基于优惠券激励的需求响应双层优化机制
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摘要
提出了一种用户自主参与的需求响应(Customer Voluntary Demand Response, CVDR)计划,电力企业为用户提供优惠券激励,鼓励用户在尖峰电价时减少用电需求。电力企业通过实施CVDR计划降低自身尖峰电价的购电经济损失,同时用户在优惠券激励作用下提升收益。因此提出了电力企业和用户之间合作博弈的双层优化模型,结合Karush-Kuhn-Tucker条件和Big-M法将双层优化转化为一个单层混合整数线性问题进行求解。算例仿真采用居民和小商业配电网,通过数值分析验证CVDR计划增强了用户的收益,减少了电力企业经济损失,实现了调峰需求。
This paper proposes a Customer Voluntary Demand Response(CVDR) program, in which the Load Serving Entity(LSE) caters coupon rebates to customers for demand reduction during peak pricing. With the implementation of CVDR program, LSE reduces economic losses during peak pricing and customers improve profits with coupon incentives simultaneously. Therefore, a bilevel programming for LSE and customers cooperative game is formulated in CVDR program. Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality condition and Big-M method are used to transfer the bilevel programming to a single level mixed integer linear programming problem. Numerical studies are examined with a residential and small commercial radial network. Simulation results unveil that the proposed CVDR program enhances customers' profits, reduces LSE economic losses and realizes the demand for peak shaving.
This paper proposes a Customer Voluntary Demand Response(CVDR) program, in which the Load Serving Entity(LSE) caters coupon rebates to customers for demand reduction during peak pricing. With the implementation of CVDR program, LSE reduces economic losses during peak pricing and customers improve profits with coupon incentives simultaneously. Therefore, a bilevel programming for LSE and customers cooperative game is formulated in CVDR program. Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality condition and Big-M method are used to transfer the bilevel programming to a single level mixed integer linear programming problem. Numerical studies are examined with a residential and small commercial radial network. Simulation results unveil that the proposed CVDR program enhances customers' profits, reduces LSE economic losses and realizes the demand for peak shaving.
引文
[1]徐青山,杨辰星,颜庆国.计及规模化空调热平衡惯性的电力负荷日前削峰策略[J].电网技术,2016,40(1):156-163.XU Qingshan,YANG Chenxing,YAN Qingguo.Strategy of day-ahead power peak load shedding considering thermal equilibrium inertia of large-scale air conditioning loads[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(1):156-163.
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[7]康守亚,李嘉龙,李燕珊,等.考虑峰谷分时电价策略的源荷协调多目标发电调度模型[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(11):83-89.KANG Shouya,LI Jialong,LI Yanshan,et al.Multiobjective generation scheduling model of source and load considering the strategy of TOU price[J].Power System Protection and Control,2016,44(11):83-89.
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[11]黄宇腾,侯芳,周勤,等.一种面向需求侧管理的用户负荷形态组合分析方法[J].电力系统保护与控制,2013,41(13):20-25.HUANG Yuteng,HOU Fang,ZHOU Qin,et al.A new combinational electrical load analysis method for demand side management[J].Power System Protection and Control,2013,41(13):20-25.
[12]张旭升,李瑞生,黄利军,等.基于分层储能的主动配电网需求响应控制策略研究及实现[J].电力系统保护与控制,2017,45(15):40-49.ZHANG Xusheng,LI Ruisheng,HUANG Lijun,et al.Research and application on demand response based on hieratical power storage[J].Power System Protection and Control,2017,45(15):40-49.
[13]LI Zhechao,WANG Shaorong,JAZEBI Saeed,et al.Assessing the effect of system reconfiguration to enhance the capacity of electric-vehicle charging station in radial distribution systems[C]//IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting,July 17-21,2016,Boston,MA,USA:1-5.
[14]刘舒,李正力,王翼,等.含分布式发电的微电网中储能装置容量优化配置[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(3):78-84.LIU Shu,LI Zhengli,WANG Yi,et al.Optimal capacity allocation of energy storage in micro-grid with distributed generation[J].Power System Protection and Control,2016,44(3):78-84.
[15]CHEN Q,ZHAO X,GAN D.Active-reactive scheduling of active distribution system considering interactive load and battery storage[J].Protection Control of Modern Power Systems,2017,2(2):320-330.DOI:10.86/s41601-017-0060-2.
[16]WANG J,HUANG Q,RAZA A,et al.ZIP and equivalent thermostatic loads impacts on energy savings of conservation voltage reduction[C]//Proceedings of 20172nd International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy,September 20-23,2017,Chengdu,China:250-255.
[17]WANG J,RAZA A,HONG T,et al.Analysis of energy savings of CVR including refrigeration loads in distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2018,33(1):158-168.
[18]曲绍杰,王绍然,刘明波,等.基于互补内点法的多目标静态电压稳定约束无功规划[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(23):49-54,86.QU Shaojie,WANG Shaoran,LIU Mingbo,et al.Static voltage stability constrained multi-objective reactive power planning based on complementary interior point method[J].Power System Protection and Control,2010,38(23):49-54,86.
[19]于超,谭忠富,胡庆辉,等.激励发电节能减排交易的Nash均衡两级优化模型[J].电力系统保护与控制,2011,39(7):63-66,73.YU Chao,TAN Zhongfu,HU Qinghui,et al.Two-stage Nash equilibrium optimization models for motivating energy savings and emission reduction trading of generation[J].Power System Protection and Control,2011,39(7):63-66,73.
[20]曹芳.电力市场体系协调运作模式研究与实证分析[D].北京:华北电力大学,2011.CAO Fang.Research on the coordination operation mode of the electricity market and empirical analysis[D].Beijing:North China Electric Power University,2011.
[21]胡文平,何立夫,陈杰军,等.考虑大规模电动汽车接入电网的双层优化调度策略[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(21):22-28.HU Wenping,HE Lifu,CHEN Jiejun,et al.A bi-layer optimization based schedule considering large-scale electric vehicles[J].Power System Protection and Control,2016,44(21):22-28.
[22]GARCES L P,CONEJO A J,BERTRAND R G,et al.Abilevel approach to transmission expansion planning within a market environment[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2009,24(3):1513-1522.
[23]ALMEDIA K C,SENNA F S.Optimal active-reactive power dispatch under competition via bilevel programming[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2011,26(4):2345-2354.
[24]ARROYO J M.Bilevel programming applied to power system vulnerability analysis under multiple contingencies[J].IET Generation,Transmission and Distribution,2010,4(2):178-190.
[25]严艺芬,吴文宣,张逸,等.考虑主动管理措施的配电网无功补偿双层优化配置[J].电力系统保护与控制,2017,45(12):60-66.YAN Yifen,WU Wenxuan,ZHANG Yi,et al.Bi-level optimal allocation of reactive power compensation considering active management measure[J].Power System Protection and Control,2017,45(12):60-66.
[26]唐学军,韩佶,苗世洪,等.基于需求侧响应的多类型负荷协调控制模型[J].电力系统保护与控制,2017,45(16):116-123.TANG Xuejun,HAN Ji,MIAO Shihong,et al.Coordinated control model of multi-type load based on demand response[J].Power System Protection and Control,2017,45(16):116-123.
[2]张志丹,黄小庆,曹一家,等.电网友好型空调负荷的主动响应策略研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(25):4207-4218.ZHANG Zhidan,HUANG Xiaoqing,CAO Yijia,et al.Research on active response policy for grid friendly air conditioning load[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(25):4207-4218.
[3]丁明,陈忠,苏建徽,等.可再生能源发电中的电池储能系统综述[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(1):19-25.DING Ming,CHEN Zhong,SU Jianhui,et al.An overview of battery energy storage system for renewable energy generation[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(1):19-25.
[4]王成山,李鹏.分布式发电、微网与智能配电网的发展与挑战[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(2):10-14,23.WANG Chengshan,LI Peng.Development and challenges of distributed generation,the micro-grid and smart distribution system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2010,34(2):10-14,23.
[5]章竹耀,郭晓丽,张新松,等.储能电池平抑风功率波动策略[J].电力系统保护与控制,2017,45(3):62-68.ZHANG Zhuyao,GUO Xiaoli,ZHANG Xinsong,et al.Strategy of smoothing wind power fluctuation based on storage battery[J].Power System Protection and Control,2017,45(3):62-68.
[6]鲍冠南,陆超,袁志昌,等.基于动态规划的电池储能系统削峰填谷实时优化[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(12):11-16.BAO Guannan,LU Chao,YUAN Zhichang,et al.Load shift real-time optimization strategy of battery energy storage system based on dynamic programming[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(12):11-16.
[7]康守亚,李嘉龙,李燕珊,等.考虑峰谷分时电价策略的源荷协调多目标发电调度模型[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(11):83-89.KANG Shouya,LI Jialong,LI Yanshan,et al.Multiobjective generation scheduling model of source and load considering the strategy of TOU price[J].Power System Protection and Control,2016,44(11):83-89.
[8]赵洪山,王莹莹,陈松.需求相应对配电网供电可靠性的影响[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(17):49-55.ZHAO Hongshan,WANG Yingying,CHEN Song.Impact of demand response on distribution system reliability[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(17):49-55.
[9]KIRSHNER D.Implementation of conservation voltage reduction at Commonwealth Edison[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1990,5(4):1178-1182.
[10]代业明,高岩.基于智能电网需求侧管理的多零售商实时定价策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(25):4244-4249.DAI Yeming,GAO Yan.Real-time pricing strategy with multi-retailers based on demand-side management for smart grid[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(25):4244-4249.
[11]黄宇腾,侯芳,周勤,等.一种面向需求侧管理的用户负荷形态组合分析方法[J].电力系统保护与控制,2013,41(13):20-25.HUANG Yuteng,HOU Fang,ZHOU Qin,et al.A new combinational electrical load analysis method for demand side management[J].Power System Protection and Control,2013,41(13):20-25.
[12]张旭升,李瑞生,黄利军,等.基于分层储能的主动配电网需求响应控制策略研究及实现[J].电力系统保护与控制,2017,45(15):40-49.ZHANG Xusheng,LI Ruisheng,HUANG Lijun,et al.Research and application on demand response based on hieratical power storage[J].Power System Protection and Control,2017,45(15):40-49.
[13]LI Zhechao,WANG Shaorong,JAZEBI Saeed,et al.Assessing the effect of system reconfiguration to enhance the capacity of electric-vehicle charging station in radial distribution systems[C]//IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting,July 17-21,2016,Boston,MA,USA:1-5.
[14]刘舒,李正力,王翼,等.含分布式发电的微电网中储能装置容量优化配置[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(3):78-84.LIU Shu,LI Zhengli,WANG Yi,et al.Optimal capacity allocation of energy storage in micro-grid with distributed generation[J].Power System Protection and Control,2016,44(3):78-84.
[15]CHEN Q,ZHAO X,GAN D.Active-reactive scheduling of active distribution system considering interactive load and battery storage[J].Protection Control of Modern Power Systems,2017,2(2):320-330.DOI:10.86/s41601-017-0060-2.
[16]WANG J,HUANG Q,RAZA A,et al.ZIP and equivalent thermostatic loads impacts on energy savings of conservation voltage reduction[C]//Proceedings of 20172nd International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy,September 20-23,2017,Chengdu,China:250-255.
[17]WANG J,RAZA A,HONG T,et al.Analysis of energy savings of CVR including refrigeration loads in distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2018,33(1):158-168.
[18]曲绍杰,王绍然,刘明波,等.基于互补内点法的多目标静态电压稳定约束无功规划[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(23):49-54,86.QU Shaojie,WANG Shaoran,LIU Mingbo,et al.Static voltage stability constrained multi-objective reactive power planning based on complementary interior point method[J].Power System Protection and Control,2010,38(23):49-54,86.
[19]于超,谭忠富,胡庆辉,等.激励发电节能减排交易的Nash均衡两级优化模型[J].电力系统保护与控制,2011,39(7):63-66,73.YU Chao,TAN Zhongfu,HU Qinghui,et al.Two-stage Nash equilibrium optimization models for motivating energy savings and emission reduction trading of generation[J].Power System Protection and Control,2011,39(7):63-66,73.
[20]曹芳.电力市场体系协调运作模式研究与实证分析[D].北京:华北电力大学,2011.CAO Fang.Research on the coordination operation mode of the electricity market and empirical analysis[D].Beijing:North China Electric Power University,2011.
[21]胡文平,何立夫,陈杰军,等.考虑大规模电动汽车接入电网的双层优化调度策略[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(21):22-28.HU Wenping,HE Lifu,CHEN Jiejun,et al.A bi-layer optimization based schedule considering large-scale electric vehicles[J].Power System Protection and Control,2016,44(21):22-28.
[22]GARCES L P,CONEJO A J,BERTRAND R G,et al.Abilevel approach to transmission expansion planning within a market environment[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2009,24(3):1513-1522.
[23]ALMEDIA K C,SENNA F S.Optimal active-reactive power dispatch under competition via bilevel programming[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2011,26(4):2345-2354.
[24]ARROYO J M.Bilevel programming applied to power system vulnerability analysis under multiple contingencies[J].IET Generation,Transmission and Distribution,2010,4(2):178-190.
[25]严艺芬,吴文宣,张逸,等.考虑主动管理措施的配电网无功补偿双层优化配置[J].电力系统保护与控制,2017,45(12):60-66.YAN Yifen,WU Wenxuan,ZHANG Yi,et al.Bi-level optimal allocation of reactive power compensation considering active management measure[J].Power System Protection and Control,2017,45(12):60-66.
[26]唐学军,韩佶,苗世洪,等.基于需求侧响应的多类型负荷协调控制模型[J].电力系统保护与控制,2017,45(16):116-123.TANG Xuejun,HAN Ji,MIAO Shihong,et al.Coordinated control model of multi-type load based on demand response[J].Power System Protection and Control,2017,45(16):116-123.