气候变化影响下的气候移民人力资本损失与重构——以宁夏中南部干旱地区为例
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摘要
在全球气候变化加速发展的背景下,极端气候和气候灾害频发,对人类生命财产安全的威胁日益加剧,并深刻影响着人类的生存和发展。中国是受气候变化负面影响最为严重的国家之一,近年来气候灾害的频率和强度不断增加,致灾原因交错而复杂,引致的受灾人口规模和经济损失不断扩大,伴随的经济与社会问题突出。为应对气候变化的不利影响,中国近些年来开始实施宏大的生态和气候移民规划。在气候移民搬迁安置过程中,气候移民的生计发展是面临的重点和难点问题。但目前针对极端气候影响下的人口迁移安置问题无论是理论研究还是实践经验都仍然十分欠缺。人力资本在可持续生计资本要素中处于核心地位,是影响气候移民生计方式和生活水平的最关键因素。根据对宁夏中南部干旱地区的田野调查与分析,本文深入研究气候变化对移民人力资本的影响机制及其带来的生计损失,发现气候移民原本羸弱的人力资本在持续干旱气候影响下加速贬损,原有农业生产经验的失灵、务工技能的短缺、营养不良以及传染性疾病的威胁等因素阻碍了气候移民的生计恢复和可持续发展。研究表明,人力资本的提升是实现气候移民生计可持续发展最根本最有效的手段,因此政府部门、移民家庭、社会组织等利益相关主体应当通力协作,重视通过加强疾病防治和提升健康水平、保证基础教育和鼓励职业教育、重视技能培训和提升技能水平、普及公共服务和促进社会融合等多种途径重构气候移民的人力资本,以促进气候移民生计可持续发展。
As the accelerated development of climate change,extreme climate disasters occur frequently,increasingly threat human life and property security and deeply impact human existence and development. China is one of the countries that is most seriously affected by climate change. The frequency and intensity of its climate disasters increased with different complex causes in recent years,leading to a constantly expanding affected population scale and economic loss,and resulting in serious economic and social problems.Then China began to implement its great ecological and climatic resettlement plans,in which livelihood development of climate migrants is the key and difficult problems. But for population migration and resettlement issues under the influence of extreme climate,the academic study and practical experience both are very weak. From the point of sustainable livelihood theory,human capital is the core of the sustainable livelihood capitals,and it is also the key factor affecting the livelihoods and living standards of climate migrants.Based on the field survey and analysis of the middle and south arid area in Ningxia Autonomous Region,this paper studies the impact of climate change on human capital of migrants and the loss of their livelihood. It is found that the former weak human capital of climate migrants had increasingly depreciated because the drought climate,agricultural production experience lost their effect,climate migrants lacked of working skills,and malnutrition and infectious disease caused different health threats,and those factors hindered their livelihood recovery and development. It's found that the improvement of human capital is the fundamental and the most effective means to achieve sustainable livelihood for climate migrants; the government departments,migrant families,social organizations and other stakeholders should cooperate and take different measures to reconfigure human capital of climate migrants and promote their sustainable livelihood,such as paying attention to prevention and treatment of disease and improve health condition,strengthening basic education and encourage vocational education,emphasizing skills training and skills upgrading,popularizing public service and promoting the social integration,etc.
As the accelerated development of climate change,extreme climate disasters occur frequently,increasingly threat human life and property security and deeply impact human existence and development. China is one of the countries that is most seriously affected by climate change. The frequency and intensity of its climate disasters increased with different complex causes in recent years,leading to a constantly expanding affected population scale and economic loss,and resulting in serious economic and social problems.Then China began to implement its great ecological and climatic resettlement plans,in which livelihood development of climate migrants is the key and difficult problems. But for population migration and resettlement issues under the influence of extreme climate,the academic study and practical experience both are very weak. From the point of sustainable livelihood theory,human capital is the core of the sustainable livelihood capitals,and it is also the key factor affecting the livelihoods and living standards of climate migrants.Based on the field survey and analysis of the middle and south arid area in Ningxia Autonomous Region,this paper studies the impact of climate change on human capital of migrants and the loss of their livelihood. It is found that the former weak human capital of climate migrants had increasingly depreciated because the drought climate,agricultural production experience lost their effect,climate migrants lacked of working skills,and malnutrition and infectious disease caused different health threats,and those factors hindered their livelihood recovery and development. It's found that the improvement of human capital is the fundamental and the most effective means to achieve sustainable livelihood for climate migrants; the government departments,migrant families,social organizations and other stakeholders should cooperate and take different measures to reconfigure human capital of climate migrants and promote their sustainable livelihood,such as paying attention to prevention and treatment of disease and improve health condition,strengthening basic education and encourage vocational education,emphasizing skills training and skills upgrading,popularizing public service and promoting the social integration,etc.
引文
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[4]Hsu K,Sun Climate Hunger,Mass Migration.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences.41(5),449-472.
[5]Jonathan Cowie.Climate Change:Biological and Human Aspects[J],Cambridge University Press,2007.
[6]Piguet E.Migration and Climate Change[M].Cambridge University Press.2011-6.
[7]LOCKE J T.Climate Change-Induced Migration in the Pacific Region:Sudden Crisis and Long-term Developments.The Geographical Journal,2009,175(3):171-180.
[8]Mc Lachlan J S,Hellmann J J,Schwartz M W.A Framework for Debate of Assisted Migration in an Era of Climate Change.Conservation Biology,2007,21(2),297-302.
[9]郑艳.环境移民:概念辨析、理论基础及政策含义[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,24(4).[Zheng Yan.Environmental Migration:Concepts,Theories and Policy Implications[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,24(4).]
[10]陈绍军,史明宇,蔡萌生.气候变化与人口迁移关联性实证研究[J].水利经济,2013,3(31).[Chen Shaojun,Shi mingyu,Cai mengsheng.Empirical Study on Correlation between Climate Change and Population Migration:Case study of arid areas in central region of Ningxia[J],Journal of Economics of Water Resources,2013,3(31).]
[11]候风云.中国人力资本形成及现状[M],北京:经济科学出版社,1999.[Hou fengyun.Human Capital Formation and Current Situation in China[M].Beijing:Economic Science Press.1999.]
[12]IPCC.Climate Change 2007:Impacts,Adaptation and Vulnerability Summary for Policymakers[R].Geneva:IPCCSecretariat,2007.
[13]Grantham-Mc Gregor S,et al.Developmental Potential in the First 5Years for Children in Development Countries.2007,The Lancet,2007,369(9555):60-70.
[14]Watkiss P,T E Downing.The Social Cost of Carbon:Valuation Estimates and Their Use in UK Policy.Integrated Assessment,2008,8(1).
[15]Engle P,S Castle,P Menon.Child Development:Vulnerability and Resilience.Social Science and Medicine 1996,43(5).
[16]Blaug M.An Introduction to the Economics of Education.Harmondsworth:Penguin,1972.
[17]李实,李文彬.中国教育投资的个人收益率的估计[M].中国社会科学文献出版社,1994.[Li Shi,Li Wenbin.Estimated Personal Income Rate of Chinese Investment In Education[M].China Social Sciences Press,1994.]
[18]候风云.中国农村人力资本收益率研究[J].经济研究,2004,12.[Hou fengyun,The Study on Rates of Investment Return to Human Capital in China Rural Areas[J].Economics Research Journal,2004,(12).]
[19]谌新民,林隽宇.对农民工人力资本收益率的再估算和解释——来自广州市番禹区的发现[J].人口研究,2009,7,33(4).[Chen Xinmin,Lin Junyu.Return on Human Capital for Peasant workers:A Reassessment and Explanation[J],Population Research.2009,7,33(4).]
[20]余庆年,施国庆.环境、气候变化和人口迁移[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(7):42-47.[Yu Qingnian,Shi Guoqing.Environment,Climate Change and Migration[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2010,20(7):42-47.]
[21]陈绍军,曹志杰.气候移民的概念与类型探析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,(6):164-169.[Chen Shaojun,Cao Zhijie.The Concept and Types of Climate Immigrants Analysis[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2012,(6):164-169.]