骆马湖夏季水质空间分布特征及评价
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摘要
开展人类活动影响下骆马湖水质状况调查,明确水体理化指标分布特征,有助于城郊过水性湖泊的有效保护和开发利用。2017年夏季(6—8月)对骆马湖水体理化指标开展调查,分析水质现状和水体营养状态变化特征,并结合Piper三角图和等值线图法分析骆马湖理化指标空间分布规律。结果表明,夏季骆马湖透明度、ρ(DO)和pH值较1991—2014年平均水平无明显变化,但N、P和有机污染物浓度以及主要离子组成变化显著。骆马湖ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)及COD_(Mn)达V类水标准,大部分湖区处于中度富营养化状态,小部分湖区处于重度富营养化状态,湖区东北部主要离子组成由Ca~(2+)+HCO_3~-转变为Na~+(K~+)+HCO_3~-,其余湖区则转变为Na~+(K~+)+Cl~-。水体中HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和PO_4~(3+)浓度以及pH、总碱度和总硬度等具有显著空间差异性(P<0.05)。骆马湖水质指标空间分布复杂, Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)浓度以及总碱度、总硬度呈现东北部高、西南部低的特点,而TN、TP和叶绿素a浓度以及COD_(Mn)总体呈现北部高、东部低的特点。不同理化指标空间分布主要与入湖径流中污染物、湖泊内生产活动和湖泊净化能力有关,人类活动对骆马湖水质的干扰已不容忽视。
Luoma Lake is a suburban lake with the characteristics of water carrying in the northern Jiangsu Province, China. The information of physicochemical parameters in Luoma Lake will help to assess the trophic state and well understand the application values of suburban lakes, and further provide scientific basis for protecting and exploiting the water resources. In this study, the current water-quality characterization and trophic state at 20 uniform distributed sites in Luoma Lake were investigated monthly from June to August, 2017. The spatial distributions of the physicochemical parameters were assessed by the piper plot and isoline map. Results show that total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Mn)) were significantly increased and the dominant ions were transformed from Ca~(2+)+HCO_3~- to Na~+(K~+)+Cl~-, while the secchi depth, dissolved oxygen and pH were not changed compared to the years from 1991 to 2014. The concentrations of ρ(TN), ρ(TP) and COD_(Mn) varied in the range of 2.540-3.246, 0.173-0.531 and 9.90-14.29 mg·L~(-1), respectively. According to the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water, Luoma Lake fell into the categories of V in water quality. The comprehensive trophic level index indicate that most sites of the Lake were reached the state of mesotrophication, some sites even reached the state of hypertrophication. The spatial distributions of pH, HCO_3~-, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), total alkalinity and total hardness were significant different among sampling sites(P<0.05). The spatial distributions of water-quality parameters were complicated, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), total alkalinity and total hardness were higher in the northeast region than that in the southwest region, while ρ(TN), ρ(TP), COD_(Mn) and ρ(chlorophyll a) were higher in the north region than in the east region in Luoma Lake. The differences of spatial distribution among these physicochemical parameters were attributed to the contaminants contained in the inflowing rivers, the human activities and the self-purification functions in the Luoma Lake, which indicate that the disturbances in suburban lakes caused by human activity should not be ignored.
Luoma Lake is a suburban lake with the characteristics of water carrying in the northern Jiangsu Province, China. The information of physicochemical parameters in Luoma Lake will help to assess the trophic state and well understand the application values of suburban lakes, and further provide scientific basis for protecting and exploiting the water resources. In this study, the current water-quality characterization and trophic state at 20 uniform distributed sites in Luoma Lake were investigated monthly from June to August, 2017. The spatial distributions of the physicochemical parameters were assessed by the piper plot and isoline map. Results show that total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Mn)) were significantly increased and the dominant ions were transformed from Ca~(2+)+HCO_3~- to Na~+(K~+)+Cl~-, while the secchi depth, dissolved oxygen and pH were not changed compared to the years from 1991 to 2014. The concentrations of ρ(TN), ρ(TP) and COD_(Mn) varied in the range of 2.540-3.246, 0.173-0.531 and 9.90-14.29 mg·L~(-1), respectively. According to the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water, Luoma Lake fell into the categories of V in water quality. The comprehensive trophic level index indicate that most sites of the Lake were reached the state of mesotrophication, some sites even reached the state of hypertrophication. The spatial distributions of pH, HCO_3~-, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), total alkalinity and total hardness were significant different among sampling sites(P<0.05). The spatial distributions of water-quality parameters were complicated, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), total alkalinity and total hardness were higher in the northeast region than that in the southwest region, while ρ(TN), ρ(TP), COD_(Mn) and ρ(chlorophyll a) were higher in the north region than in the east region in Luoma Lake. The differences of spatial distribution among these physicochemical parameters were attributed to the contaminants contained in the inflowing rivers, the human activities and the self-purification functions in the Luoma Lake, which indicate that the disturbances in suburban lakes caused by human activity should not be ignored.
引文
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[13] 王明翠,刘雪芹,张建辉.湖泊富营养化评价方法及分级标准[J].中国环境监测,2002,18(5):47-49.[WANG Ming-cui,LIU Xue-qin,ZHANG Jian-hui.Evaluate Method and Classification Standard on Lake Eutrophication[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2002,18(5):47-49.]
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[15] 杨士建.骆马湖富营养化发生机制与防治途径初探[J].中国环境监测,2004,20(3):59-62.[YANG Shi-jian.Approaches to Mechanisms and Control of Eutrophication of the Luoma Lake[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2004,20(3):59-62.]
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[18] HUANG X,SILLANP?? M,DUO B,et al.Water Quality in the Tibetan Plateau:Metal Contents of Four Selected Rivers[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,156(2):270-277.
[19] 黄文钰,许朋柱.骆马湖营养盐收支[J].湖泊科学,2001,13(3):240-246.[HUANG Wen-yu,XU Peng-zhu.Nutrient Balance in Luomahu Lake[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2001,13(3):240-246.]
[20] 黄文钰,许朋柱,范成新.网围养殖对骆马湖水体富营养化的影响[J].农村生态环境,2002,18(1):22-25.[HUANG Wen-yu,XU Peng-zhu,FAN Cheng-xin.Effect of Cage Aquiculture of Eutrophication in Luoma Lake[J].Rural Eco-Environment,2002,18(1):22-25.]
[21] DOU M,ZHANG Y,LI G Q.Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of the Water Pollutant Concentration in Huaihe River Basin From 2003 to 2012,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2016,188(9):522.DOI:10.1007/s10661-016-5503-0.
[22] 万蕾,徐德兰,高明侠,等.大型水生植物对骆马湖氮、磷元素的影响[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(10):3579-3584.[WAN Lei,XU De-lan,GAO Ming-xia,et al.Effect of Macrophytes on Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Luoma Lake[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,6(10):3579-3584.]
[23] 陈小华,李小平,王菲菲,等.苏南地区湖泊群的富营养化状态比较及指标阈值判定分析[J].生态学报,2014,34(2):390-399.[CHEN Xiao-hua,LI Xiao-ping,WANG Fei-fei,et al.Research on the Difference in Eutrophication State and Indicator Threshold Value Determination Among Lakes in the Southern Jiangsu Province,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(2):390-399.]
[24] 冯冰冰.围网养殖对湖泊沉积物碳氮磷含量的影响[D].南京:南京师范大学,2009.[FENG Bing-bing.Effect of Purse Net Culture on the Content of Carbon,Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Lake Sediments[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Normal University,2009.]
[2] 王凤珍,周志翔,郑忠明.城郊过渡带湖泊湿地生态服务功能价值:以武汉市严东湖为例[J].生态学报,2011,31(7):1946-1954.[WANG Feng-zhen,ZHOU Zhi-xiang,ZHENG Zhong-ming.Evaluation of Service Value of Ecosystem of Peri-Urban Transition Zone Lake:A Case Study of Yandong Lake in Wuhan City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(7):1946-1954.]
[3] 沈颜奕,陈星.城市湖泊生态系统健康评价与修复研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2017,28(2):82-85,91.[SHEN Yan-yi,CHEN Xing.Study on Health Assessment and Restoration of Urban Lake Ecosystem[J].Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering,2017,28(2):82-85,91.]
[4] LIU J F,ZHANG X,WU B,et al.Spatial Scale and Seasonal Dependence of Land Use Impact on Riverine Water Quality in the Huai River Basin,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(26):20995-21010.
[5] HONKONEN O,RANTALAINEN A-L.Impact of Urbanization on the Concentration and Distribution of Organic Contaminants in Boreal Lake Sediments[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2013,185(2):1437-1449.
[6] 赵同谦,欧阳志云,王效科,等.中国陆地地表水生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(4):443-452.[ZHAO Tong-qian,OUYANG Zhi-yun,WANG Xiao-ke,et al.Ecosystem Services and Their Valuation of Terrestrial Surface Water System in China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(4):443-452.]
[7] 胡婷婷,刘劲松,戴小琳,等.骆马湖水质时空变化特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(5):794-801.[HU Ting-ting,LIU Jin-song,DAI Xiao-ling,et al.Spatio-Temporal Variation of Water Quality in Lake Luoma,Jiangsu Province,China[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(5):794-801.]
[8] 任瑞丽,刘茂松,章杰明,等.过水性湖泊自净能力的动态变化[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(8):1222-1227.[REN Rui-li,LIU Mao-song,ZHANG Jie-ming,et al.Self-Purification Ability of a Water-Carrying Lake[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2007,26(8):1222-1227.]
[9] 崔彩霞,花卫华,袁广旺.骆马湖水质现状评价与趋势分析[J].河北渔业,2013(8):31-34,40.
[10] 申霞,洪大林,谈永锋,等.骆马湖生态环境现状及其保护措施[J].水资源保护,2013,29(3):39-43,50.[SHEN Xia,HONG Da-lin,TAN Yong-feng,et al.Ecological Environment of Luoma Lake and Protection Measures[J].Water Resources Protection,2013,29(3):39-43,50.]
[11] 张芹,张圣虎,汪贞,等.骆马湖表层水体中32种PPCPs类物质的污染水平、分布特征及风险评估[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):162-169.[ZHANG Qin,ZHANG Sheng-hu,WANG Zhen,et al.Pollution Level,Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of PPCPs in Surface Water of Luoma Lake[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(1):162-169.]
[12] 唐金玉,王岩,戴杨鑫.在淡水鱼类混养系统中吊养三角帆蚌对养殖产量和水质的影响[J].水产学报,2014,38(2):208-217.[TANG Jin-yu,WANG Yan,DAI Yang-xin.Effects of Co-Culturing Freshwater Pearl Mussel Hyriopsis cumingii in a Fish Polycultural System on Fish Yield and Water Quality[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2014,38(2):208-217.]
[13] 王明翠,刘雪芹,张建辉.湖泊富营养化评价方法及分级标准[J].中国环境监测,2002,18(5):47-49.[WANG Ming-cui,LIU Xue-qin,ZHANG Jian-hui.Evaluate Method and Classification Standard on Lake Eutrophication[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2002,18(5):47-49.]
[14] 方南娟,魏爱泓,梅肖乐.骆马湖水化学特性和水质分析[J].河北渔业,2006(8):18-21.[FANG Nan-juan,WEI Ai-hong,MEI Xiao-le.Water Chemistry Characteristics and Water Quality Analysis of Luoma Lake[J].Hebei Fisheries,2006(8):18-21.]
[15] 杨士建.骆马湖富营养化发生机制与防治途径初探[J].中国环境监测,2004,20(3):59-62.[YANG Shi-jian.Approaches to Mechanisms and Control of Eutrophication of the Luoma Lake[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2004,20(3):59-62.]
[16] BREZONIK P L,ARNOLD W A.Water Chemistry:Fifty Years of Change and Progress[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46(11):5650-5657.
[17] 胡维平,陈江龙.江苏省湖泊管理技术研究[R].南京:中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,2012:7.
[18] HUANG X,SILLANP?? M,DUO B,et al.Water Quality in the Tibetan Plateau:Metal Contents of Four Selected Rivers[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,156(2):270-277.
[19] 黄文钰,许朋柱.骆马湖营养盐收支[J].湖泊科学,2001,13(3):240-246.[HUANG Wen-yu,XU Peng-zhu.Nutrient Balance in Luomahu Lake[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2001,13(3):240-246.]
[20] 黄文钰,许朋柱,范成新.网围养殖对骆马湖水体富营养化的影响[J].农村生态环境,2002,18(1):22-25.[HUANG Wen-yu,XU Peng-zhu,FAN Cheng-xin.Effect of Cage Aquiculture of Eutrophication in Luoma Lake[J].Rural Eco-Environment,2002,18(1):22-25.]
[21] DOU M,ZHANG Y,LI G Q.Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of the Water Pollutant Concentration in Huaihe River Basin From 2003 to 2012,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2016,188(9):522.DOI:10.1007/s10661-016-5503-0.
[22] 万蕾,徐德兰,高明侠,等.大型水生植物对骆马湖氮、磷元素的影响[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(10):3579-3584.[WAN Lei,XU De-lan,GAO Ming-xia,et al.Effect of Macrophytes on Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Luoma Lake[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,6(10):3579-3584.]
[23] 陈小华,李小平,王菲菲,等.苏南地区湖泊群的富营养化状态比较及指标阈值判定分析[J].生态学报,2014,34(2):390-399.[CHEN Xiao-hua,LI Xiao-ping,WANG Fei-fei,et al.Research on the Difference in Eutrophication State and Indicator Threshold Value Determination Among Lakes in the Southern Jiangsu Province,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(2):390-399.]
[24] 冯冰冰.围网养殖对湖泊沉积物碳氮磷含量的影响[D].南京:南京师范大学,2009.[FENG Bing-bing.Effect of Purse Net Culture on the Content of Carbon,Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Lake Sediments[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Normal University,2009.]