基于玉米-大豆轮作的不同施肥体系对大豆开花后根系形态及产量的影响
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摘要
探讨玉米-大豆轮作条件下,降低生产成本、减少环境污染的大豆施肥模式,是目前东北大豆生产需要解决的技术问题。本研究基于建立的玉米-大豆轮作体系设置了5种施肥处理,分别为:T1:玉米施用化肥,大豆不施肥;T2:玉米施用化肥,大豆施用有机肥;T3:玉米施用化肥,大豆施用1/2量的化肥;T4:玉米施用化肥,大豆施用化肥;T5:玉米与大豆所需化肥总量一次性全部施入到玉米种植年份,大豆不施肥。分析了不同施肥模式对大豆不同生育期0~10、10~20、20~30cm土层深度内大豆根系干物质积累、根系形态特征时空变化以及与产量的关系。结果表明,经两个轮作周期,T2处理大豆产量最高,为2 959kg·hm~(-2),比T4处理显著高出7.3%,产量提高主要体现在大豆的株高、主茎节数、单株荚数和单株粒数等性状的改善,而T1、T3、T5处理的大豆产量比T4处理显著低出15.4%,8.5%和5.0%。T2处理显著增加了大豆R6期0~10cm土层的根重密度,比T4处理显著高出42.3%,且与产量呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.655(p<0.01);T2处理也明显增加了大豆R1期0~10、10~20cm土层以及R6期20~30cm土层的根长密度,分别比T4处理显著高出25.3%、71.3%和27.6%,且与产量呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.692(p<0.01)。与T4处理相比,尽管T3处理显著增加了大豆R1期10~20、20~30cm土层的根重密度和R6期10~20cm土层的根长密度及根表面积密度,但均与产量呈显著负相关。T4处理只显著增加R1期单位体积的根表面积,而对大豆根平均直径和其它时期单位体积的根表面积的影响不大。因此,不同施肥措施影响大豆根系特征及其与产量的关系比较复杂。施用有机肥可通过增加表土层根的重量以及深土层根的长度从而提高大豆的产量。因此在有机肥源供应充足的地区,玉米、大豆两区轮作基础上,玉米收获后秋施15t·hm~(-2)有机肥,是提高大豆产量,降低生产成本,减轻化肥应用负面环境影响的替代措施。
Exploring fertilization patterns under corn-soybean rotation is a technological solution to minimize production costs and environmental pollution in soybean production in Northeast China. The present study investigated the effects of fertilization patterns under corn-soybean rotation on root dry matter accumulation and morphological characteristics at soil depths of 0 ~ 10 cm,10 ~ 20 cm,20 ~ 30 cm in different growth stages and the relationship with yield. The fertilization patterns were( 1) applying chemical fertilizers in corn and no fertilizers in soybean( T1);( 2) applying chemical fertilizers in corn and cattle manure only in soybean( T2);( 3) applying chemical fertilizers in corn and half rate of fertilizers in soybean( T3);( 4) applying chemical fertilizers in both corn and soybean( T4);( 5) applying all fertilizers used for corn and soybean in corn only and no fertilizers in soybean( T5). The results showed that the highest soybean yield of 2 959 kg·hm~(-2) after two rotations was obtained in the T2 treatment,which was 7. 3% higher than T4 treatment. The increased yield was mainly due to the improvement in plant height,number of main stem nodes,number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant. Compared to T4 treatment,yield in T1,T3 and T5 treatments was reduced by 15. 4%,8. 5% and 5. 0% respectively. T2 treatment significantly increased root biomass density at R6 stage with 42. 3% greater than the T4 treatment in 0 ~ 10 cm soil depth,which was positively related to yield with a coefficient of 0. 655( p < 0. 01). Compared to T4 treatment,the T2 treatment increased the root length density by 25. 3%,71. 3% in 0 ~ 10 cm and 10 ~ 20 cm depth at the R1 stage,and 27. 6% in 20 ~ 30 cm at the R6 stage,which was significantly correlated to yield with a coefficient of 0.692( p < 0. 01). Although T3 treatment significantly increased root biomass density in 10 ~ 20,20 ~ 30 cm soil depth at R1 stage,and root length density and root surface area density in 10 ~ 20 cm at R6 stage,soybean yield was negatively correlated with them. T4 treatment only significantly increased root surface area,and had no effects on root average diameter and root surface area at other stages. Therefore,the effects of fertilization system on the relationship between soybean root properties and yield was complex. The increased yield in manure application might be due to the increase in surface root biomass density and greater root length. In areas where manure resources were available,the application of 15 t/hm~2 cattle manure after corn harvest under corn-soybean rotation,could be an alternative approach in increasing soybean yield,reducing production costs and negative impact on environment from chemical fertilizers.
Exploring fertilization patterns under corn-soybean rotation is a technological solution to minimize production costs and environmental pollution in soybean production in Northeast China. The present study investigated the effects of fertilization patterns under corn-soybean rotation on root dry matter accumulation and morphological characteristics at soil depths of 0 ~ 10 cm,10 ~ 20 cm,20 ~ 30 cm in different growth stages and the relationship with yield. The fertilization patterns were( 1) applying chemical fertilizers in corn and no fertilizers in soybean( T1);( 2) applying chemical fertilizers in corn and cattle manure only in soybean( T2);( 3) applying chemical fertilizers in corn and half rate of fertilizers in soybean( T3);( 4) applying chemical fertilizers in both corn and soybean( T4);( 5) applying all fertilizers used for corn and soybean in corn only and no fertilizers in soybean( T5). The results showed that the highest soybean yield of 2 959 kg·hm~(-2) after two rotations was obtained in the T2 treatment,which was 7. 3% higher than T4 treatment. The increased yield was mainly due to the improvement in plant height,number of main stem nodes,number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant. Compared to T4 treatment,yield in T1,T3 and T5 treatments was reduced by 15. 4%,8. 5% and 5. 0% respectively. T2 treatment significantly increased root biomass density at R6 stage with 42. 3% greater than the T4 treatment in 0 ~ 10 cm soil depth,which was positively related to yield with a coefficient of 0. 655( p < 0. 01). Compared to T4 treatment,the T2 treatment increased the root length density by 25. 3%,71. 3% in 0 ~ 10 cm and 10 ~ 20 cm depth at the R1 stage,and 27. 6% in 20 ~ 30 cm at the R6 stage,which was significantly correlated to yield with a coefficient of 0.692( p < 0. 01). Although T3 treatment significantly increased root biomass density in 10 ~ 20,20 ~ 30 cm soil depth at R1 stage,and root length density and root surface area density in 10 ~ 20 cm at R6 stage,soybean yield was negatively correlated with them. T4 treatment only significantly increased root surface area,and had no effects on root average diameter and root surface area at other stages. Therefore,the effects of fertilization system on the relationship between soybean root properties and yield was complex. The increased yield in manure application might be due to the increase in surface root biomass density and greater root length. In areas where manure resources were available,the application of 15 t/hm~2 cattle manure after corn harvest under corn-soybean rotation,could be an alternative approach in increasing soybean yield,reducing production costs and negative impact on environment from chemical fertilizers.
引文
[1]马兆惠,车仁君,王海英,等.种植密度和种植方式对超高产大豆根系形态和活力的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(6):1084-1094.
[2]孙广玉,张荣华,黄忠文.大豆根系在土层中分布特点的研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2002,24(1):45-47.
[3]金剑,王光华,刘晓冰,等.东北黑土区高产大豆R5期根系分布特征[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(3):266-271.
[4]卫新东,汪星,汪有科,等.黄土丘陵区红枣经济林根系分布与土壤水分关系研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):88-97.
[5]Gahoonia T S,Nielsen N E.Barley genotypes with long root hairs sustain high grain yields in low-P field[J].Plant and Soil,2004,262(1-2):55-62.
[6]金剑,王光华,刘晓冰,等.两个大豆品种在暗棕壤和黑土中的根系形态和根瘤性状[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(8):1 747-1 753.
[7]汤东生,朱有勇.蚕豆/小麦间作对结瘤效应研究初探[J].云南农业大学学报,2005,20(3):331-334.
[8]Sanginga N.Role of biological nitrogen fixation in legume based cropping systems;a case study of West Africa farming systems[J].Plant and Soil,2003,252(1):25-39.
[9]刁治民,李锦萍,马寿福.青海蚕豆根瘤菌共生固氮效应的研究[J].青海师范大学学报,2002(1):55-59.
[10]Bluck G M,Lindsey L E,Dorrance A E,et al.Soybean yield response to rhizobia inoculant,gypsum,manganese fertilizer,insecticide and fungicide[J].Agronomy Journal,2015,107(5):1 757-1 765.
[11]Stella A E,Max D C.Effect of soybean plant populations in a soybean and maize rotation[J].Agronomy Journal,2001,93:396-403.
[12]Olsen R J,Hensler R F,Attoe O J,et al.Fertilizer nitrogen and crop rotation in relation to movement of nitrate nitrogen through soilprofiles[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1970,34(3):448-452.
[13]王庆成,程云环.土壤养分空间异质性与植物根系的觅食反应[J].应用生态学报,2004,5(6):1 063-1 068.
[14]Kuang R B,Liao H,Yan X L,et al.Phosphorus and nitrogen interactions in field-grown soybean as related to genetic attributes of root morphological and nodular traits[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2005,47(5):549-559.
[15]金剑,刘晓冰,王光华,等.大豆生殖生长期根系形态性状与产量关系研究[J].大豆科学,2004,4(23):253-257.
[16]孟远夺,许发辉,杨帆,等.我国种植业化肥施用现状与节肥潜力分析[J].磷肥与复肥,2015,30(9):1-4.
[17]邹晓锦,张鑫,安景文.氮肥减量后移对玉米产量和氮素吸收利用及农田氮素平衡的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011(6):25-29.
[18]Ruan W B,Ren T,Chen Q,et al.Effects of conventional and reduced N inputs on nematode communities and plant yield underintensive vegetable production[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2013,66(2):48-55.
[19]郝丽娜,吴海华,刘廷,等.有机肥在农业和生态环境中的作用演变[J].农业研究与应用,2017,169(2):57-60.
[20]Zhao Q,Dong C,Yang X,et al.Biocontrol of fusarium wilt disease for cucumis melo melon using bio-organic fertilizer[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2011,47(1):67-75.
[21]Ding C,Shen Q,Zhang R,et al.Evaluation of rhizosphere bacteria and derived bio-organic fertilizers as potential biocontrol agents against bacterial wilt(Ralstonia solanacearum)of potato[J].Plant and Soil,2013,366(1-2):453-466.
[22]Fayoumy M E,Ramadan H M.Effect of bio-organic manures on sandy soils amelioration and peanut productivity under sprinkler irrigation system[J].Egyptian Journal of Soil Science,2002,42(3):383-415.
[23]徐艳茹.桃根系分布特点及其对不同施肥处理的反应[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2011.
[24]何欣,郝文雅,杨兴明,等.生物有机肥对香蕉植株生长和香蕉枯萎病防治的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(4):978-985.
[25]孙世超.大豆施用生物有机肥对产量及构成因素的影响[J].大豆通报,2002(4):10-12.
[26]路宪春,于文清,刘文志,等.生物有机肥与化肥配施对大豆生物性状及产量的影响[J].现代化农业,2014(1):17-22.
[27]Pelster D E,Larouche F,Rochette P,et al.Nitrogen fertilization but not soil tillage affects nitrous oxide emissions from a clay loam soil under a maize-soybean rotation[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2011,115(5):16-26.
[28]Fehr W R,Caviness C E.Stages of Soybean Development:Special Report[M].Iowa State University Press:Ames,Iowa 1977.11.
[29]宇万太,于永强.植物地下生物量研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(6):927-932.
[30]谷秋荣,郭鹏旭,薛晓娅,等.不同氮肥类型对大豆根瘤生长特性及籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(14):226-228.
[31]Zhou K Q,Sui Y,Liu X B,Zhang,et al.Crop rotation with 9-year continuous cattle manure addition restores farmland productivity of artificially eroded Mollisols in Northeast China[J].Field Crops Research,2015,171:138-145.
[32]李絮花,杨守祥,于振,等.有机肥对小麦根系生长及根系衰老进程的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):467-472.
[2]孙广玉,张荣华,黄忠文.大豆根系在土层中分布特点的研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2002,24(1):45-47.
[3]金剑,王光华,刘晓冰,等.东北黑土区高产大豆R5期根系分布特征[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(3):266-271.
[4]卫新东,汪星,汪有科,等.黄土丘陵区红枣经济林根系分布与土壤水分关系研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):88-97.
[5]Gahoonia T S,Nielsen N E.Barley genotypes with long root hairs sustain high grain yields in low-P field[J].Plant and Soil,2004,262(1-2):55-62.
[6]金剑,王光华,刘晓冰,等.两个大豆品种在暗棕壤和黑土中的根系形态和根瘤性状[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(8):1 747-1 753.
[7]汤东生,朱有勇.蚕豆/小麦间作对结瘤效应研究初探[J].云南农业大学学报,2005,20(3):331-334.
[8]Sanginga N.Role of biological nitrogen fixation in legume based cropping systems;a case study of West Africa farming systems[J].Plant and Soil,2003,252(1):25-39.
[9]刁治民,李锦萍,马寿福.青海蚕豆根瘤菌共生固氮效应的研究[J].青海师范大学学报,2002(1):55-59.
[10]Bluck G M,Lindsey L E,Dorrance A E,et al.Soybean yield response to rhizobia inoculant,gypsum,manganese fertilizer,insecticide and fungicide[J].Agronomy Journal,2015,107(5):1 757-1 765.
[11]Stella A E,Max D C.Effect of soybean plant populations in a soybean and maize rotation[J].Agronomy Journal,2001,93:396-403.
[12]Olsen R J,Hensler R F,Attoe O J,et al.Fertilizer nitrogen and crop rotation in relation to movement of nitrate nitrogen through soilprofiles[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1970,34(3):448-452.
[13]王庆成,程云环.土壤养分空间异质性与植物根系的觅食反应[J].应用生态学报,2004,5(6):1 063-1 068.
[14]Kuang R B,Liao H,Yan X L,et al.Phosphorus and nitrogen interactions in field-grown soybean as related to genetic attributes of root morphological and nodular traits[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2005,47(5):549-559.
[15]金剑,刘晓冰,王光华,等.大豆生殖生长期根系形态性状与产量关系研究[J].大豆科学,2004,4(23):253-257.
[16]孟远夺,许发辉,杨帆,等.我国种植业化肥施用现状与节肥潜力分析[J].磷肥与复肥,2015,30(9):1-4.
[17]邹晓锦,张鑫,安景文.氮肥减量后移对玉米产量和氮素吸收利用及农田氮素平衡的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011(6):25-29.
[18]Ruan W B,Ren T,Chen Q,et al.Effects of conventional and reduced N inputs on nematode communities and plant yield underintensive vegetable production[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2013,66(2):48-55.
[19]郝丽娜,吴海华,刘廷,等.有机肥在农业和生态环境中的作用演变[J].农业研究与应用,2017,169(2):57-60.
[20]Zhao Q,Dong C,Yang X,et al.Biocontrol of fusarium wilt disease for cucumis melo melon using bio-organic fertilizer[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2011,47(1):67-75.
[21]Ding C,Shen Q,Zhang R,et al.Evaluation of rhizosphere bacteria and derived bio-organic fertilizers as potential biocontrol agents against bacterial wilt(Ralstonia solanacearum)of potato[J].Plant and Soil,2013,366(1-2):453-466.
[22]Fayoumy M E,Ramadan H M.Effect of bio-organic manures on sandy soils amelioration and peanut productivity under sprinkler irrigation system[J].Egyptian Journal of Soil Science,2002,42(3):383-415.
[23]徐艳茹.桃根系分布特点及其对不同施肥处理的反应[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2011.
[24]何欣,郝文雅,杨兴明,等.生物有机肥对香蕉植株生长和香蕉枯萎病防治的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(4):978-985.
[25]孙世超.大豆施用生物有机肥对产量及构成因素的影响[J].大豆通报,2002(4):10-12.
[26]路宪春,于文清,刘文志,等.生物有机肥与化肥配施对大豆生物性状及产量的影响[J].现代化农业,2014(1):17-22.
[27]Pelster D E,Larouche F,Rochette P,et al.Nitrogen fertilization but not soil tillage affects nitrous oxide emissions from a clay loam soil under a maize-soybean rotation[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2011,115(5):16-26.
[28]Fehr W R,Caviness C E.Stages of Soybean Development:Special Report[M].Iowa State University Press:Ames,Iowa 1977.11.
[29]宇万太,于永强.植物地下生物量研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(6):927-932.
[30]谷秋荣,郭鹏旭,薛晓娅,等.不同氮肥类型对大豆根瘤生长特性及籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(14):226-228.
[31]Zhou K Q,Sui Y,Liu X B,Zhang,et al.Crop rotation with 9-year continuous cattle manure addition restores farmland productivity of artificially eroded Mollisols in Northeast China[J].Field Crops Research,2015,171:138-145.
[32]李絮花,杨守祥,于振,等.有机肥对小麦根系生长及根系衰老进程的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):467-472.