文冠果花性别分化过程中形态与解剖结构特征和气象因子分析
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摘要
通过外观形态观察,结合石蜡切片技术,同时检测气象数据,研究了文冠果花性别分化过程外部形态变化、内部解剖结构以及与气象因子之间的对应关系。结果显示:(1)文冠果的雄能花和雌能花在顶、侧花序上的分布差异极显著。(2)2种花在前期的形态结构无差异;雄蕊发育包括花药壁发育和小孢子母细胞时期(20d)、小孢子发生(11d),对应的外部形态分别为芽膨大至露出芽体、花序迅速伸长;雌蕊发育包括胚珠发育(30d)、大孢子发生(11d),对应外部形态为花序伸长、花蕾增大至萼片开裂。(3)雄能花和雌能花在雌、雄配子体形成期出现差异;雄能花大孢子母细胞四分体时期细胞停止分裂,外观为花蕾绿色,横径2.05~4.54mm,纵径2.99~5.32mm,此时≥K(生物学零度)有效积温230.6℃;雌能花雄蕊发育异常比雄能花雌蕊发育异常出现时间晚4d。单核花粉粒在有丝分裂期呈液泡化衰败,花蕾横径12.25~18.3mm,纵径8.3~10.98mm,此时≥K有效积温264℃。研究认为,根据花芽外部形态变化,结合气象因子数据反映花芽内部结构变化,可以判断性别分化时期。研究发现,文冠果2种花都同时具有雌雄蕊,是后期雌雄蕊发育程度不同导致性别分化,故建议从功能角度分别定义为"雌能花"和"雄能花"更准确。
Relationship of external morphology,internal anatomical structure of flower bud,and meteorological factors during flower sex differentiation of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge was studied by external morphological observation,paraffin section and meteorological data observation.Results showed that:(1)The difference of male and female flower distribution rates was extremely significant between apical and lateral inflorescences in X.sorbifoliumBunge.(2)There was no difference in the morphological structure between the two kinds of flowers at the early stage of sex differentiation.Stamen development included anther wall development and microsporocyte stage(20 d),and microsporogenesis stage(11 d),corresponding to morphological changes from buds expanding to buds exposing and inflorescence elongating rapidly.The pistil development included ovule development(30 d)and megasporogenesis(11 d).The change of external morphological characteristics appeared as inflorescence elongating and bud enlarging to sepal cracking.(3)The difference between male and female flowers appeared when male and female gametophytes were formed.Megaspore mother cell division stopped during the tetrad stage in male flowers.The corresponding external appearance of the buds was green,with a transverse diameter of 2.05-4.54 mm and a longitudinal diameter of 2.99-5.32 mm.The≥K(biological zero point)effective accumulated temperature was 230.6 ℃.The abnormal development of female flower's stamen occurred 4 days later than male flower's pistil.Mononuclear pollen grains showed vacuolization decline during mitosis stage,with flower bud's transverse diameter of 12.25-18.3 mm and longitudinal diameter of 8.3-10.98 mm.The≥K(biological zero point)effective accumulated temperature was 264℃.The study indicated that external morphology of flower bud development,combining with meteorological factor data,could apparently reflect changes of internal structure,and could serve as indicator for sex differentiation stage.The present study showed that the two kinds of flowers of X.sorbifolium Bunge have both pistils and stamens,and the sex differentiation is caused by the different developmental degree of pistils and stamens in the late development period.Therefore,it is suggested that,functionally,it is more accurate to define the two kinds of flowers as"female functional flower"and"male functional flower",respectively.
Relationship of external morphology,internal anatomical structure of flower bud,and meteorological factors during flower sex differentiation of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge was studied by external morphological observation,paraffin section and meteorological data observation.Results showed that:(1)The difference of male and female flower distribution rates was extremely significant between apical and lateral inflorescences in X.sorbifoliumBunge.(2)There was no difference in the morphological structure between the two kinds of flowers at the early stage of sex differentiation.Stamen development included anther wall development and microsporocyte stage(20 d),and microsporogenesis stage(11 d),corresponding to morphological changes from buds expanding to buds exposing and inflorescence elongating rapidly.The pistil development included ovule development(30 d)and megasporogenesis(11 d).The change of external morphological characteristics appeared as inflorescence elongating and bud enlarging to sepal cracking.(3)The difference between male and female flowers appeared when male and female gametophytes were formed.Megaspore mother cell division stopped during the tetrad stage in male flowers.The corresponding external appearance of the buds was green,with a transverse diameter of 2.05-4.54 mm and a longitudinal diameter of 2.99-5.32 mm.The≥K(biological zero point)effective accumulated temperature was 230.6 ℃.The abnormal development of female flower's stamen occurred 4 days later than male flower's pistil.Mononuclear pollen grains showed vacuolization decline during mitosis stage,with flower bud's transverse diameter of 12.25-18.3 mm and longitudinal diameter of 8.3-10.98 mm.The≥K(biological zero point)effective accumulated temperature was 264℃.The study indicated that external morphology of flower bud development,combining with meteorological factor data,could apparently reflect changes of internal structure,and could serve as indicator for sex differentiation stage.The present study showed that the two kinds of flowers of X.sorbifolium Bunge have both pistils and stamens,and the sex differentiation is caused by the different developmental degree of pistils and stamens in the late development period.Therefore,it is suggested that,functionally,it is more accurate to define the two kinds of flowers as"female functional flower"and"male functional flower",respectively.
引文
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[9]张微,李锡香.黄瓜花芽性别分化的研究进展与展望[J].华北农学报,2015,30(S1):74-80.ZHANG W,LI X X.The research advances on sex differentiation of cucumber flower bud[J].Acta Agriculturae BorealiSinica,2015,30(S1):74-80.
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[13] MENZEL C M,SIMPSON D R.Effects of temperature and leaf water stress on panicle and flower development of litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)[J].Journal of Horticultural Science,1991,66:335-344.
[14]李建明,李小晶,黄小静.不良气候条件对猕猴桃花芽发育的影响[J].北方果树,2014,(6):39-40.LI J M,LI X J,HUANG X J.Effects of adverse climatic conditions on floral bud development of kiwifruit[J].Northern Fruits,2014,(6):39-40.
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[17]储博彦,赵玉芬,牛三义,等.八仙花花期调控影响因素研宄[J].林业工程学报,2006,20(4):27-30.CHU B Y,ZHAO Y F,NIU S Y,et al.Study on the factors influencing blooming stage and qualities of potting Hydrangea macrophylla Ser.In Forcing Culture[J].Journal of Forestry Engineering,2006,20(4):27-30.
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