基于PCTBTA任务模型的用户界面开发方法
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摘要
为了适应普适计算环境中用户、设备、使用环境和开发平台的多样性,基于模型的方法被应用于用户界面开发过程中,试图在抽象层次上描述界面,通过模型转换,使其适用于不同的平台.然而,由于目前基于模型的用户界面开发方法(model-based user interface development,简称MBUID)中所采用任务模型的局限性,致使生成的界面难以满足动态环境下用户的可用性需求.提出一种基于任务模型的用户界面开发框架,旨在建模和生成有效、高效、令用户满意的用户界面.在可用性方面,为了准确描述普适计算环境中用户任务,提出一种基于感知控制理论的任务分析方法(perceptual-control-theory-based task analysis,简称PCTBTA),将使用上下文信息引入到任务分析过程中,并且在较高的抽象层次上反映交互的内容,给可用性设计提供任务空间;在技术方面,为PCTBTA任务模型向界面模型的转换提供技术支持.最后,通过实例说明所提出方法的可行性,并通过与其他方法在可用性和性能方面的比较,表明该方法的有效性.
Nowadays, a number of methods on model-based user interface development(MBUID) have been applied to deal with the diversity of users, devices, environments, and development platforms in a pervasive computing environment. In general, those methods attempt to specify a user interface once on an abstract level, and to run anywhere by use of model transformation. Due to the limitation of task model used in the current MBUID methods, however, it is still an open question whether the generated user interfaces can meet usability requirements in a divergent context of applications. In this paper, a task model based user interface development framework is proposed for modeling and implementing effective, efficient and satisfactory user interfaces. In order to cope with the usability requirements, a novel perceptual control theory based task analysis(PCTBTA) method is presented to specify the user tasks in a divergent environment, in which the context information is introduced into the task analysis process, and the interaction content is reflected at a higher level of abstraction, providing the task space for usability design. For model transformation, a method is provided for converting PCTBTA task model into a variety of interface models. Finally, a case study is provided to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method, and the effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by comparing it with other methods in terms of availability and performance.
Nowadays, a number of methods on model-based user interface development(MBUID) have been applied to deal with the diversity of users, devices, environments, and development platforms in a pervasive computing environment. In general, those methods attempt to specify a user interface once on an abstract level, and to run anywhere by use of model transformation. Due to the limitation of task model used in the current MBUID methods, however, it is still an open question whether the generated user interfaces can meet usability requirements in a divergent context of applications. In this paper, a task model based user interface development framework is proposed for modeling and implementing effective, efficient and satisfactory user interfaces. In order to cope with the usability requirements, a novel perceptual control theory based task analysis(PCTBTA) method is presented to specify the user tasks in a divergent environment, in which the context information is introduced into the task analysis process, and the interaction content is reflected at a higher level of abstraction, providing the task space for usability design. For model transformation, a method is provided for converting PCTBTA task model into a variety of interface models. Finally, a case study is provided to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method, and the effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by comparing it with other methods in terms of availability and performance.
引文
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[21]Limbourg Q,Vanderdonckt J,Michotte B.USIXML:A language supporting multi-path development of user interfaces.In:Proc.of the Engineering Human Computer Interaction and Interactive Systems(EHCI 2004).Springer-Verlag,2004.200-220.[doi:10.1007/11431879_12]
[22]Desruelle H.Accessible user interface support for multi-device ubiquitous applications:Architectural modifiability considerations.Universal Access in the Information Society,2016,15(1):5-19.[doi:10.1007/s10209-014-0373-0]
[23]Paterno’F,Santoro C,Spano LD.MARIA:A universal,declarative,multiple abstraction-level language for service-oriented applications in ubiquitous environments.ACM Trans.on Computer-Human Interaction,2009,16(4):433-486.[doi:10.1145/1614390.1614394]
[24]Halbrügge M,Quade M,Engelbrecht KP.Predicting user error for ambient systems by integrating model-based UI development and cognitive modeling.In:Proc.of the ACM Int’l Joint Conf.on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing.2016.1028-1039.
[25]Clerckx T,Luyten K,Coninx K.DynaMo-AID:A design process and a runtime architecture for dynamic model-based user interface development.In:Bastide R,ed.Proc.of the 2004 Int’l Conf.on Engineering Human Computer Interaction and Interactive Systems(EHCI-DSVIS 2004).Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,2005.77-95.[doi:10.1007/11431879_5]
[26]Klug T,Kangasharju J.Executable task models.In:Proc.of the Int’l Workshop on Task MODELS and Diagrams.ACM Press,2005.119-122.[doi:10.1145/1122935.1122958]
[27]Martinie C,Palanque P,Barboni E.Task-Model based assessment of automation levels:Application to space ground segments.In:Proc.of the IEEE Int’l Conf.on Systems,Man and Cybernetics.IEEE Press,2011.3267-3273.[doi:10.1109/ICSMC.2011.6084173]
[28]MGaulke W,Ziegler J.Rule-Enhanced task models for increased expressiveness and compactness.In:Proc.of the ACM Sigchi Symp.2016.4-15.
[12]张文波.基于任务模型的用户界面自动生成研究[硕士学位论文].济南:山东大学,2007.
[2]PaternòF,Santoro C,Spano LD.Exploiting Web service annotations in model-based user interface development.In:Proc.of the2010 ACM SIGCHI Symp.on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems.2010.219-224.[doi:10.1145/1822018.1822053]
[3]Delgado A.Reusing UI elements with model-based user interface development.Int’l Journal of Human-Computer Studies,2016,86(C):48-62.[doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.09.003]
[4]Sayih M,Brüggemann KA,Dimitrov L.Development of model-based user interfaces with XML technology.In:Proc.of the IEEE7th Int’l Conf.on Intelligent Computing and Information Systems(ICICIS 2015).2015.321-327.[doi:10.1109/IntelCIS.2015.7397241]
[5]Weyers B.Formal Description of Adaptable Interactive Systems Based on Reconfigurable User Interface Models.The Handbook of Formal Methods in Human-Computer Interaction.Springer Int’l Publishing,2017.273-294.
[6]Calvary G.A unifying reference framework for multi-target user interfaces.Interacting with Computers,2003,15(3):289-308.[doi:10.1016/S0953-5438(03)00010-9]
[7]Taylor MM.Editorial:Perceptual control theory and its application.Int’l Journal of Human,1999,50(6):433-444.[doi:10.1006/ijhc.1998.0262]
[8]PaternòF.Model-Based Design and Evaluation of Interactive Applications.London:Springer-Verlag,2000.73-77.[doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-0445-2]
[9]Wasserman A.Extending state transition diagrams for the specification of human-computer interaction.IEEE Trans.on Software Engineering,1985,11(8):699-713.
[10]PaternòF,Mancini C,Meniconi S.ConcurTaskTrees:A diagrammatic notation for specifying task models.In:Proc.of the HumanComputer Interaction(INTERACT’97).Springer-Verlag,1997.362-369.[doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35175-9_58]
[11]Li JN,Hua QY,Ji X,Zhang MJ.Task analysis approach based on perceptual control theory.Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology,2016,25(2):278-286.
[12]Zhang WB.The research of task model based user interface automatic generation[MS.Thesis].Ji’nan:Shandong University,2007(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]Akiki PA,Bandara AK,Yu Y.Adaptive model-driven user interface development systems.ACM Computing Surveys,2015,47(1):1-33.[doi:10.1145/2597999]
[14]Ragosta M,Ragosta M,Fahssi R.Extending procedural task models by systematic explicit integration of objects,knowledge and information.In:Proc.of the European Conf.on Cognitive Ergonomics.ACM Press,2013.23.
[15]Fleischmann A,Lippe S,Meyer N,et al.Coherent task modeling and execution based on subject-oriented representations.In:Proc.of the Int’l Conf.on Task MODELS and Diagrams for User Interface Design.Springer-Verlag,2009.78-91.[doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11797-8_7]
[16]Nielsen J.Usability Engineering.Academic Press,Inc.,1993.
[17]ISO 9241-11.Ergonomic requirements for office work with visuai display terminals(VDTs)-Part11:Guidance on usability.1998.
[18]Van Welie M.Task-Based user interface design[Ph.D.Thesis].Amsterdam:Vrije Universiteit,2001.
[19]Shneiderman B,Plaisant C.Designing the User Interface:Strategies for Effective Human-ComputerInteraction.4th ed.,New York:Pearson,2004.15-33.
[20]Mi?ón R,PaternòF,Arrue M,Abascal J.Integrating adaptation rules for people with special needs in model-based UI development process.Universal Access in the Information Society,2016,15(1):153-168.
[21]Limbourg Q,Vanderdonckt J,Michotte B.USIXML:A language supporting multi-path development of user interfaces.In:Proc.of the Engineering Human Computer Interaction and Interactive Systems(EHCI 2004).Springer-Verlag,2004.200-220.[doi:10.1007/11431879_12]
[22]Desruelle H.Accessible user interface support for multi-device ubiquitous applications:Architectural modifiability considerations.Universal Access in the Information Society,2016,15(1):5-19.[doi:10.1007/s10209-014-0373-0]
[23]Paterno’F,Santoro C,Spano LD.MARIA:A universal,declarative,multiple abstraction-level language for service-oriented applications in ubiquitous environments.ACM Trans.on Computer-Human Interaction,2009,16(4):433-486.[doi:10.1145/1614390.1614394]
[24]Halbrügge M,Quade M,Engelbrecht KP.Predicting user error for ambient systems by integrating model-based UI development and cognitive modeling.In:Proc.of the ACM Int’l Joint Conf.on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing.2016.1028-1039.
[25]Clerckx T,Luyten K,Coninx K.DynaMo-AID:A design process and a runtime architecture for dynamic model-based user interface development.In:Bastide R,ed.Proc.of the 2004 Int’l Conf.on Engineering Human Computer Interaction and Interactive Systems(EHCI-DSVIS 2004).Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,2005.77-95.[doi:10.1007/11431879_5]
[26]Klug T,Kangasharju J.Executable task models.In:Proc.of the Int’l Workshop on Task MODELS and Diagrams.ACM Press,2005.119-122.[doi:10.1145/1122935.1122958]
[27]Martinie C,Palanque P,Barboni E.Task-Model based assessment of automation levels:Application to space ground segments.In:Proc.of the IEEE Int’l Conf.on Systems,Man and Cybernetics.IEEE Press,2011.3267-3273.[doi:10.1109/ICSMC.2011.6084173]
[28]MGaulke W,Ziegler J.Rule-Enhanced task models for increased expressiveness and compactness.In:Proc.of the ACM Sigchi Symp.2016.4-15.
[12]张文波.基于任务模型的用户界面自动生成研究[硕士学位论文].济南:山东大学,2007.