北方农牧交错区草原利用与禁牧政策的关键问题研究
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摘要
草原作为我国最大的陆地生态系统,对生态安全、生物多样性、畜牧业等具有重要的意义,但草原生态承载力有限,随着人口和社会经济压力的不断增加,对草原的过度利用导致草原生态破坏严重,草原生态系统面临巨大威胁。为了恢复和保护草原生态系统,2002年前后国家在草原破坏严重的地区实施禁牧政策。政策实施以来,草原得到很大程度的恢复,生态效果明显,但政策实施过程中也出现了一些新的问题。探索北方农牧交错区草原利用效率和存在的问题可为进一步制定相关政策提供依据,对北方农牧交错区的生态环境修复和可持续发展有重要的意义。通过对相关文献的综述和典型禁牧区的研究,从禁牧政策的效益、问题和农户支持度等方面,进行了研究和论述,主要结论包括:(1)北方农牧交错区草原生态承载力低,生态赤字严重。(2)禁牧政策虽对生态环境的改善起到很大作用,但在一些禁牧区,当地政府不能因地制宜实施禁牧政策,再加上配套设施和基础设施滞后,草场界限模糊以及政策宣传和监管力度不够等问题导致了新的草原退化,草原生态恢复大打折扣。(3)禁牧政策实施对农户的生产和生活造成一定的影响,部分农户无法顺利完成生计方式的转型,又因生态补偿标准低和补偿有失公平等问题无法弥补禁牧造成的经济损失,导致农户生活水平有所下降,加深了生态环境与农户生计之间的矛盾,部分农户对禁牧政策的支持度较低。
Grassland as China's largest terrestrial ecosystem has important significance to ecological security,biodiversity,animal husbandry and others.However,the grassland bio capacity is limited.With the continuously increased pressures from the population and social economy,the excessive use of grasslands lead to severe damages to the grasslands eco-environment,posing a threat to the regional overall ecosystem.To protect grasslands eco-environments,a graze ban policy,which was a grasslands ecological protection policy,was instituted for the grasslands of China in 2002.With the implementation of the policy,the grasslands have been largely restored.However new problems occurred during the policy implementation process.Exploring the efficiency and problems of grassland utilization in the farming-pastoral ecotone of Northern China can provide an important basis for future policy formulation,and it is of great significance to the ecological environment restoration and sustainable development in the farming-pastoral ecotone of Northern China.Based on the review of related literature and the study of typical grazing areas,this paper discussed the benefits and problems of the graze ban Policy,and used the method of rural household survey questionnaire to understand the policy support level of the farmers and herdsmen.We discovered that the bio-capacity of grasslands in farming-pastoral ecotone of Northern China was low,and the ecological footprint of grasslands was far beyond the bio-capacity of grassland,so that the ecological deficit was serious.Since the implementation of the graze ban policy,the grasslands eco-environment had been improved and the vegetation coverage had been increased.However,in some graze prohibited areas,the local governments could hardly implement the policy according to their local conditions,and the lag-behind of the infrastructure,the blurred boundaries of the grasslands and the insufficiency of the policy advocacy and supervision resulted in new grassland degradation which compromised to a large extent the ecological restoration of grassland.The graze ban policy had influenced the production and livelihood of farmers and herdsmen and some of them could not successfully complete the transformation of livelihood mode.The ecological compensation given to them in conducting the policy could not offset the loss caused by the policy,translating to a decrease in their incomes.The implementation of the policy had deepened the contradiction between the eco-environment and the livelihood of the farmers.Although the farmers and herdsmen were very satisfied with the improvement of the eco-environment brought by the police.Most of them believed that their livelihoods were more important than the eco-environment protection; therefore,most of the farmers and herdsmen were reluctant to accept the graze ban policy which meant a low support level of the policy.In executing the policy,it is necessary to continuously improve supporting facilities,strengthen supervision,increase the compensation standards,and provide more opportunities to help the farmers and herdsmen to transform their livelihood mode.
Grassland as China's largest terrestrial ecosystem has important significance to ecological security,biodiversity,animal husbandry and others.However,the grassland bio capacity is limited.With the continuously increased pressures from the population and social economy,the excessive use of grasslands lead to severe damages to the grasslands eco-environment,posing a threat to the regional overall ecosystem.To protect grasslands eco-environments,a graze ban policy,which was a grasslands ecological protection policy,was instituted for the grasslands of China in 2002.With the implementation of the policy,the grasslands have been largely restored.However new problems occurred during the policy implementation process.Exploring the efficiency and problems of grassland utilization in the farming-pastoral ecotone of Northern China can provide an important basis for future policy formulation,and it is of great significance to the ecological environment restoration and sustainable development in the farming-pastoral ecotone of Northern China.Based on the review of related literature and the study of typical grazing areas,this paper discussed the benefits and problems of the graze ban Policy,and used the method of rural household survey questionnaire to understand the policy support level of the farmers and herdsmen.We discovered that the bio-capacity of grasslands in farming-pastoral ecotone of Northern China was low,and the ecological footprint of grasslands was far beyond the bio-capacity of grassland,so that the ecological deficit was serious.Since the implementation of the graze ban policy,the grasslands eco-environment had been improved and the vegetation coverage had been increased.However,in some graze prohibited areas,the local governments could hardly implement the policy according to their local conditions,and the lag-behind of the infrastructure,the blurred boundaries of the grasslands and the insufficiency of the policy advocacy and supervision resulted in new grassland degradation which compromised to a large extent the ecological restoration of grassland.The graze ban policy had influenced the production and livelihood of farmers and herdsmen and some of them could not successfully complete the transformation of livelihood mode.The ecological compensation given to them in conducting the policy could not offset the loss caused by the policy,translating to a decrease in their incomes.The implementation of the policy had deepened the contradiction between the eco-environment and the livelihood of the farmers.Although the farmers and herdsmen were very satisfied with the improvement of the eco-environment brought by the police.Most of them believed that their livelihoods were more important than the eco-environment protection; therefore,most of the farmers and herdsmen were reluctant to accept the graze ban policy which meant a low support level of the policy.In executing the policy,it is necessary to continuously improve supporting facilities,strengthen supervision,increase the compensation standards,and provide more opportunities to help the farmers and herdsmen to transform their livelihood mode.
引文
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