氧化生物双降解地膜降解性能及其对东北雨养春玉米田间水热和生长的影响
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摘要
为解决当前农田大量残膜污染问题,设置3种不同降解速率的氧化生物双降解地膜(降解a、降解b、降解c)和普通塑料地膜覆盖及露地对照5个玉米种植试验,研究氧化生物双降解地膜田间降解性能(降解率、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率)及其对土壤水热、玉米生长状况及产量的影响。结果表明:1)不同降解速率氧化生物双降解地膜降解梯度与预期基本相符, 3种降解速率的地膜全生育期降解率分别为14.2%、10.0%和6.5%,差异达显著水平。降解a、降解b和降解c地膜在田间覆盖120 d后,垄上地膜拉伸强度损失率分别为30.4%、20.3%和19.1%,断裂伸长率损失率为10.4%、13.5%和5.0%,垄侧地膜拉伸强度损失率为59.0%、50.7%和45.6%,断裂伸长率损失率为71.7%、55.6%和51.0%,其中降解a拉伸强度和断裂伸长率与降解b和降解c相比均达显著差异水平,且垄侧各降解地膜机械性能损失率显著大于垄上地膜。2)氧化生物双降解地膜显著提高了玉米生育前期5～25 cm层土壤温度和0～40 cm层土壤含水率,与露地相比,降解a、降解b和降解c处理下5～25cm土层平均温度分别提高了4.5℃、4.4℃和4.4℃, 0～40 cm土层含水率分别提高了3.2%、2.9%和2.2%。3)氧化生物双降解地膜加快了玉米生育进程,使玉米植株提前3 d出苗,缩短生育期5～7 d,且玉米株高和叶面积指数均显著高于露地处理,略优于普通地膜。4)在产量构成和最终产量方面,氧化生物双降解地膜与普通塑料地膜覆盖均较露地处理增加了玉米穗长、穗粗及百粒重,降解a、降解b、降解c和普通地膜处理较露地对照增产率分别达14.3%、14.3%、10.4%和13.2%。研究认为,氧化生物双降解地膜覆盖具有明显的增温保墒效应,与普通地膜相同,能够显著提高玉米产量,并且可以通过改变配方调节其降解速率。本研究成果可为氧化生物可降解地膜替代普通地膜及其在东北地区推广应用提供科学依据。
The growing use of plastic film in agriculture has significantly increased crop production as it positively enhances the soil environment. However, the massive disposal of this material has as well increased environmental risk. One way to solve this problem is by developing a substitutable mulching film such as biodegradable films that are ultimately convertible into water, carbon dioxide and soil organic matter by micro-organisms. Oxo-biodegradable plastic film is a newly developed biodegradable film that can increase soil water, soil temperature and crop yield and it also has satisfactory degradation properties. In this study, series of experiments were conducted to determine the degradation properties(degradation rate, tensile strength and elongation) of oxo-biodegradable plastic films and the effects of different mulching treatments on soil moisture, soil temperature, maize growth and maize yield. The mulching experiment was conducted using three kinds of oxo-biodegradable plastic films with different ingredients and different degradation rates(Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c) and common plastic film, and using un-mulched field as the control. Maize was ridge-cultivated and films covered all soil surface. The results showed that: 1) biodegradation rate of different oxo-biodegradable films met soil and crop requirements for high yield production. Degradation rates of Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c after maize harvesting were respectively 14.2%, 10.0% and 6.5%. While the tensile strength on the ridge tops of Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c were decreased respectively by 30.4%, 20.3% and 19.1%, elongation decreased by 10.4%, 13.5% and 5.0% under mulching in the field for 120 days. Meanwhile, tensile strength of side ridges decreased respectively by 59.0%, 50.7% and 45.6% for Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c and elongation by 71.7%, 55.6% and 51.0%. Decrease in degradation was significantly different for different films. Furthermore, decrease in degradation properties of the film on ridge side was significantly more than that on the top of ridge. 2) Compared with the control, oxo-biodegradable plastic film mulching significantly increased soil temperature in the 5-25 cm soil layer and soil moisture in the 0-40 cm soil layer on early maize growth period. Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c treatments increased average soil temperature in the 5-25 cm soil layers respectively by 4.5 ℃, 4.4 ℃ and 4.4 ℃. Soil moistures under Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c treatments were increased respectively by 3.2%, 2.9% and 2.2% in the 0-40 cm soil layer. 3) Oxo-biodegradable plastic film mulching promoted maize growth, enhanced early maize emergence and shortened overall growth period by 5-7 days. Also the height and LAI of maize under oxo-biodegradable plastic film mulching were significantly higher than those under un-mulched treatment and slightly better than that under common plastic film mulching. 4) Compared with the control treatment, three oxo-biodegradable plastic films and common plastic film treatments increased ear length, ear diameter and 100-kernel weight of maize. At the same time, Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c and common film treatments significantly increased maize yield by 14.3%, 14.3%, 10.4% and 13.2%, respectively. Based on the study, oxo-biodegradable plastic film mulching significantly increased soil temperature and moisture and enhanced maize yield more than common film mulching, with degradation rate adjustable by changing ingredients. The results provided scientific basis for the replacement of common plastic films by oxo-biodegradable plastic films and for the development, popularization and application of oxo-biodegradable plastic films in Northeast China.
The growing use of plastic film in agriculture has significantly increased crop production as it positively enhances the soil environment. However, the massive disposal of this material has as well increased environmental risk. One way to solve this problem is by developing a substitutable mulching film such as biodegradable films that are ultimately convertible into water, carbon dioxide and soil organic matter by micro-organisms. Oxo-biodegradable plastic film is a newly developed biodegradable film that can increase soil water, soil temperature and crop yield and it also has satisfactory degradation properties. In this study, series of experiments were conducted to determine the degradation properties(degradation rate, tensile strength and elongation) of oxo-biodegradable plastic films and the effects of different mulching treatments on soil moisture, soil temperature, maize growth and maize yield. The mulching experiment was conducted using three kinds of oxo-biodegradable plastic films with different ingredients and different degradation rates(Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c) and common plastic film, and using un-mulched field as the control. Maize was ridge-cultivated and films covered all soil surface. The results showed that: 1) biodegradation rate of different oxo-biodegradable films met soil and crop requirements for high yield production. Degradation rates of Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c after maize harvesting were respectively 14.2%, 10.0% and 6.5%. While the tensile strength on the ridge tops of Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c were decreased respectively by 30.4%, 20.3% and 19.1%, elongation decreased by 10.4%, 13.5% and 5.0% under mulching in the field for 120 days. Meanwhile, tensile strength of side ridges decreased respectively by 59.0%, 50.7% and 45.6% for Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c and elongation by 71.7%, 55.6% and 51.0%. Decrease in degradation was significantly different for different films. Furthermore, decrease in degradation properties of the film on ridge side was significantly more than that on the top of ridge. 2) Compared with the control, oxo-biodegradable plastic film mulching significantly increased soil temperature in the 5-25 cm soil layer and soil moisture in the 0-40 cm soil layer on early maize growth period. Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c treatments increased average soil temperature in the 5-25 cm soil layers respectively by 4.5 ℃, 4.4 ℃ and 4.4 ℃. Soil moistures under Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c treatments were increased respectively by 3.2%, 2.9% and 2.2% in the 0-40 cm soil layer. 3) Oxo-biodegradable plastic film mulching promoted maize growth, enhanced early maize emergence and shortened overall growth period by 5-7 days. Also the height and LAI of maize under oxo-biodegradable plastic film mulching were significantly higher than those under un-mulched treatment and slightly better than that under common plastic film mulching. 4) Compared with the control treatment, three oxo-biodegradable plastic films and common plastic film treatments increased ear length, ear diameter and 100-kernel weight of maize. At the same time, Degradation a, Degradation b and Degradation c and common film treatments significantly increased maize yield by 14.3%, 14.3%, 10.4% and 13.2%, respectively. Based on the study, oxo-biodegradable plastic film mulching significantly increased soil temperature and moisture and enhanced maize yield more than common film mulching, with degradation rate adjustable by changing ingredients. The results provided scientific basis for the replacement of common plastic films by oxo-biodegradable plastic films and for the development, popularization and application of oxo-biodegradable plastic films in Northeast China.
引文
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[11]张晓海,陈建军,杨志新.Biolice可降解地膜降解速率及其产物研究[J].云南农业大学学报,2013,28(4):540-544ZHANG X H,CHEN J J,YANG Z X.Degradation rate and products of the Biolice biodegradable film[J].Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2013,28(4):540-544
[12]谷晓博,李援农,银敏华,等.降解膜覆盖对油菜根系、产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(12):184-193GU X B,LI Y N,YIN M H,et al.Effects of biodegradable film mulching on root distribution,yield and water use efficiency of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(12):184-193
[13]邬强,王振华,郑旭荣,等.PBAT生物降解膜覆盖对绿洲滴灌棉花土壤水热及产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(16):135-143WU Q,WANG Z H,ZHENG X R,et al.Effects of biodegradation film mulching on soil temperature,moisture and yield of cotton under drip irrigation in typical oasis area[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(16):135-143
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[15]刘蕊,孙仕军,张旺旺,等.氧化生物双降解地膜覆盖对玉米田间水热及产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(12):25-30LIU R,SUN S J,ZHANG W W,et al.The effects of mulching with biodegradable plastic films on soil moisture and thermodynamics as well as maize yield[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2017,36(12):25-30
[16]袁海涛,王丽红,董灵艳,等.氧化-生物双降解地膜降解性能及增温、保墒效果研究[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(23):166-170YUAN H T,WANG L H,DONG L Y,et al.Degradation performance and the effects on warming and moisture conservation of Oxo-biodegradable mulching film[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(23):166-170
[17]杨惠娣,唐赛珍.降解塑料试验评价方法探讨[J].塑料,1996,25(1):16-22YANG H D,TANG S Z.Evaluating method for testing of degradable plastics[J].Plastics,1996,25(1):16-22
[18]FARADILLA R H F,LEE G,ARNS J Y,et al.Characteristics of a free-standing film from banana pseudostem nanocellulose generated from TEMPO-mediated oxidation[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2017,174:1156-1163
[19]袁海涛,于谦林,贾德新,等.氧化-生物双降解地膜降解性能及其对棉花生长的影响[J].棉花学报,2016,28(6):602-608YUAN H T,YU Q L,JIA D X,et al.Degradation performance of oxo-biodegradable plastic films and their effects on cotton growth[J].Cotton Science,2016,28(6):602-608
[20]刘群,穆兴民,袁子成,等.生物降解地膜自然降解过程及其对玉米生长发育和产量的影响[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(6):126-129LIU Q,MU X M,YUAN Z C,et al.Degradation of biodegradable mulch film and its effect on growth and yield of maize[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(6):126-129
[21]胡广荣,王琦,宋兴阳,等.沟覆盖材料对垄沟集雨种植土壤温度、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(5):590-599HU G R,WANG Q,SONG X Y,et al.Effects of furrow-mulching materials on soil temperature,crop yield and water use efficiency in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting systems[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(5):590-599
[2]赵俊芳,杨晓光,刘志娟.气候变暖对东北三省春玉米严重低温冷害及种植布局的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6544-6551ZHAO J F,YANG X G,LIU Z J.Influence of climate warming on serious low temperature and cold damage and cultivation pattern of spring maize in Northeast China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(12):6544-6551
[3]申丽霞,王璞,张丽丽.可降解地膜的降解性能及对土壤温度、水分和玉米生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(4):111-116SHEN L X,WANG P,ZHANG L L.Degradation property of degradable film and its effect on soil temperature and moisture and maize growth[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(4):111-116
[4]TOUCHALEAUME F,MARTIN-CLOSAS L,ANGELLIER-COUSSY H,et al.Performance and environmental impact of biodegradable polymers as agricultural mulching films[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:433-439
[5]严昌荣,梅旭荣,何文清,等.农用地膜残留污染的现状与防治[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(11):269-272YAN C R,MEI X R,HE W Q,et al.Present situation of residue pollution of mulching plastic film and controlling measures[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2006,22(11):269-272
[6]ZHANG D,LIU H B,HU W L,et al.The status and distribution characteristics of residual mulching film in Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2016,15(11):2639-2646
[7]白丽婷,海江波,韩清芳,等.不同地膜覆盖对渭北旱塬冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(4):135-139BAI L T,HAI J B,HAN Q F,et al.Effects of mulching with different kinds of plastic film on growth and water use efficiency of winter wheat in Weibei Highland[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2010,28(4):135-139
[8]任艳云,张龙平,刘国伟,等.不同生物降解地膜对大蒜生长发育的影响及降解效果研究[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(20):75-78REN Y Y,ZHANG L P,LIU G W,et al.Influence of different biodegradable plastic film on garlic growth and the degradation effect[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2018,34(20):75-78
[9]李强,王琦,张恩和,等.生物可降解地膜覆盖对干旱灌区玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(9):155-159LI Q,WANG Q,ZHANG E H,et al.Effects of biodegradable film mulching on grain yields and water use efficiency of maize in arid oasis irrigation area[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(9):155-159
[10]顾海蓉,沈根祥,黄丽华,等.热塑淀粉Mater-Bi可生物降解地膜的适用性与降解性能研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(3):539-543GU H R,SHEN G X,HUANG L H,et al.Biodegradability and applicability of thermoplastic starch biodegradable mulching film[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(3):539-543
[11]张晓海,陈建军,杨志新.Biolice可降解地膜降解速率及其产物研究[J].云南农业大学学报,2013,28(4):540-544ZHANG X H,CHEN J J,YANG Z X.Degradation rate and products of the Biolice biodegradable film[J].Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2013,28(4):540-544
[12]谷晓博,李援农,银敏华,等.降解膜覆盖对油菜根系、产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(12):184-193GU X B,LI Y N,YIN M H,et al.Effects of biodegradable film mulching on root distribution,yield and water use efficiency of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(12):184-193
[13]邬强,王振华,郑旭荣,等.PBAT生物降解膜覆盖对绿洲滴灌棉花土壤水热及产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(16):135-143WU Q,WANG Z H,ZHENG X R,et al.Effects of biodegradation film mulching on soil temperature,moisture and yield of cotton under drip irrigation in typical oasis area[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(16):135-143
[14]霍保安,崔明奎,赵国军,等.氧化生物双降解生态地膜应用效果研究[J].中国农业信息,2016,(4):88-90HUO B A,CUI M K,ZHAO G J,et al.Study on the application effect of oxo-biodegradable ecological film[J].China Agricultural Information,2016,(4):88-90
[15]刘蕊,孙仕军,张旺旺,等.氧化生物双降解地膜覆盖对玉米田间水热及产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(12):25-30LIU R,SUN S J,ZHANG W W,et al.The effects of mulching with biodegradable plastic films on soil moisture and thermodynamics as well as maize yield[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2017,36(12):25-30
[16]袁海涛,王丽红,董灵艳,等.氧化-生物双降解地膜降解性能及增温、保墒效果研究[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(23):166-170YUAN H T,WANG L H,DONG L Y,et al.Degradation performance and the effects on warming and moisture conservation of Oxo-biodegradable mulching film[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(23):166-170
[17]杨惠娣,唐赛珍.降解塑料试验评价方法探讨[J].塑料,1996,25(1):16-22YANG H D,TANG S Z.Evaluating method for testing of degradable plastics[J].Plastics,1996,25(1):16-22
[18]FARADILLA R H F,LEE G,ARNS J Y,et al.Characteristics of a free-standing film from banana pseudostem nanocellulose generated from TEMPO-mediated oxidation[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2017,174:1156-1163
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