.Busa.Qualia structure and the compositional interpretation of compounds[C]//Viegas,E.Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons.Dodrecht:Kluwer Academic,1999.167-187.
[19]Ku,Li-Chuan.Compositional Operations of Mandarin Chinese Verb“da3”:A Generative Lexicon Approach[R].ROCLING 2011:Taipei,2011.
[20]Lakoff,G.&M.Johnson.Metaphors We Live by[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980.
[21]Lascarides,Alex&Ann Copestake.The pragmatics of word meaning[J].Journal of Linguistics,1998,(34):387-414.
[22]Lenci,Alessandro,Bel Nuria Busa Federica et al.SIMPLE:a general framework for the development of multilingual lexicons[J].International Journal of Lexicography,2000,(13):249-263.
[23]Li,Q.Coercion of locatives in Mandarin Chinese[C]//Liu,P.and Q.Su.Chinese Lexical Semantics.Berlin:Springer,2013.76-87.
[24]Li,Q.Combination of Mandarin Chinese verb“xiě”and nouns from the perspective of generative lexicon theory[C]//Su,X.&T.He.Chinese Lexical Semantics.Springer,2014.55-65.
[25]Liu,Mei-Chun,Huang,Chu-Ren&Ching-Yi Lee.Lexical information and beyond:constructional inferences in semantic representation[C]//Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language,Information and Computation.Taipei,1999.27-38.
[26]Mano,Miho.Compositional mechanisms of Japanese numeral classifiers[C]//Papers of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language,Information and Computation.8-10 November 2012,Bali,Indonesia,2012.
[27]Mc Nally,L.&C.Kennedy.Degree vs.manner well:a case study in selective binding[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[28]Moravcsik,Julius,M.Metaphor,creative understanding,and the generative lexicon[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[29]Nishiguchi,Sumiyo.Application of event semantics to qualia structure of nouns for disambiguation of Japanese postposition No[C]//Proceedings of Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics.Sapporo,Japan,September 2009.
[30]Palmer,M.Lexical Semantics III[OL].http://verb.coloradv.edu/.2006.
[31]Pustejovsky,J.The Generative lexicon[J].Computational Linguistics,1991,(4):409-441.
[32]Pustejovsky,J.The Generative Lexicon[M].Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1995.
[33]Pustejovsky,J.Coercion in a general theory of argument selection[J].Linguistics,2011,49(6):1401-1431.
[34]Pustejovsky,J.&P.Bouillon.Aspectual coercion and logical polysemy[J].Journal of Semantics,1995,(12):133-162.
[35]Pustejovsky,J.et al.GLML:annotating argument selection and coercion[C]//Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Semantics.Tilburg,2009.169-180.
[36]Pustejovsky,J.&E.Jezek.Semantic coercion in language:beyond distributional analysis[J].Italian Journal of Linguistics,2008,20(1):181-214.
[37]Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory[C].Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[38]Pustejovsky,J.et al.GLML:annotating argument selection and coercion[C]//Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Semantics,Tilburg,2009.
[39]Ruimy,N.,Gola,E.&M.Monachini.Lexicography informs lexical semantics:the SIMPLE experience[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[40]Song,Zuoyan&Qingqing Zhao.Annotating qualia relations and types in Chinese compound nouns[J].International Journal of Knowledge and Language Processing,2013,4(3):39-47.
[41]Verspoor,C.M.Contextually-dependent lexical semantics[D].Ph D dissertation.Edinburgh:University of Edinburgh,1997.
[42]Wang,Shan&Chu-Ren Huang.Adjectival modification to nouns in Mandarin Chinese:case studies on“cháng+noun”and“adjective+túshūguǎn”[C]//Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language,Information and Computation.November 4-7,Sendai,Japan.2010a.
[43]Wang,Shan&Chu-Ren Huang.Compositional operations of Mandarin Chinese perception verb“kàn”:a generative lexicon approach[C]//Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language,Information and Computation.November 4-7,Sendai,Japan.2010b.
[44]黄居仁,苏祺.导读[C]//Bouillon&Busa.词义的语言:词义理论的跨学科讨论.北京:北京大学出版社,2010.F9-F20.
[45]李强.汉语形名组合的语义分析与识解——基于物性结构的探讨[J].汉语学习,2014a,(5):42-50.
[46]李强.基于物性结构和概念整合的名词隐喻现象研究[J].语言教学与研究,2014b,(6):44-53.
[47]李强.生成词库论视角下的动词“读”与名词的组合[J].云南师范大学学报(对外汉语教学与研究版),2015,(2):69-80.
[48]李强.从生成词库论看动宾组合及其语义转喻[J].语言教学与研究,2016,待刊.
[49]李强,袁毓林.量词“场”的事件量化功能分析[R].汉语中的量化:语言理论与语言获得会议论文.北京:社科院语言所,2013.
[50]宋作艳.现代汉语中的事件强迫现象研究——基于生成词库理论和轻动词假设[D].北京大学博士研究生学位论文,2009.
[51]宋作艳.逻辑转喻、事件强迫与名词动用[J].语言科学,2013,(2):117-129.
[52]魏雪,袁毓林.基于语义类和物性角色建构名名组合的释义模板[J].世界汉语教学,2013a,(2):172-181.
[53]魏雪,袁毓林.汉语名名组合的语义解释规律和释义模板库[J].语言学论丛,2013b,(48).
[54]魏雪,袁毓林.基于规则的汉语名名组合的自动释义研究[J].中文信息学报,2014,(3):1-10.
[55]袁野.构式压制、转喻和广义转喻框架[J].外国语言文学,2010,(3):145-152,175.
[56]袁毓林,李强.怎样用物性结构知识解决“网球问题”?[J].中文信息学报,2014,(5):1-12.
[57]张秀松,袁毓林,陈振宇,周强.基于情境网络的汉语亲属名词的语义描写体系[J].世界汉语教学,2011,(3):318-333.
(1)比如,Pustejovsky(1995:43)所举的英语中的“good”,在“good umbrella”、“good meal”和“good teacher”中分别表达“function wel”l、“tasty”和“perform some act well”这样一些不同的意义。那么,当“good”修饰其他一些词时,它的意义又会发生相应的变化。总之,按照意义列举法无法回答“good包含多少种不同意义”这样的问题。
[2]Asher,Nicholas&James Pustejovsky.A type composition logic for generative lexicon[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[3]Bassac,C.&P.Bouillon.The telic relationship in compounds[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[4]Bergler,Sabine.Metonymy and metaphor:boundary cases and the role of a generative lexicon[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[5]Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.Qualia and the structuring of verb meaning[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[6]Busa,F.,Calzolari,N.&A.Lenci.Generative lexicon and the SIMPLE model:developing semantic resources for NLP[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[7]Copestake,Ann.The semi-generative lexicon:limits on productivity[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[8]Copestake,Ann&Ted Briscoe.Lexical operations in a unification based framework[C]//Pustejovsky,J.&S.Bergler.Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation.Proceedings of the First SIGLEX Workshop.Berkeley,CA,Springer-Verlag,Berlin,1992.101-119.
[9]Copestake,Ann&Ted Briscoe.Semi-productive polysemy and sense extension[J].Journal of Semantics,1995,(12):15-67.
[10]Climent,S.Individuation by partitive constructions in Spanish[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[11]Drakovi,I.,Pustejovsky,J.&R.Schreuder.Adjective-noun combinations and the generative lexicon[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[12]Fodor,Jerry A.&Ernie Lepore.The emptiness of the lexicon:reflections on James Pustejovsky’s“The Generative Lexicon”[J].Linguistic Inquiry,1998,29(2):269-288.
[13]Geeraerts,Dirk.Theories of Lexical Semantics[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2010.
[14]Gordard,D.&J.Jayez.Towards a proper treatment of coercion phenomena[C]//Proceedings of the 6th Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL.Utrecht:OTS Utrecht,1993.168-177.
[15]Huang,Chu-Ren&K.Ahrens.Individuals,kinds and events:classifier coercion of nouns[J].Language Sciences,2003,(25):353-373.
[16]Im,Seohyun&Chungmin Lee.Type construction of nouns with the verb ha-“do”[C]//Language,Information,and Computation:Proceedings of the 16th Pacific Asia Conference,2002.103-112.
[17]Jayez,Jacques.Underspecification,context selection,and generativity[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[18]Johnston,M.&F.Busa.Qualia structure and the compositional interpretation of compounds[C]//Viegas,E.Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons.Dodrecht:Kluwer Academic,1999.167-187.
[19]Ku,Li-Chuan.Compositional Operations of Mandarin Chinese Verb“da3”:A Generative Lexicon Approach[R].ROCLING 2011:Taipei,2011.
[20]Lakoff,G.&M.Johnson.Metaphors We Live by[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980.
[21]Lascarides,Alex&Ann Copestake.The pragmatics of word meaning[J].Journal of Linguistics,1998,(34):387-414.
[22]Lenci,Alessandro,Bel Nuria Busa Federica et al.SIMPLE:a general framework for the development of multilingual lexicons[J].International Journal of Lexicography,2000,(13):249-263.
[23]Li,Q.Coercion of locatives in Mandarin Chinese[C]//Liu,P.and Q.Su.Chinese Lexical Semantics.Berlin:Springer,2013.76-87.
[24]Li,Q.Combination of Mandarin Chinese verb“xiě”and nouns from the perspective of generative lexicon theory[C]//Su,X.&T.He.Chinese Lexical Semantics.Springer,2014.55-65.
[25]Liu,Mei-Chun,Huang,Chu-Ren&Ching-Yi Lee.Lexical information and beyond:constructional inferences in semantic representation[C]//Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Language,Information and Computation.Taipei,1999.27-38.
[26]Mano,Miho.Compositional mechanisms of Japanese numeral classifiers[C]//Papers of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language,Information and Computation.8-10 November 2012,Bali,Indonesia,2012.
[27]Mc Nally,L.&C.Kennedy.Degree vs.manner well:a case study in selective binding[C]//Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory.Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[28]Moravcsik,Julius,M.Metaphor,creative understanding,and the generative lexicon[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[29]Nishiguchi,Sumiyo.Application of event semantics to qualia structure of nouns for disambiguation of Japanese postposition No[C]//Proceedings of Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics.Sapporo,Japan,September 2009.
[30]Palmer,M.Lexical Semantics III[OL].http://verb.coloradv.edu/.2006.
[31]Pustejovsky,J.The Generative lexicon[J].Computational Linguistics,1991,(4):409-441.
[32]Pustejovsky,J.The Generative Lexicon[M].Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1995.
[33]Pustejovsky,J.Coercion in a general theory of argument selection[J].Linguistics,2011,49(6):1401-1431.
[34]Pustejovsky,J.&P.Bouillon.Aspectual coercion and logical polysemy[J].Journal of Semantics,1995,(12):133-162.
[35]Pustejovsky,J.et al.GLML:annotating argument selection and coercion[C]//Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Semantics.Tilburg,2009.169-180.
[36]Pustejovsky,J.&E.Jezek.Semantic coercion in language:beyond distributional analysis[J].Italian Journal of Linguistics,2008,20(1):181-214.
[37]Pustejovsky,J.et al.Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory[C].Dordrecht:Springer,2013.
[38]Pustejovsky,J.et al.GLML:annotating argument selection and coercion[C]//Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Semantics,Tilburg,2009.
[39]Ruimy,N.,Gola,E.&M.Monachini.Lexicography informs lexical semantics:the SIMPLE experience[C]//Bouillon,P.&F.Busa.The Language of Word Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[40]Song,Zuoyan&Qingqing Zhao.Annotating qualia relations and types in Chinese compound nouns[J].International Journal of Knowledge and Language Processing,2013,4(3):39-47.
[41]Verspoor,C.M.Contextually-dependent lexical semantics[D].Ph D dissertation.Edinburgh:University of Edinburgh,1997.
[42]Wang,Shan&Chu-Ren Huang.Adjectival modification to nouns in Mandarin Chinese:case studies on“cháng+noun”and“adjective+túshūguǎn”[C]//Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language,Information and Computation.November 4-7,Sendai,Japan.2010a.
[43]Wang,Shan&Chu-Ren Huang.Compositional operations of Mandarin Chinese perception verb“kàn”:a generative lexicon approach[C]//Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Language,Information and Computation.November 4-7,Sendai,Japan.2010b.
[44]黄居仁,苏祺.导读[C]//Bouillon&Busa.词义的语言:词义理论的跨学科讨论.北京:北京大学出版社,2010.F9-F20.
[45]李强.汉语形名组合的语义分析与识解——基于物性结构的探讨[J].汉语学习,2014a,(5):42-50.
[46]李强.基于物性结构和概念整合的名词隐喻现象研究[J].语言教学与研究,2014b,(6):44-53.
[47]李强.生成词库论视角下的动词“读”与名词的组合[J].云南师范大学学报(对外汉语教学与研究版),2015,(2):69-80.
[48]李强.从生成词库论看动宾组合及其语义转喻[J].语言教学与研究,2016,待刊.
[49]李强,袁毓林.量词“场”的事件量化功能分析[R].汉语中的量化:语言理论与语言获得会议论文.北京:社科院语言所,2013.
[50]宋作艳.现代汉语中的事件强迫现象研究——基于生成词库理论和轻动词假设[D].北京大学博士研究生学位论文,2009.
[51]宋作艳.逻辑转喻、事件强迫与名词动用[J].语言科学,2013,(2):117-129.
[52]魏雪,袁毓林.基于语义类和物性角色建构名名组合的释义模板[J].世界汉语教学,2013a,(2):172-181.
[53]魏雪,袁毓林.汉语名名组合的语义解释规律和释义模板库[J].语言学论丛,2013b,(48).
[54]魏雪,袁毓林.基于规则的汉语名名组合的自动释义研究[J].中文信息学报,2014,(3):1-10.
[55]袁野.构式压制、转喻和广义转喻框架[J].外国语言文学,2010,(3):145-152,175.
[56]袁毓林,李强.怎样用物性结构知识解决“网球问题”?[J].中文信息学报,2014,(5):1-12.
[57]张秀松,袁毓林,陈振宇,周强.基于情境网络的汉语亲属名词的语义描写体系[J].世界汉语教学,2011,(3):318-333.
(1)比如,Pustejovsky(1995:43)所举的英语中的“good”,在“good umbrella”、“good meal”和“good teacher”中分别表达“function wel”l、“tasty”和“perform some act well”这样一些不同的意义。那么,当“good”修饰其他一些词时,它的意义又会发生相应的变化。总之,按照意义列举法无法回答“good包含多少种不同意义”这样的问题。