生物絮凝系统构建过程对吉富罗非鱼免疫酶和生长的影响
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摘要
以循环水养殖为对照组,研究了生物絮凝系统构建过程对初始体质量为(24.17±2.49)g吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)免疫酶活性和生长的影响。试验时间30 d。结果表明,生物絮凝构建过程中养殖水体中氨氮、亚硝氮呈现先上升后快速下降的趋势,氨氮质量浓度最高(60.98±7.23)mg/L,亚硝氮质量浓度最高(117.34±15.50)mg/L;实验组罗非鱼的肝胰脏、头肾、血液中碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶以及总超氧化物歧化酶的活性与对照组均无显著差异;实验组罗非鱼特定生长率、肝体比、丰满度、蛋白质效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饲料系数显著低于对照组(P<0.05),增重率比对照组要高27.88%(P<0.05),表明生物絮凝系统构建过程中吉富罗非鱼没有产生明显的应激反应,且生物絮凝养殖系统中罗非鱼的生长要优于循环水养殖系统。
A biofloc technology system is a complicated microbial ecosystem that requires some time in culture to stabilize inorganic nitrogen assimilation and the quality biofloc formation. The establishment of a biofloc technology system generally results in the accumulation of ammonia or nitrite. The growth and immune enzymes of the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia(GIFT) strain of Oreochromis niloticus were examined during the initial establishment of a biofloc technology system. A total of 600 tilapia with an average weight of(24.17± 2.49) g( x ±SD) were raised for 30 days, half in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system(control group) and half in a biofloc technology system(treatment group). Sodium acetate was added to the biofloc technology system at rate of 75% feed to maintain an optimum C︰N ratio of heterotrophic bacteria. The two groups were fed commercial feed at a daily rate of 2% of total fish body weight. The daily feeding rate was adjusted every 10 days based on the weight of a fish sample. Total suspended solids were maintained at roughly 500 mg/L in the control group. Both systems were maintained at a water temperature of 24–26℃ with dissolved oxygen(DO) concentrations over 6 mg/L and a p H of 7.0–7.5, which was adjusted using Na HCO3. A simulated natural photoperiod(12L︰12D) was used. During establishment of the biofloc technology system, concentrations of ammonia and nitrite rapidly spiked and then decreased, reaching peak concentrations of(60.98±7.23) mg/L and(117.34±15.50) mg/L( x ±SD), respectively. Nitrate concentrations stayed at relatively low levels of 1–15 mg/L. In contrast, nitrate levels rose markedly in the control group, ranging from(73.03±3.29) mg/L to(152.44±1.79) mg/L. Concentrations of ammonia and nitrite, however, were relatively stable and maintained relatively low levels of 5 and 0–3 mg/L, respectively. There was no significant difference between treatments in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, or total superoxide dismutase of the hepatopancreas, head kidneys, and serum; however, total superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity in the hepatopancreas were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control. In contrast, the specific growth rate, hepatosomatic somatic index, fullness, and protein efficiency ratio of the treatment group were significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05), while the feeding rate in the treatment group was lower than the control(P>0.05). Relative to the control, the feed conversion ratio in the experimental group was significantly lower(P<0.05), while weight gain was 27.88% higher(P<0.05). Survival was 100% for both groups, indicating no significant stress reaction to biofloc establishment. Moreover, tilapia grew at faster rates in the biofloc system than the recirculating system.
A biofloc technology system is a complicated microbial ecosystem that requires some time in culture to stabilize inorganic nitrogen assimilation and the quality biofloc formation. The establishment of a biofloc technology system generally results in the accumulation of ammonia or nitrite. The growth and immune enzymes of the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia(GIFT) strain of Oreochromis niloticus were examined during the initial establishment of a biofloc technology system. A total of 600 tilapia with an average weight of(24.17± 2.49) g( x ±SD) were raised for 30 days, half in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system(control group) and half in a biofloc technology system(treatment group). Sodium acetate was added to the biofloc technology system at rate of 75% feed to maintain an optimum C︰N ratio of heterotrophic bacteria. The two groups were fed commercial feed at a daily rate of 2% of total fish body weight. The daily feeding rate was adjusted every 10 days based on the weight of a fish sample. Total suspended solids were maintained at roughly 500 mg/L in the control group. Both systems were maintained at a water temperature of 24–26℃ with dissolved oxygen(DO) concentrations over 6 mg/L and a p H of 7.0–7.5, which was adjusted using Na HCO3. A simulated natural photoperiod(12L︰12D) was used. During establishment of the biofloc technology system, concentrations of ammonia and nitrite rapidly spiked and then decreased, reaching peak concentrations of(60.98±7.23) mg/L and(117.34±15.50) mg/L( x ±SD), respectively. Nitrate concentrations stayed at relatively low levels of 1–15 mg/L. In contrast, nitrate levels rose markedly in the control group, ranging from(73.03±3.29) mg/L to(152.44±1.79) mg/L. Concentrations of ammonia and nitrite, however, were relatively stable and maintained relatively low levels of 5 and 0–3 mg/L, respectively. There was no significant difference between treatments in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, or total superoxide dismutase of the hepatopancreas, head kidneys, and serum; however, total superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity in the hepatopancreas were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control. In contrast, the specific growth rate, hepatosomatic somatic index, fullness, and protein efficiency ratio of the treatment group were significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05), while the feeding rate in the treatment group was lower than the control(P>0.05). Relative to the control, the feed conversion ratio in the experimental group was significantly lower(P<0.05), while weight gain was 27.88% higher(P<0.05). Survival was 100% for both groups, indicating no significant stress reaction to biofloc establishment. Moreover, tilapia grew at faster rates in the biofloc system than the recirculating system.
引文
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[2]Yuan Y M,Yuan Y,Dai Y Y,et al.Production status and development trend analysis on tilapia industry in 2013[J].Chinese Fisheries Economics,2014,32(1):149–156.[袁永明,袁媛,代云云,等.2013年罗非鱼产业生产现状及发展趋势分析[J].中国渔业经济,2014,32(1):149–156.]
[3]Wang Y M,Cao J M,Chu X L,et al.Development situation and countermeasures of Guangdong tilapia industry in2013[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2014(8):12–17.[王玉梅,曹俊明,储霞玲,等.2013年广东罗非鱼产业发展形势与对策建议[J].广东农业科学,2014(8):12–17.]
[4]Avnimelech Y,Lacher M.Tentative nutrient balance for intensive fish ponds[J].Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh,1979,31:3–8.
[5]Avnimelech Y,Ritvo G.Shrimp and fish pond soils:processes and management[J].Aquaculture,2003,220:549–567.
[6]Boyd C E.Chemical budgets for channel catfish ponds[J].Trans Am Fish Soc,1985,114:291–298.
[7]Burford M A,Thompson P J,Mclntosh R P,et al.The contribution of flocculated material to shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)nutrition in a high-intensity,zero-exchange system[J].Aquaculture,2004,232(1–4):525–537.
[8]Avnimelech Y.Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds[J].Aquaculture,2007,264(1–4):140–147.
[9]Samocha T M,Patnaik S,Speed M,et al.Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei[J].Aqu Eng,2007,36(2):184–191.
[10]Hargreaves J A.Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture[J].Aqu Eng,2006,34(3):344–363.
[11]Azim M E,Little D C.The biofloc technology(BFT)in indoor tanks:Water quality,biofloc composition and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Aquaculture,2008,283:29–35.
[12]Xu W J,Pan L Q.Effects of bioflocs on growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and body composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei in zero-water exchange tanks manipulating C/N ratio in feed[J].Aquaculture,2012,356–357:147–152.
[13]Zhang X Z,Li B,Bai Y Y,et al.Effect of bioflocs on enzyme activities and growth performance of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2014,21(4):509–517.[张秀珍,李斌,白艳艳,等.生物絮团对仿刺参幼参生长与酶活性的影响[J].中国水产科学,2014,21(4):509–517.]
[14]Crab R,Kochva M,Verstraete W,et al.Bio-flocs technology application in over-wintering of tilapia[J].Aquac Eng,2009,40:105–112.
[15]Deng J P,Huang J H,Jiang S G,et al.Conditions for bio-floc formation and its effects on Penaeus monodon culture system[J].South China Fisheries Science,2014,10(3):29–38.[邓吉朋,黄建华,江世贵,等.生物絮团在斑节对虾养殖系统中的形成条件及作用效果[J].南方水产科学,2014,10(3):29–38.]
[16]Xia Y,Qiu L J,Yu E M,et al.Dynamic changes of water quality factors and composition of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms during culturing of bio-floc[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2014,21(1):75–83.[夏耘,邱立疆,郁二蒙,等.生物絮团培养过程中养殖水体水质因子及原核与真核微生物的动态变化[J].中国水产科学,2014,21(1):75–83.]
[17]Avnimelech Y.Carbonrnitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems[J].Aquaculture,1999,176:227–235.
[18]State Environmental Protection Administration of China.Methods of Monitoring and Analyzing for Water and Wastewater[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Environmental Sciemce Press,2002.[国家环保局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M].第4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.]
[19]Ebeling J M,Michael B T,Bisogni J J.Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic,autotrophic,and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems[J].Aquaculture,2006,257:346–358.
[20]Fu D Y,Yu X T,Wang F.The effects of compound microorganisms on the growth and water quality in carps[J].Feed Res,2005(8):43–45.
[21]Goldman J C,Caron D A,Dennett M R.Regulation of gross growth efficiency and ammonium regeneration in bacteria by substrate C:N ratio[J].Limnol Oceanogr,1987,32(6):1239–1252.
[22]Pan Y F,Luo G Z,Tan H X,et al.The comparison of different carbon sourses impact on the bioflocs formation of solid waste of aquaculture[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2011,37(11):20–24.[潘云峰,罗国芝,谭洪新,等.不同碳源对水产养殖固体颗粒物生物絮凝效果的比较[J].水处理技术,2011,37(11):20–24.]
[23]Sakai D K.The non-specific activation of rainbow trout,Salmon gardener Richardson,complement by Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular products and the correlation of complement activity with the inactivation of lethal toxicity products[J].J Fish Dis,1984,7(5):329–333.
[24]Xiao K Y.Aquatic animal immunity and Application[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.[肖克宇.水产动物免疫与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.]
[25]Cheng T C.The role of lysosmal hydrolases in moluscan cellular response to immunologic challenge[J].Curr Top Comp Pathol,1978,23(1):59–71.
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