稀土矿区土壤和蔬菜稀土元素含量及其健康风险评价
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摘要
通过野外取样调查和室内ICP-MS测定,研究了福建省长汀县稀土矿区蔬菜地土壤(0～20 cm)及主要蔬菜中稀土元素的含量,同时评价了食用蔬菜对人体可能产生的健康风险.结果表明,蔬菜地土壤中稀土元素平均含量高于福建省背景值,芋头和空心菜中稀土元素的平均含量分别为3.68和0.92 mg.kg-1(鲜重),超过了蔬菜卫生标准限值(0.7 mg.kg-1).8种蔬菜中稀土元素含量的大小:芋头>空心菜>生菜>上海青>豆角>茄子>白萝卜>大白菜;除芋头外,一般为多叶绿色蔬菜的稀土元素含量较高,而无叶蔬菜含量较低.矿区居民血液和头发中稀土元素的平均含量高于正常人,超标量达155.6和9.6倍,井水中稀土元素的平均含量是福州市饮用水的119倍.当地居民通过蔬菜和井水摄入的稀土元素终生日平均量为12.4699 mg.kg-.1d-1,超过稀土对人体亚临床损害剂量的临界值(6.0～6.7 mg.kg-.1d-1),当地居民面临着较大的健康风险.部分蔬菜对土壤中稀土元素具有较大的吸收和累积量,因此,当地居民应选择具有低积累量的蔬菜品种,以降低稀土元素对人体健康的危害.
Concentrations of rare earth elements(REEs) in cultivated soils and eight vegetables from a mining area in Changting County of Fujian Province were surveyed.The concentrations of REEs of cultivated soils exceeded the soil background value of Fujian Province,while the concentrations of REEs of taro(3.68 mg · kg-1 fresh weight) and water spinach(0.92 mg · kg-1 · d-1) exceeded the maximum permissible concentration of REEs in vegetables(0.7 mg · kg-1 · d-1) in the NFHSC.The concentrations of REEs of the eight vegetables declined in the order of taro > water spinach > lettuce > pakchoi > long bean > eggplant > white radish > Chinese cabbage.REE concentrations of leafy vegetables were higher than those of the non-leafy vegetables.REE concentrations in local resident′s blood and hair were 155.6 and 9.6 times higher than those of the general population,respectively.The average concentrations of REEs in well water from the mining area were 119 times higher than those in the drinking water of Fuzhou City.The average daily intake of REEs of local inhabitants was estimated to be 12.5 mg · kg-1 · d-1,exceeding values harmful to human health(6.0~6.7 mg · kg-1 · d-1).The local inhabitants were threatened by health risks due to high REE exposure from vegetable consumption.Some vegetables had greater concentrations of REEs than others,therefore local farmers should choose vegetables with low REE concentrations for reducing health risk associated with high intake of REEs.
Concentrations of rare earth elements(REEs) in cultivated soils and eight vegetables from a mining area in Changting County of Fujian Province were surveyed.The concentrations of REEs of cultivated soils exceeded the soil background value of Fujian Province,while the concentrations of REEs of taro(3.68 mg · kg-1 fresh weight) and water spinach(0.92 mg · kg-1 · d-1) exceeded the maximum permissible concentration of REEs in vegetables(0.7 mg · kg-1 · d-1) in the NFHSC.The concentrations of REEs of the eight vegetables declined in the order of taro > water spinach > lettuce > pakchoi > long bean > eggplant > white radish > Chinese cabbage.REE concentrations of leafy vegetables were higher than those of the non-leafy vegetables.REE concentrations in local resident′s blood and hair were 155.6 and 9.6 times higher than those of the general population,respectively.The average concentrations of REEs in well water from the mining area were 119 times higher than those in the drinking water of Fuzhou City.The average daily intake of REEs of local inhabitants was estimated to be 12.5 mg · kg-1 · d-1,exceeding values harmful to human health(6.0~6.7 mg · kg-1 · d-1).The local inhabitants were threatened by health risks due to high REE exposure from vegetable consumption.Some vegetables had greater concentrations of REEs than others,therefore local farmers should choose vegetables with low REE concentrations for reducing health risk associated with high intake of REEs.
引文
曹心德,赵贵文.1997.土壤中可给态稀土元素的研究进展[J].稀土,18(4):66-72
陈志彪,涂宏章,谢跟踪.2002.采矿迹地生态重建研究案例[J].水土保持研究,9(4):31-32,35
陈振金,陈春秀,刘用清,等.1992.福建省土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,13(4):70-75
陈祖义,朱旭东.2008.稀土元素的骨蓄积性、毒性及其对人群健康的潜在危害[J].生态与农村环境学报,24(1):88-91
Diatloff E,Smith F W,Asher C J.1995.Rare-earth elements and plantgrowth.1.Effects of lanthanum and cerium on root elongation ofcorn and mungbean[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,18:1963-1976
Ding S M,Liang T,Zhang Z L,et al.2003.Effect of rare earths onfractionation and transformation of soil available nitrogen[J].Journal of Rare Earths,21(5):583-586
丁士明,梁涛,张自立,等.2004.稀土对土壤的生态效应研究进展[J].土壤,36(2):157-163
Eich-Greatorex S,Song T A,Ogaard A F,et al.2007.Plant availabilityof inorganic and orgnic seclenium fertilizer as influenced by soilorganic matter content and pH[J].Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems,79:221-231
Fairbrother A,Wenstel R,Sappington K,et al.2007.Framework formetals risk assessment[J].Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety,68(2):145-227
冯嘉,张辉,朱为方,等.2000.稀土高背景区稀土生物学效应研究Ⅰ.轻稀土区人群血液生化指标[J].中国稀土学报,18(4):356-359
何潇,张智勇,冯流星,等.2007.长期低剂量YbCl3暴露的神经毒性评价[J].中国稀土学报,25(3):349-354
Hiroki M.1992.Effects of heavy metal contamination on soil microbialpopulation[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,38:141-147
Houba C,Remacle J.1980.Composition of the saprophytic bacterialcommunities in freshwater systems contaminated by heavy metals[J].Microbe Ecology,6:55-69
Hough R L,Breward N,Young S D,et al.2004.Assessing potentialrisk of heavy metak exposure from consumption of home-producedvegetables by urban population[J].Environmental HealthPerspectivew,112(2):215-221
胡斌,梁东丽,赵文龙,等.2012.土壤铜硒复合污染中金属形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响[J].环境科学,33(8):2817-2823
解惠光.1991.中国稀土元素在农业上应用研究进展[J].科学通报,36(8):561-564
Jones K S,Jackson A,Johnston A E.1992.Evidence for an increase inthe Cd content of herbage since the1860s[J].EnvironmentalScience&Technology,26:834-836
李天煜,熊治延.2003.南方离子型稀土矿开发中的资源环境问题与对策[J].国土与自然资源研究,3:42-44
李永华,孙宏飞,杨林生,等.2012.湖南凤凰茶田汞矿区土壤-水稻系统中汞的传输及其健康风险[J].地理研究,31(1):63-70
刘书娟,王立军,章申,等.1997.长期喷施稀土对土壤-植物(小麦)系统中稀土元素分布、累积及运移的影响[J].应用生态学报,8(1):55-58
刘维涛,周启星.2010.不同土壤改良剂及其组合对降低大白菜镉和铅含量的作用[J].环境科学学报,30(9):1846-1853
鲁鹏,刘定芳,马梅,等.1999.外源稀土微肥对土壤氮磷养分的影响[J].环境科学学报,19(5):532-535
鲁如坤.1999.农用土壤分析[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社
Mclaughlin M J.2001.Ageing of metals in soils changes bioavailability[J].Environmental Risk Assessment,(4):1-6
孟路,丁兰,陈杭亭,等.1999.稀土生物效应研究(Ⅰ)—正常人血浆中稀土含量及其物种分布[J].高等学校化学学报,20(1):125-130
Nicholson F A,Jones K C,Johnston A E.1994.Effect of phosphatefertilizers and atmospheric deposition on long-term changes in thecadmium content of soils and crops[J].Environmental ScienceTechnology,28:2170-2175
彭瑞玲,潘小川,解清.2003.稀土矿区婴幼儿与其母亲头发中稀土含量的研究[J].中华预防医学杂志,37(1):20-22
Satarug S,Baker J R,Urbenjapol S,et al.2003.A global perspectiveon cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposedpopulation[J].Toxicology Letters,137(1):65-83
孙铁珩,宋玉芳.2002.土壤污染的生态毒理诊断[J].环境科学学报,22(6):689-695
Tessier A,Campbell P G C,Bisson M.1979.Sequential extractionprocedures for the speciation of particulate trace metal[J].Analytical Chemistry,51(7):844-859
US EPA.1997.Exposure factors handbook[R].EPA/600/P-95/002F.Washington,DC:Environmental Protection Agency,Officeof Research Development.104-1-6
US EPA.1989.Risk assessment guidance for superfund:VolumeⅠ,Human health evaluation manual[R].EPA/540/1-89/002.Washinton D C
Wang G,Su M Y,Chen Y H,et al.2006.Transfer characteristics ofcadmium and lead from soil to the edible parts of six vegetablespecies in southeastern China[J].Environmental Pollution,144(1):127-135
王天成,何萧,张智勇,等.2007.轻稀土元素镧亚慢性暴露对大鼠钙、镁和铁代谢的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,24(4):192-194
王晓蓉.1991.稀土元素的环境化学研究及发展趋势[J].环境化学,10(6):73-78
魏复盛,刘廷良,滕恩江,等.1991.我国土壤中稀土元素背景值特征[J].环境科学,12(5):78-82
Wei Y Z,Zhou X B.2000.Effect of neodymium on physiologicalactivities in oilseed rape during calcium starvation[J].Journal ofRare Earths,18:57-61
Xie Z B,Zhu J G,Chu H Y,et al.2002.Effect of lanthanum on riceproduction,nutrient uptake,and distribution[J].Journal of PlantNutrition,25,2315-2331
Xu X K,Zhu W Z,Wang Z J,et al.2002.Distribution of rare earthsand heavy metals in field-grown maize after application of rare earth-containing fertilizer[J].Science of Total Environment,293:97-105
杨刚,沈飞,钟贵江,等.2011.西南山地铅锌矿区耕地土壤和谷类产品重金属含量及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,31(9):2014-2021
杨元根,刘丛强,袁可能,等.1999.稀土对红壤微生物碳的影响[J].中国稀土学报,17(3):288-292
袁兆康,刘勇,俞慧强,等.2003.血稀土负荷水平与居民健康状况关系的研究[J].中国公共卫生,19(2):133-135
张秀武,李永华,杨林生,等.2010.温控湿法消解ICP-MS测定全血中铅镉硒砷汞5种微量元素[J].光谱学与光谱分析,30(7):1972-1974
张智勇,肖海清,柴之芳,等.2006.核磁共振氢谱研究氯化镧对大鼠脑中代谢物的影响[J].中国稀土学报,24(增刊):171-173
Zhou Q X.2003.Interaction between heavy metals and nitrogenfertilizers app lied in soil-vegetable systems[J].Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology,71(2):388-344
褚海燕,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.2001.镧对红壤硝化、磷转化和酚分解作用的影响[J].中国稀土学报,19(4):366-369
朱为方,徐素琴,邵萍萍,等.1997.赣南稀土区生物效应研究———稀土日允许摄入量[J].中国环境科学,17(1):63-65
朱为方,徐素琴,张辉.1996.稀土区儿童智商调查———Ⅰ.赣南稀土区生物效应研究[J].科学通报,41(10):914-916
邹晓锦,仇荣亮,周小勇,等.2008.蔬菜重金属暴露接触对大宝山矿区及周边居民的健康风险[J].地理研究,27(4):855-862
陈志彪,涂宏章,谢跟踪.2002.采矿迹地生态重建研究案例[J].水土保持研究,9(4):31-32,35
陈振金,陈春秀,刘用清,等.1992.福建省土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,13(4):70-75
陈祖义,朱旭东.2008.稀土元素的骨蓄积性、毒性及其对人群健康的潜在危害[J].生态与农村环境学报,24(1):88-91
Diatloff E,Smith F W,Asher C J.1995.Rare-earth elements and plantgrowth.1.Effects of lanthanum and cerium on root elongation ofcorn and mungbean[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,18:1963-1976
Ding S M,Liang T,Zhang Z L,et al.2003.Effect of rare earths onfractionation and transformation of soil available nitrogen[J].Journal of Rare Earths,21(5):583-586
丁士明,梁涛,张自立,等.2004.稀土对土壤的生态效应研究进展[J].土壤,36(2):157-163
Eich-Greatorex S,Song T A,Ogaard A F,et al.2007.Plant availabilityof inorganic and orgnic seclenium fertilizer as influenced by soilorganic matter content and pH[J].Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems,79:221-231
Fairbrother A,Wenstel R,Sappington K,et al.2007.Framework formetals risk assessment[J].Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety,68(2):145-227
冯嘉,张辉,朱为方,等.2000.稀土高背景区稀土生物学效应研究Ⅰ.轻稀土区人群血液生化指标[J].中国稀土学报,18(4):356-359
何潇,张智勇,冯流星,等.2007.长期低剂量YbCl3暴露的神经毒性评价[J].中国稀土学报,25(3):349-354
Hiroki M.1992.Effects of heavy metal contamination on soil microbialpopulation[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,38:141-147
Houba C,Remacle J.1980.Composition of the saprophytic bacterialcommunities in freshwater systems contaminated by heavy metals[J].Microbe Ecology,6:55-69
Hough R L,Breward N,Young S D,et al.2004.Assessing potentialrisk of heavy metak exposure from consumption of home-producedvegetables by urban population[J].Environmental HealthPerspectivew,112(2):215-221
胡斌,梁东丽,赵文龙,等.2012.土壤铜硒复合污染中金属形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响[J].环境科学,33(8):2817-2823
解惠光.1991.中国稀土元素在农业上应用研究进展[J].科学通报,36(8):561-564
Jones K S,Jackson A,Johnston A E.1992.Evidence for an increase inthe Cd content of herbage since the1860s[J].EnvironmentalScience&Technology,26:834-836
李天煜,熊治延.2003.南方离子型稀土矿开发中的资源环境问题与对策[J].国土与自然资源研究,3:42-44
李永华,孙宏飞,杨林生,等.2012.湖南凤凰茶田汞矿区土壤-水稻系统中汞的传输及其健康风险[J].地理研究,31(1):63-70
刘书娟,王立军,章申,等.1997.长期喷施稀土对土壤-植物(小麦)系统中稀土元素分布、累积及运移的影响[J].应用生态学报,8(1):55-58
刘维涛,周启星.2010.不同土壤改良剂及其组合对降低大白菜镉和铅含量的作用[J].环境科学学报,30(9):1846-1853
鲁鹏,刘定芳,马梅,等.1999.外源稀土微肥对土壤氮磷养分的影响[J].环境科学学报,19(5):532-535
鲁如坤.1999.农用土壤分析[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社
Mclaughlin M J.2001.Ageing of metals in soils changes bioavailability[J].Environmental Risk Assessment,(4):1-6
孟路,丁兰,陈杭亭,等.1999.稀土生物效应研究(Ⅰ)—正常人血浆中稀土含量及其物种分布[J].高等学校化学学报,20(1):125-130
Nicholson F A,Jones K C,Johnston A E.1994.Effect of phosphatefertilizers and atmospheric deposition on long-term changes in thecadmium content of soils and crops[J].Environmental ScienceTechnology,28:2170-2175
彭瑞玲,潘小川,解清.2003.稀土矿区婴幼儿与其母亲头发中稀土含量的研究[J].中华预防医学杂志,37(1):20-22
Satarug S,Baker J R,Urbenjapol S,et al.2003.A global perspectiveon cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposedpopulation[J].Toxicology Letters,137(1):65-83
孙铁珩,宋玉芳.2002.土壤污染的生态毒理诊断[J].环境科学学报,22(6):689-695
Tessier A,Campbell P G C,Bisson M.1979.Sequential extractionprocedures for the speciation of particulate trace metal[J].Analytical Chemistry,51(7):844-859
US EPA.1997.Exposure factors handbook[R].EPA/600/P-95/002F.Washington,DC:Environmental Protection Agency,Officeof Research Development.104-1-6
US EPA.1989.Risk assessment guidance for superfund:VolumeⅠ,Human health evaluation manual[R].EPA/540/1-89/002.Washinton D C
Wang G,Su M Y,Chen Y H,et al.2006.Transfer characteristics ofcadmium and lead from soil to the edible parts of six vegetablespecies in southeastern China[J].Environmental Pollution,144(1):127-135
王天成,何萧,张智勇,等.2007.轻稀土元素镧亚慢性暴露对大鼠钙、镁和铁代谢的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,24(4):192-194
王晓蓉.1991.稀土元素的环境化学研究及发展趋势[J].环境化学,10(6):73-78
魏复盛,刘廷良,滕恩江,等.1991.我国土壤中稀土元素背景值特征[J].环境科学,12(5):78-82
Wei Y Z,Zhou X B.2000.Effect of neodymium on physiologicalactivities in oilseed rape during calcium starvation[J].Journal ofRare Earths,18:57-61
Xie Z B,Zhu J G,Chu H Y,et al.2002.Effect of lanthanum on riceproduction,nutrient uptake,and distribution[J].Journal of PlantNutrition,25,2315-2331
Xu X K,Zhu W Z,Wang Z J,et al.2002.Distribution of rare earthsand heavy metals in field-grown maize after application of rare earth-containing fertilizer[J].Science of Total Environment,293:97-105
杨刚,沈飞,钟贵江,等.2011.西南山地铅锌矿区耕地土壤和谷类产品重金属含量及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,31(9):2014-2021
杨元根,刘丛强,袁可能,等.1999.稀土对红壤微生物碳的影响[J].中国稀土学报,17(3):288-292
袁兆康,刘勇,俞慧强,等.2003.血稀土负荷水平与居民健康状况关系的研究[J].中国公共卫生,19(2):133-135
张秀武,李永华,杨林生,等.2010.温控湿法消解ICP-MS测定全血中铅镉硒砷汞5种微量元素[J].光谱学与光谱分析,30(7):1972-1974
张智勇,肖海清,柴之芳,等.2006.核磁共振氢谱研究氯化镧对大鼠脑中代谢物的影响[J].中国稀土学报,24(增刊):171-173
Zhou Q X.2003.Interaction between heavy metals and nitrogenfertilizers app lied in soil-vegetable systems[J].Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology,71(2):388-344
褚海燕,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.2001.镧对红壤硝化、磷转化和酚分解作用的影响[J].中国稀土学报,19(4):366-369
朱为方,徐素琴,邵萍萍,等.1997.赣南稀土区生物效应研究———稀土日允许摄入量[J].中国环境科学,17(1):63-65
朱为方,徐素琴,张辉.1996.稀土区儿童智商调查———Ⅰ.赣南稀土区生物效应研究[J].科学通报,41(10):914-916
邹晓锦,仇荣亮,周小勇,等.2008.蔬菜重金属暴露接触对大宝山矿区及周边居民的健康风险[J].地理研究,27(4):855-862