镰刀菌单端孢霉烯族毒素的生物合成及分子调控研究进展
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摘要
单端孢霉烯族毒素主要是由镰刀菌属等丝状真菌产生的一类有毒的次级代谢产物,对人类和动物的健康造成威胁。本文对镰刀菌单端孢霉烯族毒素的生物合成基因、生物合成途径及编码酶、分子调控分别进行了阐释,其中生物合成至少涉及到3个基因家族,分别为Tri5基因簇、Tri1～Tri16基因簇和Tri101基因簇,包括编码单端孢霉二烯合酶的Tri5,编码P450单加氧酶的Tri4、Tri11和Tri13,编码转录调控因子的Tri6和Tri10,编码乙酰基转移酶的Tri7、Tri3、Tri16和Tri101,编码酯酶的Tri8,编码羟化酶的Tri1,编码毒素输出泵的Tri12。生物合成起始于反式法尼基焦磷酸环化形成单端孢霉二烯,再经过一系列的加氧、异构化、环化和酯化反应,最终形成不同结构的毒素,毒素形成的差异主要是由代谢途径和基因差异决定的。生物合成除了受TRI6和TRI10特异的转录调控因子调控之外,还受到与外界环境相关的全局性调控因子Pac和VeA的调控。本文旨在为食品、饲料等农产品的毒素防控、毒素脱除提供理论依据。
Trichothecenes are a large family of toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by the Fusarium genus,which threaten human and animal health. In this article, the genes, pathways, enzymes, and regulatory mechanisms for the biosynthesis of thrichothecenes are summarized. The biosynthetic enzymes and direct regulatory proteins of trichothecenes are encoded by at least 3 gene clusters: Tri5, Tri1-Tir16 and Tri101, including Tri5 encoding trichodiene synthase, Tri4,Tri11 and Tri13 encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, Tri6 and Tri10 encoding a regulatory protein, Tri7, Tri3,Tri16 and Tri101 encoding acetyltransferases, Tri8 encoding deacetylase, Tri1 encoding hydroxylase, and Tri12 encoding a trichothecene ef?ux pump. The biosynthesis of trichothecenes begins with to the cyclization of trans-farnesyl pyrophosphate to form trichodiene, followed by oxygenation, isomerization, cyclation and esterification to eventually form toxins with different structures. The types of toxins mainly determined by metabolic pathways and genetic differences. The biosynthetic pathways are regulated by not only speci?c transcription factors such as TRI6 and TRI10 but also global regulatory factors such as Pac and Ve A related to the external environment. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention,control and detoxi?cation of mycotoxins in food and feed.
Trichothecenes are a large family of toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by the Fusarium genus,which threaten human and animal health. In this article, the genes, pathways, enzymes, and regulatory mechanisms for the biosynthesis of thrichothecenes are summarized. The biosynthetic enzymes and direct regulatory proteins of trichothecenes are encoded by at least 3 gene clusters: Tri5, Tri1-Tir16 and Tri101, including Tri5 encoding trichodiene synthase, Tri4,Tri11 and Tri13 encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, Tri6 and Tri10 encoding a regulatory protein, Tri7, Tri3,Tri16 and Tri101 encoding acetyltransferases, Tri8 encoding deacetylase, Tri1 encoding hydroxylase, and Tri12 encoding a trichothecene ef?ux pump. The biosynthesis of trichothecenes begins with to the cyclization of trans-farnesyl pyrophosphate to form trichodiene, followed by oxygenation, isomerization, cyclation and esterification to eventually form toxins with different structures. The types of toxins mainly determined by metabolic pathways and genetic differences. The biosynthetic pathways are regulated by not only speci?c transcription factors such as TRI6 and TRI10 but also global regulatory factors such as Pac and Ve A related to the external environment. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention,control and detoxi?cation of mycotoxins in food and feed.
引文
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