陕南易地扶贫搬迁农户生计脆弱性研究
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摘要
易地扶贫搬迁是精准扶贫的重要实现途径之一,脆弱性评估为易地扶贫搬迁在生计层面的研究提供了一个新思路。本研究通过构建易地扶贫搬迁农户的生计脆弱性评价指标体系及评估模型,运用生计脆弱性指数衡量农户的生计脆弱度,探讨不同类型农户的生计脆弱性指数及其维度的差异,选择多元线性回归模型分析估计农户暴露度、敏感性、适应能力和生计脆弱度的影响因素。结果显示:调查区域工程移民的生计脆弱性指数分布不均,内部分化明显,生计脆弱度相对较高,而各种安置方式的农户群体之间均在生计上表现出一定的脆弱程度。高收入农户生计脆弱性指数为偏态分布,表现为相对低位均衡化。随着农户生计多样化程度的提升,从单一生计户到多种生计户,敏感性和适应能力均趋于升高,而两种生计户的生计脆弱度最低。风险冲击、信贷可能性和已搬迁时间以及家庭规模、家庭负担比、教育和对周围人信任度均是影响易地扶贫搬迁农户生计脆弱性的重要因素。针对项目区搬迁农户生计脆弱性差异和重要影响因素,提出降解生计脆弱性的对策建议。
The poverty alleviation relocation is an important part of targeted poverty alleviation effort.Vulnerability assessment provides a new idea for the study of the poverty alleviation relocation on livelihoods of rural households.By constructing the evaluation index system and assessment model,the Livelihood Vulnerability Index was adopted to measure the rural household's vulnerability degree.The differences between different types of rural household's livelihood vulnerability index and its dimensions were identified.The multiple linear regression model was selected to estimate the influence factors of the degree of exposure,sensitivity,adaptive capacity and livelihood vulnerability.The livelihood vulnerability index of infrastructural resettlement in survey area is unevenly distributed,the internal differentiation is obvious,and the livelihood vulnerability is relatively high,and the farmer households of various resettlement modes show a certain degree of vulnerability in their livelihood.The high-income farmers'livelihood vulnerability index is skewed,showing a relatively low equilibrium.With the increase in the diversification of farmers'livelihoods,from single households to multiple households,the sensitivity and adaptability tend to increase,while the two kinds of livelihoods of the households are the least.The risk shocks,credit possibilities and already relocation time as well as household size,family dependency ratio,education and trust in the surrounding people are all key factors that affect the livelihood vulnerability of poverty alleviation relocated rural households.In view of the differences and important influencing factors of the livelihood vulnerability of the relocation in the project area,the countermeasures and suggestions for the livelihood vulnerability of degradation were proposed.
The poverty alleviation relocation is an important part of targeted poverty alleviation effort.Vulnerability assessment provides a new idea for the study of the poverty alleviation relocation on livelihoods of rural households.By constructing the evaluation index system and assessment model,the Livelihood Vulnerability Index was adopted to measure the rural household's vulnerability degree.The differences between different types of rural household's livelihood vulnerability index and its dimensions were identified.The multiple linear regression model was selected to estimate the influence factors of the degree of exposure,sensitivity,adaptive capacity and livelihood vulnerability.The livelihood vulnerability index of infrastructural resettlement in survey area is unevenly distributed,the internal differentiation is obvious,and the livelihood vulnerability is relatively high,and the farmer households of various resettlement modes show a certain degree of vulnerability in their livelihood.The high-income farmers'livelihood vulnerability index is skewed,showing a relatively low equilibrium.With the increase in the diversification of farmers'livelihoods,from single households to multiple households,the sensitivity and adaptability tend to increase,while the two kinds of livelihoods of the households are the least.The risk shocks,credit possibilities and already relocation time as well as household size,family dependency ratio,education and trust in the surrounding people are all key factors that affect the livelihood vulnerability of poverty alleviation relocated rural households.In view of the differences and important influencing factors of the livelihood vulnerability of the relocation in the project area,the countermeasures and suggestions for the livelihood vulnerability of degradation were proposed.
引文
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[14]Hammond L.Strategies of invisibilization:how Ethiopia’s resettlement programme hides the poorest of the poor[J].Journal of Refugee Studies,2008,21(4):517-536.
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[20]Shah K U,Dulal H B,Johnson C,et al.Understanding livelihood vulnerability to climate change:applying the livelihood vulnerability index in Triniada and Tobago[J].Geoforum,2013,47(2):125-137.
[21]Antwi-Agyei P,Dougill A J,Fraser E D,et al.Characterizing the nature of household vulnerability to climate variability:empirical evidence from two regions of Ghana[J].Environment Development and Sustainability,2013,15(4):903-926.
[22]Skjeflo S.Measuring household vulnerability to climate changewhy markets Matter[J].Global Environmental Change,2013,23(6):1694-1701.
[23]Martin R,Linst?dter A,Frank K,et al.Livelihood security in face of drought:assessing the vulnerability of pastoral households[J].Environmental Modelling and Software,2016,75:414-423.
[24]阎建忠,喻鸥,吴莹莹,等.青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计脆弱性评估[J].地理科学,2011,27(7):858-867.[Yan J Z,Yu O,Wu Y Y,et al.Livelihood vulnerability assessment of farmers and nomads in eastern ecotone of Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,27(7):858-867.]
[25]赵立娟.灌溉管理改革背景下农户生计脆弱性评估[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):1055-1064.[Zhao L J.Assessment on household’s livelihood vulnerability under irrigation management reform[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(5):1055-1064.]
[26]Ericksen P,Thornton P,Notenbaert A,et al.Mapping Hotspots of Climate Change and Food Insecurity in the Global Tropics[R].Copenhagen:CCAFS Report 5,2011.
[27]张钦,赵雪雁,雒丽,等.高寒生态脆弱区气候变化对农户生计的脆弱性影响评价-以甘南高原为例[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(3):781-790.[Zhang Q,Zhao X Y,Luo L,et al.Assessment of the impact of climate change on vulnerability of farmer household’s livelihood in an ecologically vulnerable alpine region:taking Gannan Plateau for example[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(3):781-790.]
[28]韩文文,刘小鹏,裴银宝,等.不同地貌背景下民族村农户生计脆弱性及其影响因子[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(4):1229-1240.[Han W W,Liu X P,Pei Y B,et al.Agro-household livelihood vulnerability and influence factors of ethnic villages under different geomorphology backgrounds[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(4):1229-1240.]
[29]赵雪雁,刘春芳,王学良,等.干旱区内陆河流域农户生计对生态退化的脆弱性评价-以石羊河中下游为例[J].生态学报,2016,36(13):4141-4151.[Zhao X Y,Liu C F,Wang X L,et al.Assessment of the vulnerability of farmers’livelihoods to ecological in arid regions of a continental river basin:a case study of the middle-lower reaches of the Shiyang River in China[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2016,36(13):4141-4151.]
[30]Folke C,Carpenter S,Elmqvist T,et al.Resilience and sustainable development:building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations[J].Ambio,2002,31(5):437-440.
[31]Walker B,Salt D.Resilience Thinking:Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World[M].Washington:Island Press,2006.
[32]Yan J,Wu Y,Zhang Y,et al.Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2010,20(5):757-770.
[33]Morzaria-Luna H N,Turk-Boyer P,Moreno-Baez M.Social indicators of vulnerability for fishing communities in the Northern Gulf of California,Mexico:implication for climate change[J].Marine Policy,2014,45(2):182-193.
[34]陈佳,杨新军,尹莎.农户贫困恢复力测度、影响效应及对策研究-基于农户家庭结构的视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(1):150-157.[Chen J,Yang X J,Yin S.Measures of the resilience,effect and countermeasures of household poverty:the perspective of household structure[J].China Population,Resources and Development,2016,26(1):150-157.]
[2]叶青,苏海.政策实践与资本重置:贵州易地扶贫搬迁的经验表达[J].中国农业大学学报:社会科学版,2016,33(5):64-70.[Ye Q,Su H.Policy practice and recapitalization:experience expression of anti-poverty by relocation of Guizhou province[J].China Agricultural University Journal of Social Sciences Edition,2016,33(5):64-70.]
[3]金梅,申云.易地扶贫搬迁模式与农户生计资本变动-基于准实验的政策评估[J].广东财经大学学报,2017,32(5):70-81.[Jin M,Shen Y.The relocation mode of off-site poverty alleviation and the change of household livelihood capital:policy evaluation based on Quasi Experiment[J].Journal of Guangdong University of Finance and Economics,2017,32(5):70-81.]
[4]李聪,柳玮,黄谦.陕南移民搬迁背景下农户生计资本的现状与影响因素分析[J].当代经济科学,2014,36(6):106-112.[Li C,Liu W,Huang Q.The current situation and influencing factor analysis on rural households’livelihood capitals in the background of migrates’relocation of southern Shaanxi[J].Modern Economic Science,2014,36(6):106-112.]
[5]李聪,柳玮,冯伟林,等.移民搬迁对农户生计策略的影响-基于陕南安康地区的调查[J].中国农村观察,2013,(6):31-44.[Li C,Liu W,Feng W L,et al.The influence of relocation policy on rural household’s livelihood strategy:based on the household survey data in south Shaanxi province[J].China Rural Survey,2013,(6):31-44.]
[6]李聪,李萍,韩秀华,等.易地移民搬迁对家庭劳动力外出务工活动的影响机制-来自陕南地区的证据[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2017,37(1):64-71.[Li C,Li P,Han X H,et al.The impact mechanism of relocation on rural household’s out-migration in south of Shaanxi province[J].Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University(Social Sciences),2017,37(1):64-71.]
[7]黎洁.陕西安康移民搬迁农户生计选择与分工分业的现状与影响因素分析-兼论陕南避灾移民搬迁农户的就地就近城镇化[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2017,37(1):55-63.[Li J.On relocated rural household livelihood choices and diversification after the risk avoidance:relocation project in southern Shaanxi province,China[J].Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University(Social Sciences),2017,37(1):55-63.]
[8]黎洁.陕西安康移民搬迁农户的生计适应策略与适应力感知[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(9):44-52.[Li J.Livelihood adaptation strategy and perceived adaptive capacity of rural relocated households in southern Shaanxi province,China[J].China Population,Resources and Development,2016,26(9):44-52.]
[9]殷浩栋,王瑜,汪三贵.易地扶贫搬迁户的识别:多维贫困测度及分解[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,(11):104-114.[Yin HD,Wang Y,Wang S G.Identification of poverty alleviation relocation households:multidimensional poverty measurement and its decomposition[J].China Population,Resources and Development,2017,(11):104-114.]
[10]刘伟,黎洁,李聪,等.移民搬迁农户的贫困类型及影响因素分析-基于陕南安康的抽样调查[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2015,(6):41-48.[Liu W,Li J,Li C,et al.The study on types of poverty and influencing factors of migrants[J].Journal of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,2015,(6):41-48.]
[11]Arnall A,Thomas D S,Twyman C,et al.Flooding,resettlement,and change in livelihoods:evidence from rural Mozambique[J].Disasters,2013,37(3):468-488.
[12]Li C,Zheng H,Li S,et al.Impacts of conservation and human development policy across stakeholders and scales[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2015,112(24):7396-7401.
[13]Lemenih M,Kassa H,Kassie G,et al.Resettlement and woodland management problems and options:a case study from North-western Ethiopia[J].Land Degradation&Development,2014,25(4):305-318.
[14]Hammond L.Strategies of invisibilization:how Ethiopia’s resettlement programme hides the poorest of the poor[J].Journal of Refugee Studies,2008,21(4):517-536.
[15]Adger W N.Vulnerability[J].Global Environmental Change,2006,16(3):268-281.
[16]Smit B,Wandel J.Adaptation,adaptive capacity and vulnerability[J].Global Environmental Change,2006,16(3):282-292.
[17]赵锋,杨云彦.外力冲击下水库移民生计脆弱性及其解决机制-以南水北调中线工程库区为例[J].人口与经济,2009,(4):1-7.[Zhao F,Yang Y Y.Vulnerability of immigrants’livelihood in reservoir resettlement caused by external force and its solution:a case study of the reservoir zone of the south-to-north water diversion(middle line)project[J].Population and Economics,2009,(4):1-7.]
[18]Moser S C,Ekstrom J A.A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(51):22026-22031.
[19]Hahn M,Riederer A,Foster S O.The livelihood vulnerability index:a pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change-a case study in Mozambique[J].Global Environmental Change,2009,19(1):74-88.
[20]Shah K U,Dulal H B,Johnson C,et al.Understanding livelihood vulnerability to climate change:applying the livelihood vulnerability index in Triniada and Tobago[J].Geoforum,2013,47(2):125-137.
[21]Antwi-Agyei P,Dougill A J,Fraser E D,et al.Characterizing the nature of household vulnerability to climate variability:empirical evidence from two regions of Ghana[J].Environment Development and Sustainability,2013,15(4):903-926.
[22]Skjeflo S.Measuring household vulnerability to climate changewhy markets Matter[J].Global Environmental Change,2013,23(6):1694-1701.
[23]Martin R,Linst?dter A,Frank K,et al.Livelihood security in face of drought:assessing the vulnerability of pastoral households[J].Environmental Modelling and Software,2016,75:414-423.
[24]阎建忠,喻鸥,吴莹莹,等.青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计脆弱性评估[J].地理科学,2011,27(7):858-867.[Yan J Z,Yu O,Wu Y Y,et al.Livelihood vulnerability assessment of farmers and nomads in eastern ecotone of Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,27(7):858-867.]
[25]赵立娟.灌溉管理改革背景下农户生计脆弱性评估[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):1055-1064.[Zhao L J.Assessment on household’s livelihood vulnerability under irrigation management reform[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(5):1055-1064.]
[26]Ericksen P,Thornton P,Notenbaert A,et al.Mapping Hotspots of Climate Change and Food Insecurity in the Global Tropics[R].Copenhagen:CCAFS Report 5,2011.
[27]张钦,赵雪雁,雒丽,等.高寒生态脆弱区气候变化对农户生计的脆弱性影响评价-以甘南高原为例[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(3):781-790.[Zhang Q,Zhao X Y,Luo L,et al.Assessment of the impact of climate change on vulnerability of farmer household’s livelihood in an ecologically vulnerable alpine region:taking Gannan Plateau for example[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(3):781-790.]
[28]韩文文,刘小鹏,裴银宝,等.不同地貌背景下民族村农户生计脆弱性及其影响因子[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(4):1229-1240.[Han W W,Liu X P,Pei Y B,et al.Agro-household livelihood vulnerability and influence factors of ethnic villages under different geomorphology backgrounds[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(4):1229-1240.]
[29]赵雪雁,刘春芳,王学良,等.干旱区内陆河流域农户生计对生态退化的脆弱性评价-以石羊河中下游为例[J].生态学报,2016,36(13):4141-4151.[Zhao X Y,Liu C F,Wang X L,et al.Assessment of the vulnerability of farmers’livelihoods to ecological in arid regions of a continental river basin:a case study of the middle-lower reaches of the Shiyang River in China[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2016,36(13):4141-4151.]
[30]Folke C,Carpenter S,Elmqvist T,et al.Resilience and sustainable development:building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations[J].Ambio,2002,31(5):437-440.
[31]Walker B,Salt D.Resilience Thinking:Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World[M].Washington:Island Press,2006.
[32]Yan J,Wu Y,Zhang Y,et al.Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2010,20(5):757-770.
[33]Morzaria-Luna H N,Turk-Boyer P,Moreno-Baez M.Social indicators of vulnerability for fishing communities in the Northern Gulf of California,Mexico:implication for climate change[J].Marine Policy,2014,45(2):182-193.
[34]陈佳,杨新军,尹莎.农户贫困恢复力测度、影响效应及对策研究-基于农户家庭结构的视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(1):150-157.[Chen J,Yang X J,Yin S.Measures of the resilience,effect and countermeasures of household poverty:the perspective of household structure[J].China Population,Resources and Development,2016,26(1):150-157.]