瓮安震旦系磷块岩中的生物成矿作用
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摘要
生物的聚磷作用是磷块岩形成不可忽视的因素,海相磷块岩的大规模形成与生物成矿作用之间的关系十分密切。黔中地区震旦系有较厚的含磷岩层,震旦纪生物群的复苏和繁盛可能对同期磷块岩的沉积有促进作用。文章以震旦系瓮安富磷地层中抽提的有机组分为主要研究载体,采用生物标志物等技术从分子水平对其进行测试。结果表明:正构烷烃等多种分子化石的存在,暗示其生物母质源于菌藻类;正构烷烃δ(~(13)C)值变化曲线反映了南沱冰期后海洋中低等水生生物的种类相对单一。
Biological accumulation of phosphorus was an important factor for formation of phosphorite.The large marine phosphorite deposits are closely related to the biomineralization.In the central Guizhou province occur thick Sinain phosphorite layers which may deposited by stimulation of recovery and flourishing of the Sinian biota.Organic material is extracted from the Sinain P-rich strata in Weng'an area and analyzed it to molecular scale with biomark technique.Result shows that the hydrocarbons fractions contained n-alkanes,terpanes,steranes and so on implying that the sources of the organic matters in phosphorite came from algaes and bacteria.δ(~(13)C)value variation curve of n-alkanes indicates that species of medium-low organism in the post Nantuo glacial epoch ocean is unitary.
Biological accumulation of phosphorus was an important factor for formation of phosphorite.The large marine phosphorite deposits are closely related to the biomineralization.In the central Guizhou province occur thick Sinain phosphorite layers which may deposited by stimulation of recovery and flourishing of the Sinian biota.Organic material is extracted from the Sinain P-rich strata in Weng'an area and analyzed it to molecular scale with biomark technique.Result shows that the hydrocarbons fractions contained n-alkanes,terpanes,steranes and so on implying that the sources of the organic matters in phosphorite came from algaes and bacteria.δ(~(13)C)value variation curve of n-alkanes indicates that species of medium-low organism in the post Nantuo glacial epoch ocean is unitary.
引文
[1]Baturin G N.The origin of marine phosphorites[J].International Geology Review,1989,31(4):327-342.
[2]叶连俊,陈其英.沉积矿床多因素多阶段成矿论[J].地质科学,1989(2):109-127.
[3]Cook P J,Shergold J H.Phosphorus,Phosphorites and Skeletal evolution at the Precambrian-cambrian Boundary[J].Nature,1984,308:231-236.
[4]O’Brien G W,Harris J R,Milnes A R,et al.Bacterial origin of East Australian continental margin phosphorites[J].Nature,1981,294:442-444.
[5]Jrgensen B B.Mineralization of organic matter in the sea bedthe role of sulphate reduction[J].Nature,1982,296:643-645.
[6]Mach D L,Ramirez A,Holland H D.Organic phosphorus and carbon in marine sediments[J].American Journal of science,1987,278:429-441.
[7]Schulz H N,Schulz H D.Large sulfur bacteria and the formation of phosphorite[J].Science,2005,307:416-418.
[8]刘志礼,刘雪娴,李朋富.藻类及其有机质的成矿作用试验[J].沉积学报,1999,17(1):9-18.
[9]吴朝东,陈其英.湘西磷块岩的岩石地球化学特征及成因[J].地质科学,1999,34(2):213-222.
[10]陈其英,陈孟莪,李菊英.沉积磷灰石形成中的生物有机质因素[J].地质科学,2000,35(3):316-324.
[11]Cosmidis J,Benzerara K,Gheerbrant E,et al.Nanometerscale characterization of exceptionally preserved bacterial fossils in Paleocene phosphorites from Ouled Abdoun(Morocco)[J].Geobiology,2013,11:139-153.
[12]Jones D,Flood B,Bailey J.Microbial phosphate release from marine sediments:transcriptomics and geochemistry[J].Mineralogical Magazine,2013,77:1405.
[13]Arning E T,Birgel D,Schulz-Vogt H N,et al.Lipid biomarker patterns of phosphogenic sediments from upwelling regions[J].Geomicrobiology Journal,2008,25(2):69-82.
[14]Baturin G N,Titov A T.Biomorphic formations in recent phosphorites[J].Oceanology,2006,46(5):711-715.
[15]Brock J,Schulz-Vogt H N.Sulfide induces phosphate release from polyphosphate in cultures of a marine Beggiatoa strain[J].ISME J,2011,5(3):497-506.
[16]LaVigne M,Matthews K A,Grottoli A G,et al.Coral skeleton P/Ca proxy for seawater phosphate:Multi-colony calibration with a contemporaneous seawater phosphate record[J].GeochimicaetCosmochimica Acta,2010(74):1282-1293.
[17]Anagnostou E,Sherrell R M.Gagnon A.Seawater nutrient and carbonate ion concentrations recorded as P/Ca,Ba/Ca,and U/Ca in the deep-sea coral Desmophyllum dianthus[J].Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta,2011(75):2529-2543.
[18]Arning E T,Birgel D.Bacterial formation of phosphatic laminites off Peru[J].Geobiology,2009(7):295-307.
[19]Benitez-Nelson C R.The biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in marine systems[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2000(51):109-135.
[20]Froelich P,Arthur M,Burnett W,et al.Early diagenesis of organic matter in Peru continental margin sediments:phosphorite precipitation[J].Marine Geology,1988(80):309-343.
[21]Filippelli G M.The global phosphorus cycle:past,present,and future[J].Elements,2008(4):89-95.
[22]Filippelli G M.Phosphate rock formation and marine phosphorus geochemistry:the deep time perspective[J].Chemosphere,2011(84):759-766.
[23]Meybeck M.Carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus transport by world river[J].American Journal of science,1982(282):401-450.
[24]陈永权,蒋少涌,凌洪飞,等.华南寒武纪海洋中沉积矿床及其古环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(1):79-84.
[25]Ingall E D,Jahnke R.Influence of water-column anoxia on the elemental fractionation of carbon and phosphorus during sediment diagenesis[J].Marine Geology,1997(139):219-229.
[26]Shen Y,Schidlowski M,Chu X.Biogeochemical approach to understanding phosphogenic events of the terminal Proterozoic to Cambrian[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2000(158):99-108.
[27]郭庆军,杨卫东,刘丛强,等.贵州瓮安生物群和磷矿形成的沉积地球化学研究[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2003,22(3):202-208.
[28]牟南,吴朝东.上扬子地区震旦-寒武纪磷块岩岩石学特征及成因分析[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(4):551-562.
[29]陈其英.中国东部主要成矿时代磷块岩的组成[J].沉积学报,1987,5(3):135-147.
[30]殷宗军,朱茂炎.贵州埃迪卡拉纪瓮安生物群化石含量统计分析[J].古生物学报,2008,47(4):477-487.
[31]She,Paul Strother,Gregory McMahon,et al.Terminal Proterozoic cyanobacterial blooms and phosphogenesis documented by the Doushantuo granular phosphorites I:In situ micro-analysis of textures and composition[J].Precambrian Research,2013(235):20-35.
[32]Xiao S,Zhang Y,Knoll A H.Three-demensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite[J].Nature,1998(391):553-558.
[33]Wang T G,Li M J,Wang C J,et al.Organic molecular evidence in the Late Neoproterozoic Tillites for a palaeo-oceanic environment during the snowball Earth era in the Yangtze region,southern China[J].Precambrian Research,2008(162):317-326.
[34]殷纯嘏,张昀,姜乃煌.贵州瓮安新元古代陡山沱组磷块岩中的有机化合物[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,1999,35(4):509-517.
[35]Goldhammer T,Brüchert V,Ferdelman T G,et al.Microbial sequestration of phosphorus in anoxic upwelling sediments[J].Nature Geoscience?,2010(3):557-561.
[36]Fllmi,K.The phosphorus cycle,phosphogenesis and marine phosphate-rich deposits[J].Earth-Science Reviews,1996(40):55-124.
[37]Benmore R A,Coleman H L,McArthur J M.Carbon and sulfur isotopes in phosphorites:evidence of origin[J].Nature,1983,302(5908):516-518.
[38]程克明,王铁冠,钟宁宁.烃源岩地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1995:17-103.
[39]Han J C Y.Chemical studies of terrestrial and extraterrestrial life[D].Berkeley,California.U.S.A:University of California,1970:1-20.
[40]Volkman J K.A review of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter[J].Organic Geochemistry,1986,9(3):83-99.
[41]Peters K E,Moldowan J M.The Biomarker Guide:Interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Publishing House,1995:1-194.
[42]李美俊,王铁冠.扬子区新元古代“雪球”时期古环境的分子地球化学证据[J].地质学报,2007,81(2):220-229.
[43]徐冠军,张大江,王培荣.用沥青质中生物标志化合物判识生物降解油的油源[J].科学通报,2003,48(4):400-404.
[44]Philp R P.Biological markers in fossil fuel production[J].Mass Spectromtry,1985(4):1-54.
[45]Ourisson G,Rohmer M,Poralla K.Prokaryotic hopanoids and other polyterpenoid sterol surrogates[J].Annual review of microbiology,1987(41):301-333.
[46]Moldowan J M,Sundararaman P,Schoell M.Sensitivity of biomarker properties to depositional environment and or source input in the lower Toarcian of SW-Germany[J].Organic Geochemistry,1986(10):915-926.
[47]Dornbos S Q,Bottjer D J,Chen J Y,et al.Environmental Controls on the Taphonomy of phosphatized animals and animal embryos from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo formation,southwest China[J].Palaios,2006(21):3-14.
[48]张水昌,Moldowan J M,Li Maowen,等.分子化石在寒武-前寒武纪地层中的异常分布及其生物学意义[J].中国科学:D辑,2001,31(4):299-304.
[49]Grantham P J,Wakefield L L.Variations in the sterane carbon number distributions of marine source rock derived crude oils through geological time[J].Organic geochemistry,1988(12):61-73.
[50]吴庆余,殷实,盛国英,等.不同模拟条件下蓝藻甾烷化合物的分布及其对比[J].中国科学:B辑,1992,22(8):883-888.
[51]袁训来,周传明.贵州瓮安磷矿新元古代微体生物化石[J].江苏地质,1999,23(4):202-211.
[52]Moldowan J M,Fago F J.Structure and significance of a novel rearranged monoaromatio steroid hydrocarbon in petroleum[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1985(50):343-351.
[53]Hayes J M,Freeman K H,Popp B N.Compound-specific isotopic analysis:A novel tool for reconstruction of ancient biogeochemical processes[J].Organic Geochemistry,1990(16):1115-1128.
[54]Lichtfouse E,Derenne S,Mariotti A.Possible algal origin of long chain odd n-alkanes in immature sediment s as revealed by distributions and carbon isotope ratios[J].Organic Geochemistry,1994(22):1023-1027.
[55]郑艳红,程鹏,周卫建.正构烷烃及单体碳同位素的古植被与古气候意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(1):99-104.
[56]Collister J W.Partial resolution of sources of n-alkanes in the saline portion of the parachute Creek Member,Green River Formation Piceance Creek Basin,Colorado[J].Organic Geochemistry,1994,21(6/7):645-659.
[2]叶连俊,陈其英.沉积矿床多因素多阶段成矿论[J].地质科学,1989(2):109-127.
[3]Cook P J,Shergold J H.Phosphorus,Phosphorites and Skeletal evolution at the Precambrian-cambrian Boundary[J].Nature,1984,308:231-236.
[4]O’Brien G W,Harris J R,Milnes A R,et al.Bacterial origin of East Australian continental margin phosphorites[J].Nature,1981,294:442-444.
[5]Jrgensen B B.Mineralization of organic matter in the sea bedthe role of sulphate reduction[J].Nature,1982,296:643-645.
[6]Mach D L,Ramirez A,Holland H D.Organic phosphorus and carbon in marine sediments[J].American Journal of science,1987,278:429-441.
[7]Schulz H N,Schulz H D.Large sulfur bacteria and the formation of phosphorite[J].Science,2005,307:416-418.
[8]刘志礼,刘雪娴,李朋富.藻类及其有机质的成矿作用试验[J].沉积学报,1999,17(1):9-18.
[9]吴朝东,陈其英.湘西磷块岩的岩石地球化学特征及成因[J].地质科学,1999,34(2):213-222.
[10]陈其英,陈孟莪,李菊英.沉积磷灰石形成中的生物有机质因素[J].地质科学,2000,35(3):316-324.
[11]Cosmidis J,Benzerara K,Gheerbrant E,et al.Nanometerscale characterization of exceptionally preserved bacterial fossils in Paleocene phosphorites from Ouled Abdoun(Morocco)[J].Geobiology,2013,11:139-153.
[12]Jones D,Flood B,Bailey J.Microbial phosphate release from marine sediments:transcriptomics and geochemistry[J].Mineralogical Magazine,2013,77:1405.
[13]Arning E T,Birgel D,Schulz-Vogt H N,et al.Lipid biomarker patterns of phosphogenic sediments from upwelling regions[J].Geomicrobiology Journal,2008,25(2):69-82.
[14]Baturin G N,Titov A T.Biomorphic formations in recent phosphorites[J].Oceanology,2006,46(5):711-715.
[15]Brock J,Schulz-Vogt H N.Sulfide induces phosphate release from polyphosphate in cultures of a marine Beggiatoa strain[J].ISME J,2011,5(3):497-506.
[16]LaVigne M,Matthews K A,Grottoli A G,et al.Coral skeleton P/Ca proxy for seawater phosphate:Multi-colony calibration with a contemporaneous seawater phosphate record[J].GeochimicaetCosmochimica Acta,2010(74):1282-1293.
[17]Anagnostou E,Sherrell R M.Gagnon A.Seawater nutrient and carbonate ion concentrations recorded as P/Ca,Ba/Ca,and U/Ca in the deep-sea coral Desmophyllum dianthus[J].Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta,2011(75):2529-2543.
[18]Arning E T,Birgel D.Bacterial formation of phosphatic laminites off Peru[J].Geobiology,2009(7):295-307.
[19]Benitez-Nelson C R.The biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in marine systems[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2000(51):109-135.
[20]Froelich P,Arthur M,Burnett W,et al.Early diagenesis of organic matter in Peru continental margin sediments:phosphorite precipitation[J].Marine Geology,1988(80):309-343.
[21]Filippelli G M.The global phosphorus cycle:past,present,and future[J].Elements,2008(4):89-95.
[22]Filippelli G M.Phosphate rock formation and marine phosphorus geochemistry:the deep time perspective[J].Chemosphere,2011(84):759-766.
[23]Meybeck M.Carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus transport by world river[J].American Journal of science,1982(282):401-450.
[24]陈永权,蒋少涌,凌洪飞,等.华南寒武纪海洋中沉积矿床及其古环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(1):79-84.
[25]Ingall E D,Jahnke R.Influence of water-column anoxia on the elemental fractionation of carbon and phosphorus during sediment diagenesis[J].Marine Geology,1997(139):219-229.
[26]Shen Y,Schidlowski M,Chu X.Biogeochemical approach to understanding phosphogenic events of the terminal Proterozoic to Cambrian[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2000(158):99-108.
[27]郭庆军,杨卫东,刘丛强,等.贵州瓮安生物群和磷矿形成的沉积地球化学研究[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2003,22(3):202-208.
[28]牟南,吴朝东.上扬子地区震旦-寒武纪磷块岩岩石学特征及成因分析[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(4):551-562.
[29]陈其英.中国东部主要成矿时代磷块岩的组成[J].沉积学报,1987,5(3):135-147.
[30]殷宗军,朱茂炎.贵州埃迪卡拉纪瓮安生物群化石含量统计分析[J].古生物学报,2008,47(4):477-487.
[31]She,Paul Strother,Gregory McMahon,et al.Terminal Proterozoic cyanobacterial blooms and phosphogenesis documented by the Doushantuo granular phosphorites I:In situ micro-analysis of textures and composition[J].Precambrian Research,2013(235):20-35.
[32]Xiao S,Zhang Y,Knoll A H.Three-demensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite[J].Nature,1998(391):553-558.
[33]Wang T G,Li M J,Wang C J,et al.Organic molecular evidence in the Late Neoproterozoic Tillites for a palaeo-oceanic environment during the snowball Earth era in the Yangtze region,southern China[J].Precambrian Research,2008(162):317-326.
[34]殷纯嘏,张昀,姜乃煌.贵州瓮安新元古代陡山沱组磷块岩中的有机化合物[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,1999,35(4):509-517.
[35]Goldhammer T,Brüchert V,Ferdelman T G,et al.Microbial sequestration of phosphorus in anoxic upwelling sediments[J].Nature Geoscience?,2010(3):557-561.
[36]Fllmi,K.The phosphorus cycle,phosphogenesis and marine phosphate-rich deposits[J].Earth-Science Reviews,1996(40):55-124.
[37]Benmore R A,Coleman H L,McArthur J M.Carbon and sulfur isotopes in phosphorites:evidence of origin[J].Nature,1983,302(5908):516-518.
[38]程克明,王铁冠,钟宁宁.烃源岩地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1995:17-103.
[39]Han J C Y.Chemical studies of terrestrial and extraterrestrial life[D].Berkeley,California.U.S.A:University of California,1970:1-20.
[40]Volkman J K.A review of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter[J].Organic Geochemistry,1986,9(3):83-99.
[41]Peters K E,Moldowan J M.The Biomarker Guide:Interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Publishing House,1995:1-194.
[42]李美俊,王铁冠.扬子区新元古代“雪球”时期古环境的分子地球化学证据[J].地质学报,2007,81(2):220-229.
[43]徐冠军,张大江,王培荣.用沥青质中生物标志化合物判识生物降解油的油源[J].科学通报,2003,48(4):400-404.
[44]Philp R P.Biological markers in fossil fuel production[J].Mass Spectromtry,1985(4):1-54.
[45]Ourisson G,Rohmer M,Poralla K.Prokaryotic hopanoids and other polyterpenoid sterol surrogates[J].Annual review of microbiology,1987(41):301-333.
[46]Moldowan J M,Sundararaman P,Schoell M.Sensitivity of biomarker properties to depositional environment and or source input in the lower Toarcian of SW-Germany[J].Organic Geochemistry,1986(10):915-926.
[47]Dornbos S Q,Bottjer D J,Chen J Y,et al.Environmental Controls on the Taphonomy of phosphatized animals and animal embryos from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo formation,southwest China[J].Palaios,2006(21):3-14.
[48]张水昌,Moldowan J M,Li Maowen,等.分子化石在寒武-前寒武纪地层中的异常分布及其生物学意义[J].中国科学:D辑,2001,31(4):299-304.
[49]Grantham P J,Wakefield L L.Variations in the sterane carbon number distributions of marine source rock derived crude oils through geological time[J].Organic geochemistry,1988(12):61-73.
[50]吴庆余,殷实,盛国英,等.不同模拟条件下蓝藻甾烷化合物的分布及其对比[J].中国科学:B辑,1992,22(8):883-888.
[51]袁训来,周传明.贵州瓮安磷矿新元古代微体生物化石[J].江苏地质,1999,23(4):202-211.
[52]Moldowan J M,Fago F J.Structure and significance of a novel rearranged monoaromatio steroid hydrocarbon in petroleum[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1985(50):343-351.
[53]Hayes J M,Freeman K H,Popp B N.Compound-specific isotopic analysis:A novel tool for reconstruction of ancient biogeochemical processes[J].Organic Geochemistry,1990(16):1115-1128.
[54]Lichtfouse E,Derenne S,Mariotti A.Possible algal origin of long chain odd n-alkanes in immature sediment s as revealed by distributions and carbon isotope ratios[J].Organic Geochemistry,1994(22):1023-1027.
[55]郑艳红,程鹏,周卫建.正构烷烃及单体碳同位素的古植被与古气候意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(1):99-104.
[56]Collister J W.Partial resolution of sources of n-alkanes in the saline portion of the parachute Creek Member,Green River Formation Piceance Creek Basin,Colorado[J].Organic Geochemistry,1994,21(6/7):645-659.