不同耐密性玉米品种对根系生长空间的响应
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摘要
选用DY405与ZD958,通过PVC土柱栽培法,设1株/柱(D1)与2株/柱(D2)两个处理,研究不同根系生长空间条件下玉米品种根系生长与氮素积累特征。结果表明,根系生长空间由1株/柱(D1)降低至2株/柱(D2),DY405与ZD958根系干重均降低,吐丝期及成熟期1株/柱条件下DY405根系干重较大,2株/柱下品种差异不显著。不同土层根系干重分布,0~20 cm土层DY405分布比例高于ZD958,21~40 cm、41~60 cm土层DY405分布比例低于ZD958;DY405与ZD958单株子粒产量均降低,穗粒数分别下降36.1%、17.5%。DY405与ZD958成熟期干物质积累差异不显著,ZD958花后干物质积累量及比例显著高于DY405;全株氮素积累量差异与干物质积累表现趋势相同,DY405氮素积累量及花后氮素吸收量显著低于ZD958。减小根系生长空间条件下,ZD958产量与氮素积累量高于DY405,主要由于吐丝至成熟期根系干重下降缓慢且下层根系分布比例较大,促进植株对水分及氮素的吸收,从而使产量与氮素利用效率提高。
Using PVC-tube soil-column cultivation method, experiment was carried out to study the rootgrowth and nitrogen uptake of two maize hybrids, Danyu 405(DY405, low-density suitable) and Zhengdan 958(ZD958, high-density tolerance) in two root growth spaces, D1(1 plant/pot) and D2(2 plants/pot). The results showedthat, with the decreasing of root growth space from D1 to D2, grain yield per plant of DY405 and ZD958 declined,kernel number per ear decreased by 36.0, and 17.1%, respectively. DY405 and ZD958 were similar with total drymatter(Total DM) at physiological maturity stage, while ZD958 was higher in post silking dry matter accumulation(Post DM); no difference was found between two hybrids in maturity stage total N accumulation(Total N), higher postsilking nitrogen uptake(Post N) was in ZD958 compared with DY405, resulting from the accumulation N in shoot(Shoot N) in ZD958 at maturity stage; DY405 gained higher root DM percentage at 0-20 cm soil depth than ZD958,conversely in the 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm depth. It induced that, to achieve maize high tolerance to density and nitro-gen use efficiency improved simultaneously, not only root morphological traits such as root DM but also root physio-logical capability should be focused on in the future research.
Using PVC-tube soil-column cultivation method, experiment was carried out to study the rootgrowth and nitrogen uptake of two maize hybrids, Danyu 405(DY405, low-density suitable) and Zhengdan 958(ZD958, high-density tolerance) in two root growth spaces, D1(1 plant/pot) and D2(2 plants/pot). The results showedthat, with the decreasing of root growth space from D1 to D2, grain yield per plant of DY405 and ZD958 declined,kernel number per ear decreased by 36.0, and 17.1%, respectively. DY405 and ZD958 were similar with total drymatter(Total DM) at physiological maturity stage, while ZD958 was higher in post silking dry matter accumulation(Post DM); no difference was found between two hybrids in maturity stage total N accumulation(Total N), higher postsilking nitrogen uptake(Post N) was in ZD958 compared with DY405, resulting from the accumulation N in shoot(Shoot N) in ZD958 at maturity stage; DY405 gained higher root DM percentage at 0-20 cm soil depth than ZD958,conversely in the 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm depth. It induced that, to achieve maize high tolerance to density and nitro-gen use efficiency improved simultaneously, not only root morphological traits such as root DM but also root physio-logical capability should be focused on in the future research.
引文
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[4]王空军,郑洪建,刘开昌,等.我国玉米品种更替过程中根系时空分布特性的演变[J].植物生态学报,2001(4):472-475.Wang K J, Zheng H J, Liu K C, et al. Evolution of maize root distri-bution in space-time during maize varieties replacing in China[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2001, 25(4):472-475.(in Chinese)
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[6]王艳,米国华,陈范骏,等.玉米氮素吸收的基因型差异及其与根系形态的相关性[J].生态学报,2003,23(2):297-302.Wang Y, Mi G H, Chen F J, et al. Genotypic differences in nitrogenuptake by maize inbred lines and its relation to root morphology[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(2):297-302.(in Chinese)
[7]戴俊英,鄂玉江,顾慰连.玉米根系的生长规律及其与产量关系的研究Ⅱ[J].玉米根系与叶的相互作用及其与产量的关系[J].作物学报,1988,14(4):310-314.Dai J Y, E Y J, Gu W L. Study on the relationship between rootgrowth and yield in maize(Zea mays L.)Ⅱ. The interaction of rootsystem and leaves of maize and its relation with yield[J]. Acta Agro-nomica Sinica, 1988, 14(4):310-314.(in Chinese)
[8]管建慧,郭新宇,刘洋,等.不同密度处理下玉米根系干重空间分布动态的研究[J].玉米科学,2007,15(4):105-108.Guan J H, Guo X Y, Liu Y, et al. Study on dynamic variation of rootdry weight space distribution on different densities of maize[J]. Jour-nal of Maize Sciences, 2007, 15(4):105-108.(in Chinese)
[9]宋日,刘利,吴春胜,等.根系生长空间对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2009,37(6):58-64.Song R, Liu L, Wu C S, et al. The effect of root growth space onmaize growth and nutrient absorption[J]. Journal of Northwest A&FUniversity, 2009, 37(6):58-64.(in Chinese)
[10]石德杨,李艳红,夏德军,等.种植密度对夏玉米根系特性及氮肥吸收的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2006-2017.Shi D Y, Li Y H, Xia D J, et al. Effects of planting density on rootcharacteristics and nitrogen uptake in summer maize[J]. ScientiaAgricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11):2006-2017.(in Chinese)
[11]程乙,王洪章,刘鹏,等.品种和氮素供应对玉米根系特征及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017(12):2259-2269.Cheng Y, Wang H Z, Liu P, et al. Effect of different maize varietiesand nitrogen supply on root characteristics and nitrogen uptake andutilization efficiency[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017(12):2259-2269.(in Chinese)
[12]屈佳伟,高聚林,王志刚,等.玉米根系特征的基因型差异及与氮吸收效率的关系[J].玉米科学,2016(2):72-78.Qu J W, Gao J L, Wang Z G, et al. Genotype differences in rootcharacteristics by maize and its relations to nitrogen uptake effi-ciency[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2016(2):72-78.(in Chinese)
[13]赵江,张怡明,牛兴奎,等.不同密度条件玉米根系性状在不同土层中的分布研究[J].华北农学报,2011(增刊):99-103.Zhao J, Zhang Y M, Niu X K, et al. Studies on the distribution ofmaize root characteristics at different soil layers and densities[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-sinica, 2011(S1):99-103.(in Chinese)
[14]陈延玲,吴秋平,陈晓超,等.不同耐密性玉米品种的根系生长及其对种植密度的响应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(1):52-59.Chen Y L, Wu Q P, Chen X C, et al. Root growth and its responseto increasing planting density in different maize hybrids[J]. PlantNutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2012, 18(1):52-59.(in Chinese)
[15]李少昆,张旺峰,魏邦军,等.不同密度玉米根系在大田土壤中的分布、重量的调节及与地上部分的关系[J].玉米科学,1993(3):43-49.Li S K, Zhang W F, Wei B J, et al. The distribution of different den-sities of corn root system in the field soil, the adjustment of weightand the relationship with the aboveground parts[J]. Journal ofMaize Sciences, 1993(3):43-49.(in Chinese)
[16]易镇邪,王璞,屠乃美.夏播玉米根系分布与含氮量对氮肥类型与施氮量的响应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009(1):91-98.Yi Z X, Wang P, Tu N M. Responses of roots distribution and nitro-gen content of summer maize to nitrogen fertilization types andamounts[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2009(1):91-98.(in Chinese)
[17]王敬锋,刘鹏,赵秉强,等.不同基因型玉米根系特性与氮素吸收利用的差异[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(4):699-707.Wang J F, Liu P, Zhao B Q, et al. Comparison of root characteris-tics and nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different corn geno-types[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(4):699-707.(in Chi-nese)
[18]陈国平.玉米的干物质积累与分配[J].玉米科学,1994,2(1):48-53.Chen G P. Dry matter accumulation and distribution of corn[J].Journal of Maize Sciences, 1994, 2(1):48-53.(in Chinese)
[19]马存金,刘鹏,赵秉强,等.施氮量对不同氮效率玉米品种根系时空分布及氮素吸收的调控[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014(4):845-859.Ma C J, Liu P, Zhao B Q, et al. Regulation of nitrogen applicationrate on temporal and spatial distribution of roots and nitrogen up-take in different N use efficiency maize cultivars[J]. Journal ofPlant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(4):845-859.(in Chinese)
[20]屈佳伟,高聚林,王志刚,等.不同氮效率玉米根系时空分布与氮素吸收对氮肥的响应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016(5):1212-1221.Qu J W, Gao J L, Wang Z G, et al. Effect of nitrogen rate on tempo-ral and spatial distribution of roots and nitrogen uptake of maizewith genotypes of high or low nitrogen efficiency[J]. Journal of PlantNutrition and Fertilizer. 2016(5):1212-1221.(in Chinese)
[21]杨罗锦,陶洪斌,王璞.种植密度对不同株型玉米生长及根系形态特征的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2012,18(6):1009-1013.Yang L J, Tao H B, Wang P. Effect of planting density on plantgrowth and root morphology of maize[J]. Chin. J. Appl Environ Biol,2012, 18(6):1009-1013.(in Chinese)
[22]郭庆法,王庆成,汪黎明.中国玉米栽培学[M].上海:上海科技出版社,2004.
[23] Jackson W A, Pan W L, MOLL R H. Uptake, translocation, and re-duction of nitrate[J]. Biochemical Basis of Plant Breeding, 1986, 2:73-108.
[24] Mi G H, Chen F J, Zhang F S, et al. Ideotype root architecture forefficient nitrogen acquisition by maize in intensive cropping sys-tems[J]. China Life Sci., 2010, 53(12):1369-1373.
[25] Wiesler F, Horst W J. Root growth and nitrate utilization of maizecultivars under field conditions[J]. Plant Soil, 1994, 163:267-277.
[26]廖荣伟,刘晶淼,白月明,等.玉米生长后期的根系分布研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(3):284-291.Liao R W, Liu J M, Bai Y M, et al. Spatial distribution and tempo-ral variation of maize root in the soil under field conditions[J]. Chi-nese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(3):284-291.(in Chi-nese)
[27]黄海,常莹,刘雪梅,等.玉米根系相关特征对群体密度的响应[J].华南农业大学学报,2014,35(5):36-41.Huang H, Chang Y, Liu X M, et al. The response of maize root char-acteristics on population density[J]. Journal of South China Agricul-tural University, 2014, 35(5):36-41.(in Chinese)
[2]李少昆,赵久然,董树亭,等.中国玉米栽培研究进展与展望[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):1941-1959.Li S K, Zhao J R, Dong S T, et al. Advances and prospects of maizecultivation in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11):1941-1959.(in Chinese)
[3]严云,廖成松,张福锁,等.密植条件下玉米冠根生长抑制的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(2):257-265.Yan Y, Liao C S, Zhang F S, et al. The causal relationship of the de-creased shoot and root growth of maize plants under higher plantdensity[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010, 16(2):257-265.(in Chinese)
[4]王空军,郑洪建,刘开昌,等.我国玉米品种更替过程中根系时空分布特性的演变[J].植物生态学报,2001(4):472-475.Wang K J, Zheng H J, Liu K C, et al. Evolution of maize root distri-bution in space-time during maize varieties replacing in China[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2001, 25(4):472-475.(in Chinese)
[5]王空军.玉米不同产量潜力基因型根系生理特性与地上部关系研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学博士学位论文,2000.
[6]王艳,米国华,陈范骏,等.玉米氮素吸收的基因型差异及其与根系形态的相关性[J].生态学报,2003,23(2):297-302.Wang Y, Mi G H, Chen F J, et al. Genotypic differences in nitrogenuptake by maize inbred lines and its relation to root morphology[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(2):297-302.(in Chinese)
[7]戴俊英,鄂玉江,顾慰连.玉米根系的生长规律及其与产量关系的研究Ⅱ[J].玉米根系与叶的相互作用及其与产量的关系[J].作物学报,1988,14(4):310-314.Dai J Y, E Y J, Gu W L. Study on the relationship between rootgrowth and yield in maize(Zea mays L.)Ⅱ. The interaction of rootsystem and leaves of maize and its relation with yield[J]. Acta Agro-nomica Sinica, 1988, 14(4):310-314.(in Chinese)
[8]管建慧,郭新宇,刘洋,等.不同密度处理下玉米根系干重空间分布动态的研究[J].玉米科学,2007,15(4):105-108.Guan J H, Guo X Y, Liu Y, et al. Study on dynamic variation of rootdry weight space distribution on different densities of maize[J]. Jour-nal of Maize Sciences, 2007, 15(4):105-108.(in Chinese)
[9]宋日,刘利,吴春胜,等.根系生长空间对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2009,37(6):58-64.Song R, Liu L, Wu C S, et al. The effect of root growth space onmaize growth and nutrient absorption[J]. Journal of Northwest A&FUniversity, 2009, 37(6):58-64.(in Chinese)
[10]石德杨,李艳红,夏德军,等.种植密度对夏玉米根系特性及氮肥吸收的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2006-2017.Shi D Y, Li Y H, Xia D J, et al. Effects of planting density on rootcharacteristics and nitrogen uptake in summer maize[J]. ScientiaAgricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11):2006-2017.(in Chinese)
[11]程乙,王洪章,刘鹏,等.品种和氮素供应对玉米根系特征及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017(12):2259-2269.Cheng Y, Wang H Z, Liu P, et al. Effect of different maize varietiesand nitrogen supply on root characteristics and nitrogen uptake andutilization efficiency[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017(12):2259-2269.(in Chinese)
[12]屈佳伟,高聚林,王志刚,等.玉米根系特征的基因型差异及与氮吸收效率的关系[J].玉米科学,2016(2):72-78.Qu J W, Gao J L, Wang Z G, et al. Genotype differences in rootcharacteristics by maize and its relations to nitrogen uptake effi-ciency[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2016(2):72-78.(in Chinese)
[13]赵江,张怡明,牛兴奎,等.不同密度条件玉米根系性状在不同土层中的分布研究[J].华北农学报,2011(增刊):99-103.Zhao J, Zhang Y M, Niu X K, et al. Studies on the distribution ofmaize root characteristics at different soil layers and densities[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-sinica, 2011(S1):99-103.(in Chinese)
[14]陈延玲,吴秋平,陈晓超,等.不同耐密性玉米品种的根系生长及其对种植密度的响应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(1):52-59.Chen Y L, Wu Q P, Chen X C, et al. Root growth and its responseto increasing planting density in different maize hybrids[J]. PlantNutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2012, 18(1):52-59.(in Chinese)
[15]李少昆,张旺峰,魏邦军,等.不同密度玉米根系在大田土壤中的分布、重量的调节及与地上部分的关系[J].玉米科学,1993(3):43-49.Li S K, Zhang W F, Wei B J, et al. The distribution of different den-sities of corn root system in the field soil, the adjustment of weightand the relationship with the aboveground parts[J]. Journal ofMaize Sciences, 1993(3):43-49.(in Chinese)
[16]易镇邪,王璞,屠乃美.夏播玉米根系分布与含氮量对氮肥类型与施氮量的响应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009(1):91-98.Yi Z X, Wang P, Tu N M. Responses of roots distribution and nitro-gen content of summer maize to nitrogen fertilization types andamounts[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2009(1):91-98.(in Chinese)
[17]王敬锋,刘鹏,赵秉强,等.不同基因型玉米根系特性与氮素吸收利用的差异[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(4):699-707.Wang J F, Liu P, Zhao B Q, et al. Comparison of root characteris-tics and nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different corn geno-types[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(4):699-707.(in Chi-nese)
[18]陈国平.玉米的干物质积累与分配[J].玉米科学,1994,2(1):48-53.Chen G P. Dry matter accumulation and distribution of corn[J].Journal of Maize Sciences, 1994, 2(1):48-53.(in Chinese)
[19]马存金,刘鹏,赵秉强,等.施氮量对不同氮效率玉米品种根系时空分布及氮素吸收的调控[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014(4):845-859.Ma C J, Liu P, Zhao B Q, et al. Regulation of nitrogen applicationrate on temporal and spatial distribution of roots and nitrogen up-take in different N use efficiency maize cultivars[J]. Journal ofPlant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(4):845-859.(in Chinese)
[20]屈佳伟,高聚林,王志刚,等.不同氮效率玉米根系时空分布与氮素吸收对氮肥的响应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016(5):1212-1221.Qu J W, Gao J L, Wang Z G, et al. Effect of nitrogen rate on tempo-ral and spatial distribution of roots and nitrogen uptake of maizewith genotypes of high or low nitrogen efficiency[J]. Journal of PlantNutrition and Fertilizer. 2016(5):1212-1221.(in Chinese)
[21]杨罗锦,陶洪斌,王璞.种植密度对不同株型玉米生长及根系形态特征的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2012,18(6):1009-1013.Yang L J, Tao H B, Wang P. Effect of planting density on plantgrowth and root morphology of maize[J]. Chin. J. Appl Environ Biol,2012, 18(6):1009-1013.(in Chinese)
[22]郭庆法,王庆成,汪黎明.中国玉米栽培学[M].上海:上海科技出版社,2004.
[23] Jackson W A, Pan W L, MOLL R H. Uptake, translocation, and re-duction of nitrate[J]. Biochemical Basis of Plant Breeding, 1986, 2:73-108.
[24] Mi G H, Chen F J, Zhang F S, et al. Ideotype root architecture forefficient nitrogen acquisition by maize in intensive cropping sys-tems[J]. China Life Sci., 2010, 53(12):1369-1373.
[25] Wiesler F, Horst W J. Root growth and nitrate utilization of maizecultivars under field conditions[J]. Plant Soil, 1994, 163:267-277.
[26]廖荣伟,刘晶淼,白月明,等.玉米生长后期的根系分布研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(3):284-291.Liao R W, Liu J M, Bai Y M, et al. Spatial distribution and tempo-ral variation of maize root in the soil under field conditions[J]. Chi-nese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(3):284-291.(in Chi-nese)
[27]黄海,常莹,刘雪梅,等.玉米根系相关特征对群体密度的响应[J].华南农业大学学报,2014,35(5):36-41.Huang H, Chang Y, Liu X M, et al. The response of maize root char-acteristics on population density[J]. Journal of South China Agricul-tural University, 2014, 35(5):36-41.(in Chinese)