裂谷热研究进展
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摘要
裂谷热(Rift Valley fever,RVF)是由裂谷热病毒(Rift Valley fever virus,RVFV)引起的发热性人兽共患病,该病导致反刍动物的大面积死亡及人类的致命性出血热。RVF最初仅流行于非洲东部地区,现正在逐步扩大。2016年我国确诊首例输入性病例,提示非流行地区和国家正在面临威胁。RVF的流行不仅严重影响人类的健康及畜牧业的发展,更可能被用作潜在生物战剂,因此被世界动物卫生组织列为必须报告疫情。本文对RVF的流行病学、分子生物学、检测技术及疫苗研究进展等方面进行简要综述,为今后RVF的相关研究提供参考。
Rift Valley fever(RVF)is a fever amphixenosis caused by Rift Valley fever virus(RVFV). It leads to massive death of ruminants and fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. The virus was restricted to the eastern region of Africa initially,while is in spreading at present. The first imported case was diagnosed in China in 2016,suggesting a threat to nonepidemic countries or regions. The epidemic of RVF not only seriously influencs the health of humans and the development of animal husbandry,but also might be used as a potential biological warfare,thus has been listed to the notifiable epidemics by the OIE. This paper reviews the epidemiology,molecular biology and detection technology of RVF as well as the progress in vaccine research,so as to provide a reference for further research on RVF.
Rift Valley fever(RVF)is a fever amphixenosis caused by Rift Valley fever virus(RVFV). It leads to massive death of ruminants and fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. The virus was restricted to the eastern region of Africa initially,while is in spreading at present. The first imported case was diagnosed in China in 2016,suggesting a threat to nonepidemic countries or regions. The epidemic of RVF not only seriously influencs the health of humans and the development of animal husbandry,but also might be used as a potential biological warfare,thus has been listed to the notifiable epidemics by the OIE. This paper reviews the epidemiology,molecular biology and detection technology of RVF as well as the progress in vaccine research,so as to provide a reference for further research on RVF.
引文
[1]HIMEIDAN Y E,KWEKA E J,MAHGOUB M M,et al.Recent outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in East Africa and the middle East[J].Front Public health,2014,2:169.doi:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00169.
[2]DAUBNEY R,HUDSON J R.Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever.An un-described virus disease of sheep,cattle and man from East Africa[J].J Pathol Bacteriol,1931,34(4):545-579.
[3]CDC.Outbreak of Rift Valley fever,Yemen,August-October2000[J].Wkly Epidemiol Rec,2000,75(48):392-395.
[4]NISHIYAMA S,LOKUGAMAGE N,IKEGAMI T.The L,M,and S segments of Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 vaccine independently contribute to a temperature-sensitive phenotype[J].J Virol,2016,90(7):3735-3744.
[5]BALKHY H H,MEMISH Z A.Rift Valley fever:an uninvited zoonosis in the Arabian peninsula[J].Int J Antimicrob Agents,2003,21(2):153-157.
[6]SHOEMAKER T,BOULIANNE C,VINCENT M J,et al.Genetic analysis of viruses associated with emergence of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen,2000-01[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2002,8(12):1415-1420.
[7]WOODS C W,KARPATI A M,GREIN T,et al.An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Northeastern Kenya,1997-98[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2002,8(2):138-144.
[8]BIRD B H,KSIAZEK T G,NICHOL S T,et al.Rift Valley fever virus[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,2009,234(7):883-893.
[9]LIU L,CELMA C C,ROY P.Rift Valley fever virus structural proteins:expression,characterization and assembly of recombinant proteins[J].Virol J,2008,5:82.doi:10.1186/1743-422X-5-82.
[10]WALTER C T,BARR J N.Recent advances in the molecular and cellular biology of bunyaviruses[J].J Gen Virol,2011,92(Pt 11):2467-2484.
[11]FREIBERG A N,SHERMAN M B,MORAIS M C,et al.Three-dimensional organization of Rift Valley fever virus revealed by cryoelectron tomography[J].J Virol,2008,82(21):10341-10348.
[12]KREHER F,TAMIETTI C,GOMMET C,et al.The Rift Valley fever accessory proteins NSm and P78/NSm-GN are distinct determinants of virus propagation in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts[J].Emerg Microbes Infect,2014,3(10):e71.doi:10.1038/emi.2014.71.
[13]MANDELL R B,KOUKUNTLA R,MOGLER L J,et al.Areplication-incompetent Rift Valley fever vaccine:chimeric virus-like particles protect mice and rats against lethal challenge[J].Virology,2010,397(1):187-198.
[14]DE BOER S M,KORTEKAAS J,ANTONIS A F,et al.Rift Valley fever virus subunit vaccines confer complete protection against a lethal virus challenge[J].Vaccine,2010,28(11):2330-2339.
[15]WALLACE D B,ELLIS C E,ESPACH A,et al.Protective immune responses induced by different recombinant vaccine regimes to Rift Valley fever[J].Vaccine,2006,24(49-50):7181-7189.
[16]BILLECOCQ A,SPIEGEL M,VIALAT P,et al.NSs protein of Rift Valley fever virus blocks interferon production by inhibiting host gene transcription[J].J Virol,2004,78(18):9798-9806.
[17]LE MAY N,DUBAELE S,PROIETTI DE SANTIS L,et al.TFIIH transcription factor,a target for the Rift Valley hemorrhagic fever virus[J].Cell,2004,116(4):541-550.
[18]HABJAN M,PICHLMAIR A,ELLIOTT R M,et al.NSs protein of Rift Valley fever virus induces the specific degradation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase[J].JVirol,2009,83(9):4365-4375.
[19]IKEGAMI T,NARAYANAN K,WON S,et al.Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein promotes post-transcriptional downregulation of protein kinase PKR and inhibits eIF2alpha phosphorylation[J].PLoS Pathog,2009,5(2):e1000287.doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000287.
[20]BIRD B H,ALBARINO C G,NICHOL S T.Rift Valley fever virus lacking NSm proteins retains high virulence in vivo and may provide a model of human delayed onset neurologic disease[J].Virology,2007,362(1):10-15.
[21]MULLER R,SALUZZO J F,LOPEZ N,et al.Characterization of clone 13,a naturally attenuated avirulent isolate of Rift Valley fever virus,which is altered in the small segment[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1995,53(4):405-411.
[22]ANDERSON G W Jr,SALUZZO J F,KSIAZEK T G,et al.Comparison of in vitro and in vivo systems for propagation of Rift Valley fever virus from clinical specimens[J].Res Virol,1989,140(2):129-138.
[23]DROSTEN C,G魻TTIG S,SCHILLING S,et al.Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses,Lassa virus,Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus,Rift Valley fever virus,dengue virus,and yellow fever virus by realtime reverse transcription-PCR[J].J Clin Microbiol,2002,40(7):2323-2330.
[24]PAWESKA J T,BARNARD B J,WILLIAMS R.The use of sucrose-acetone-extracted Rift Valley fever virus antigen derived from cell culture in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and haemagglutination-inhibition test[J].Onderstepoort J Vet Res,1995,62(4):227-233.
[25]RANDALL R,GIBBS C J Jr,AULISIO C G,et al.The development of a formalin-killed Rift Valley fever virus vaccine for use in man[J].J Immunol,1962,89(11):660-671.
[26]PITTMAN P R,LIU C T,CANNON T L,et al.Immunogenicity of an inactivated Rift Valley fever vaccine in humans:a12-year experience[J].Vaccine,1999,18(1-2):181-189.
[27]RUSNAK J M,GIBBS P,BOUDREAU E,et al.Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated Rift Valley fever vaccine in a19-year study[J].Vaccine,2011,29(17):3222-3229.
[28]SMITHBURN K C.Rift Valley fever:the neurotropic ada-ptation of the virus and the experimental use of this modified virus as a vaccine[J].Br J Exp Pathol,1949,30(1):1-16.
[29]KAMAL S A.Pathological studies on postvaccinal reactions of Rift Valley fever in goats[J].Virol J,2009,6:94.doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-94.
[30]BOTROS B,OMAR A,ELIAN K,et al.Adverse response of non-indigenous cattle of European breeds to live attenuated Smithburn Rift Valley fever vaccine[J].J Med Virol,2006,78(6):787-791.
[31]LE MAY N,MANSUROGLU Z,LEGER P,et al.A SAP30complex inhibits IFN-beta expression in rift valley fever virus infected cells[J].PLoS Pathog,2008,4(1):e13.doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040013.
[32]DUNGU B,LOUW I,LUBISI A,et al.Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the Rift Valley fever clone 13 vaccine in sheep[J].Vaccine,2010,28(29):4581-4587.
[33]VON TEICHMAN B,ENGELBRECHT A,ZULU G,et al.Safety and efficacy of Rift Valley fever Smithburn and Clone 13vaccines in calves[J].Vaccine,2011,29(34):5771-5777.
[34]CAPLEN H,PETERS C J,BISHOP D H.Mutagen-directed attenuation of Rift Valley fever virus as a method for vaccine development[J].J Gen Virol,1985,66(Pt10):2271-2277.
[35]LOKUGAMAGE N,FREIBERG A N,MORRILL J C,et al.Genetic subpopulations of Rift Valley fever virus strains ZH548and MP-12 and recombinant MP-12 strains[J].J Virol,2012,86(24):13566-13575.
[36]BILLECOCQ A,GAULIARD N,LE MAY N,et al.RNApolymerase I-mediated expression of viral RNA for the rescue of infectious virulent and avirulent Rift Valley fever viruses[J].Virology,2008,378(2):377-384.
[37]PITTMAN P R,NORRIS S L,BROWN E S,et al.Rift Valley fever MP-12 vaccine phase 2 clinical trial:Safety,immunogenicity,and genetic characterization of virus isolates[J].Vaccine,2016,34(4):523-530.
[38]LIHORADOVA O,KALVERAM B,INDRAN S V,et al.The dominant-negative inhibition of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR increases the efficacy of Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 vaccine[J].J Virol,2012,86(14):7650-7661.
[39]WICHGERS SCHREUR P J,ORESHKOVA N,MOORMANNR J,et al.Creation of Rift Valley fever viruses with foursegmented genomes reveals flexibility in bunyavirus genome packaging[J].J Virol,2014,88(18):10883-10893.
[40]BHARDWAJ N,HEISE M T,ROSS T M.Vaccination with DNA plasmids expressing Gn coupled to C3d or alphavirus replicons expressing gn protects mice against Rift Valley fever virus[J].PLoS Negl Trop Dis,2010,4(6):e725.doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000725.
[41]XU W,WATTS D M,COSTANZO M C,et al.The nucleocapsid protein of Rift Valley fever virus is a potent human CD8+T cell antigen and elicits memory responses[J].PLoS One,2013,8(3):e59210.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059210.
[42]PAPIN J F,VERARDI P H,JONES L A,et al.Recombinant Rift Valley fever vaccines induce protective levels of antibody in baboons and resistance to lethal challenge in mice[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2011,108(36):14926-14931.
[43]KORTEKAAS J,DE BOER S M,KANT J,et al.Rift Valley fever virus immunity provided by a paramyxovirus vaccine vector[J].Vaccine,2010,28(27):4394-4401.
[44]NaSLUND J,LAGERQVIST N,HABJAN M,et al.Vaccination with virus-like particles protects mice from lethal infection of Rift Valley Fever virus[J].Virology,2009,385(2):409-415.
[2]DAUBNEY R,HUDSON J R.Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever.An un-described virus disease of sheep,cattle and man from East Africa[J].J Pathol Bacteriol,1931,34(4):545-579.
[3]CDC.Outbreak of Rift Valley fever,Yemen,August-October2000[J].Wkly Epidemiol Rec,2000,75(48):392-395.
[4]NISHIYAMA S,LOKUGAMAGE N,IKEGAMI T.The L,M,and S segments of Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 vaccine independently contribute to a temperature-sensitive phenotype[J].J Virol,2016,90(7):3735-3744.
[5]BALKHY H H,MEMISH Z A.Rift Valley fever:an uninvited zoonosis in the Arabian peninsula[J].Int J Antimicrob Agents,2003,21(2):153-157.
[6]SHOEMAKER T,BOULIANNE C,VINCENT M J,et al.Genetic analysis of viruses associated with emergence of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen,2000-01[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2002,8(12):1415-1420.
[7]WOODS C W,KARPATI A M,GREIN T,et al.An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Northeastern Kenya,1997-98[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2002,8(2):138-144.
[8]BIRD B H,KSIAZEK T G,NICHOL S T,et al.Rift Valley fever virus[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,2009,234(7):883-893.
[9]LIU L,CELMA C C,ROY P.Rift Valley fever virus structural proteins:expression,characterization and assembly of recombinant proteins[J].Virol J,2008,5:82.doi:10.1186/1743-422X-5-82.
[10]WALTER C T,BARR J N.Recent advances in the molecular and cellular biology of bunyaviruses[J].J Gen Virol,2011,92(Pt 11):2467-2484.
[11]FREIBERG A N,SHERMAN M B,MORAIS M C,et al.Three-dimensional organization of Rift Valley fever virus revealed by cryoelectron tomography[J].J Virol,2008,82(21):10341-10348.
[12]KREHER F,TAMIETTI C,GOMMET C,et al.The Rift Valley fever accessory proteins NSm and P78/NSm-GN are distinct determinants of virus propagation in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts[J].Emerg Microbes Infect,2014,3(10):e71.doi:10.1038/emi.2014.71.
[13]MANDELL R B,KOUKUNTLA R,MOGLER L J,et al.Areplication-incompetent Rift Valley fever vaccine:chimeric virus-like particles protect mice and rats against lethal challenge[J].Virology,2010,397(1):187-198.
[14]DE BOER S M,KORTEKAAS J,ANTONIS A F,et al.Rift Valley fever virus subunit vaccines confer complete protection against a lethal virus challenge[J].Vaccine,2010,28(11):2330-2339.
[15]WALLACE D B,ELLIS C E,ESPACH A,et al.Protective immune responses induced by different recombinant vaccine regimes to Rift Valley fever[J].Vaccine,2006,24(49-50):7181-7189.
[16]BILLECOCQ A,SPIEGEL M,VIALAT P,et al.NSs protein of Rift Valley fever virus blocks interferon production by inhibiting host gene transcription[J].J Virol,2004,78(18):9798-9806.
[17]LE MAY N,DUBAELE S,PROIETTI DE SANTIS L,et al.TFIIH transcription factor,a target for the Rift Valley hemorrhagic fever virus[J].Cell,2004,116(4):541-550.
[18]HABJAN M,PICHLMAIR A,ELLIOTT R M,et al.NSs protein of Rift Valley fever virus induces the specific degradation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase[J].JVirol,2009,83(9):4365-4375.
[19]IKEGAMI T,NARAYANAN K,WON S,et al.Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein promotes post-transcriptional downregulation of protein kinase PKR and inhibits eIF2alpha phosphorylation[J].PLoS Pathog,2009,5(2):e1000287.doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000287.
[20]BIRD B H,ALBARINO C G,NICHOL S T.Rift Valley fever virus lacking NSm proteins retains high virulence in vivo and may provide a model of human delayed onset neurologic disease[J].Virology,2007,362(1):10-15.
[21]MULLER R,SALUZZO J F,LOPEZ N,et al.Characterization of clone 13,a naturally attenuated avirulent isolate of Rift Valley fever virus,which is altered in the small segment[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1995,53(4):405-411.
[22]ANDERSON G W Jr,SALUZZO J F,KSIAZEK T G,et al.Comparison of in vitro and in vivo systems for propagation of Rift Valley fever virus from clinical specimens[J].Res Virol,1989,140(2):129-138.
[23]DROSTEN C,G魻TTIG S,SCHILLING S,et al.Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses,Lassa virus,Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus,Rift Valley fever virus,dengue virus,and yellow fever virus by realtime reverse transcription-PCR[J].J Clin Microbiol,2002,40(7):2323-2330.
[24]PAWESKA J T,BARNARD B J,WILLIAMS R.The use of sucrose-acetone-extracted Rift Valley fever virus antigen derived from cell culture in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and haemagglutination-inhibition test[J].Onderstepoort J Vet Res,1995,62(4):227-233.
[25]RANDALL R,GIBBS C J Jr,AULISIO C G,et al.The development of a formalin-killed Rift Valley fever virus vaccine for use in man[J].J Immunol,1962,89(11):660-671.
[26]PITTMAN P R,LIU C T,CANNON T L,et al.Immunogenicity of an inactivated Rift Valley fever vaccine in humans:a12-year experience[J].Vaccine,1999,18(1-2):181-189.
[27]RUSNAK J M,GIBBS P,BOUDREAU E,et al.Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated Rift Valley fever vaccine in a19-year study[J].Vaccine,2011,29(17):3222-3229.
[28]SMITHBURN K C.Rift Valley fever:the neurotropic ada-ptation of the virus and the experimental use of this modified virus as a vaccine[J].Br J Exp Pathol,1949,30(1):1-16.
[29]KAMAL S A.Pathological studies on postvaccinal reactions of Rift Valley fever in goats[J].Virol J,2009,6:94.doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-94.
[30]BOTROS B,OMAR A,ELIAN K,et al.Adverse response of non-indigenous cattle of European breeds to live attenuated Smithburn Rift Valley fever vaccine[J].J Med Virol,2006,78(6):787-791.
[31]LE MAY N,MANSUROGLU Z,LEGER P,et al.A SAP30complex inhibits IFN-beta expression in rift valley fever virus infected cells[J].PLoS Pathog,2008,4(1):e13.doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040013.
[32]DUNGU B,LOUW I,LUBISI A,et al.Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the Rift Valley fever clone 13 vaccine in sheep[J].Vaccine,2010,28(29):4581-4587.
[33]VON TEICHMAN B,ENGELBRECHT A,ZULU G,et al.Safety and efficacy of Rift Valley fever Smithburn and Clone 13vaccines in calves[J].Vaccine,2011,29(34):5771-5777.
[34]CAPLEN H,PETERS C J,BISHOP D H.Mutagen-directed attenuation of Rift Valley fever virus as a method for vaccine development[J].J Gen Virol,1985,66(Pt10):2271-2277.
[35]LOKUGAMAGE N,FREIBERG A N,MORRILL J C,et al.Genetic subpopulations of Rift Valley fever virus strains ZH548and MP-12 and recombinant MP-12 strains[J].J Virol,2012,86(24):13566-13575.
[36]BILLECOCQ A,GAULIARD N,LE MAY N,et al.RNApolymerase I-mediated expression of viral RNA for the rescue of infectious virulent and avirulent Rift Valley fever viruses[J].Virology,2008,378(2):377-384.
[37]PITTMAN P R,NORRIS S L,BROWN E S,et al.Rift Valley fever MP-12 vaccine phase 2 clinical trial:Safety,immunogenicity,and genetic characterization of virus isolates[J].Vaccine,2016,34(4):523-530.
[38]LIHORADOVA O,KALVERAM B,INDRAN S V,et al.The dominant-negative inhibition of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR increases the efficacy of Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 vaccine[J].J Virol,2012,86(14):7650-7661.
[39]WICHGERS SCHREUR P J,ORESHKOVA N,MOORMANNR J,et al.Creation of Rift Valley fever viruses with foursegmented genomes reveals flexibility in bunyavirus genome packaging[J].J Virol,2014,88(18):10883-10893.
[40]BHARDWAJ N,HEISE M T,ROSS T M.Vaccination with DNA plasmids expressing Gn coupled to C3d or alphavirus replicons expressing gn protects mice against Rift Valley fever virus[J].PLoS Negl Trop Dis,2010,4(6):e725.doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000725.
[41]XU W,WATTS D M,COSTANZO M C,et al.The nucleocapsid protein of Rift Valley fever virus is a potent human CD8+T cell antigen and elicits memory responses[J].PLoS One,2013,8(3):e59210.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059210.
[42]PAPIN J F,VERARDI P H,JONES L A,et al.Recombinant Rift Valley fever vaccines induce protective levels of antibody in baboons and resistance to lethal challenge in mice[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2011,108(36):14926-14931.
[43]KORTEKAAS J,DE BOER S M,KANT J,et al.Rift Valley fever virus immunity provided by a paramyxovirus vaccine vector[J].Vaccine,2010,28(27):4394-4401.
[44]NaSLUND J,LAGERQVIST N,HABJAN M,et al.Vaccination with virus-like particles protects mice from lethal infection of Rift Valley Fever virus[J].Virology,2009,385(2):409-415.