奶牛乳脂形成的调控措施及其机理
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摘要
乳脂是乳中的主要营养成分,也是衡量乳品质优劣的重要指标。乳脂与人类的健康有着密切的关系。文章对乳脂的功能、不同奶畜乳脂含量、乳脂的调控研究、以及不同杀菌强度对乳脂的影响等方面进行综述,对乳脂在未来进一步研究做了展望。
Milk fat is not only the main nutritional component of milk, but also the important indicator to measure the quality of milk. The milk fat is tightly related to human health. This paper reviewed the functions of milk fat, the content of milk fat of different animals, the regulation of milk fat, and the effects of different bactericidal strength on milk fat to give opinions for the further research.
Milk fat is not only the main nutritional component of milk, but also the important indicator to measure the quality of milk. The milk fat is tightly related to human health. This paper reviewed the functions of milk fat, the content of milk fat of different animals, the regulation of milk fat, and the effects of different bactericidal strength on milk fat to give opinions for the further research.
引文
[1] Harvatine K J, Boisclair Y R, Bauman D E. Recent advances in the regulation of milk fat synthesis[J]. Animal An International Journal of Animal Bioscience, 2009, 3(1):40.
[2] Lopez C, Blot M, Briard-Bion V, et al. Butter serums and buttermilks as sources of bioactive lipids from the milk fat globule membrane:Differences in their lipid composition and potentialities of cow diet to increase n-3 PUFA[J]. Food Research International,2017, 100(1):864.
[3] Bhinder G, Allaire J M, Garcia C, et al. Milk Fat Globule Membrane Supplementation in Formula Modulates the Neonatal Gut Microbiome and Normalizes Intestinal Development[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:45274.
[4] Ramel P R, Marangoni A G. Characterization of the polymorphism of milk fat within processed cheese products[J]. Food Structure,2017, 12:15-25.
[5] Lindmark-M?nsson H, Fondén R, Pettersson H E. Composition of Swedish dairy milk[J]. International Dairy Journal, 2003, 13(6):409-425.
[6]李强强,朱丹,逄秀梅,等.基于核磁共振定量氢谱技术的乳品脂质分析及方法建立[J].分析试验室, 2016(2):125-129.
[7]姚云平.乳脂肪球的组成结构、体外消化及抗菌特性[D].无锡:江南大学, 2017.
[8] Mccann S E, Hays J, Baumgart C W, et al. Usual Consumption of Specific Dairy Foods Is Associated with Breast Cancer in the Roswell Park Cancer Institute Data Bank and BioRepository[J]. Current Developments in Nutrition, 2017, 1(3):e000422.
[9] Zang J, Shen M, Du S, et al. The Association between Dairy Intake and Breast Cancer in Western and Asian Populations:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis[J]. Journal of Breast Cancer,2015, 18(4):313-322.
[10] Jing L, Lu L, Pang X, et al. Comparative proteomics of milk fat globule membrane in goat colostrum and mature milk[J]. Food Chemistry, 2016, 209:10.
[11] Contarini G, Pelizzola V, Scurati S, et al. Polar lipid of donkey milk fat:Phospholipid, ceramide and cholesterol composition[J].Journal of Food Composition&Analysis, 2017, 57:16-23.
[12]陆东林,王文秀,徐敏,等.不同动物乳脂肪酸组成的比较分析[J].新疆畜牧业, 2014(4):7-10.
[13] Contarini G, Pelizzola V, Scurati S, et al. Polar lipid of donkey milk fat:Phospholipid, ceramide and cholesterol composition[J].Journal of Food Composition&Analysis, 2017, 57:16-23.
[14]和占星,王向东,黄梅芬,等.中甸牦牛、迪庆黄牛和犏牛的乳的主要营养成分比较[J].食品与生物技术学报, 2015, 34(12):1294-1301.
[15]孟宪宝,朱志琼,吴京旗.提高牛奶干物质总量、乳脂肪与乳蛋白的方法[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2011(12):69-70.
[16]姜雪元,张树坤,张源淑.乳脂肪及其影响因素[J].中国畜牧兽医, 2011, 38(7):23-26.
[17] Zhao M, Bu D, Wang J, et al. Milk production and composition responds to dietary neutral detergent fiber and starch ratio in dairy cows[J]. Animal Science Journal, 2016, 87(6):756-766.
[18] Kmicikewycz A D, Heinrichs A J. Effect of corn silage particle size and supplemental hay on rumen pH and feed preference by dairy cows fed high-starch diets[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2015, 98(1):373.
[19] Kononoff P J, Heinrichs A J. The effect of reducing alfalfa haylage particle size on cows in early lactation[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2003, 86(4):1445-1457.
[20] Bilik K, Strzetelski J. Effect of supplementing TMR diets with artificial saliva and Acid Buf on optimizing ruminal pH and fermentation activity in cows[J]. Annals of Animal Science, 2014,14(3):585-593.
[21] Beauchemin K A, Farr B I, Rode L M, et al. Effects of alfalfa silage chop length and supplementary long hay on chewing and milk production of dairy cows[J]. J. Dairy Sci., 1994, 77(5):1326-1339.
[22] Kahyani A, Ghorbani G R, Khorvash M, et al. Effects of alfalfa hay particle size in high-concentrate diets supplemented with unsaturated fat:chewing behavior, total-tract digestibility, and milk production of dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2013,96(11):7110.
[23] Bal M A, Bal E B B. Interaction between particle sizes of alfalfa hay and corn grain on milk yield, milk composition, chewing activity, and ruminal pH of dairy cows[J]. Turkish Journal of Veterinary&Animal Sciences, 2014, 34(1):83-89.
[24] USA, National Research Council Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[M]//Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. National Academy of Sciences, 2001.
[25] Li F, Li Z, Li S, et al. Effect of dietary physically effective fiber on ruminal fermentation and the fatty acid profile of milk in dairy goats[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2014, 97(4):2281.
[26] Dhiman T R, Satter L D, Pariza M W, et al. Conjugated Linoleic Acid(CLA)Content of Milk from Cows Offered Diets Rich in Linoleic and Linolenic Acid 1[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2000, 83(5):1016-1027.
[27] Rabiee A R, Breinhild K, Scott W, et al. Effect of fat additions to diets of dairy cattle on milk production and components:a meta-analysis and meta-regression[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2012, 95(6):3225.
[28] Rico J E, Allen M S, Lock A L. Compared with stearic acid, palmitic acid increased the yield of milk fat and improved feed efficiency across production level of cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2014, 97(2):1057-1066.
[29] Inglingstad R A, Skeie S, Vegarud G E, et al. Feeding a concentrate rich in rapeseed oil improves fatty acid composition and flavor in Norwegian goat milk[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017,100(9), 7088-7105.
[30] Gagliostro G A, Pati?o E M, Sanchez Negrette M, et al. Milk fatty acid profile from grazing buffaloes fed a blend of soybean and linseed oils[J]. Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, 2015, 67(3):927-934.
[31] Correddu F, Gaspa G, Pulina G, et al. Grape seed and linseed,alone and in combination, enhance unsaturated fatty acids in the milk of Sarda dairy sheep[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2016, 99(3):1725.
[32] Ghazal S, Berthelot V, Friggens N C, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation and feeding level on dairy performance, milk fatty acid composition, and body fat changes in mid-lactation goats[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2014, 97(11):7162.
[33] Fernandes D, Gama M A, Ribeiro C V, et al. Milk fat depression and energy balance in stall-fed dairy goats supplemented with increasing doses of conjugated linoleic acid methyl esters[J]. Animal An International Journal of Animal Bioscience, 2014, 8(4):587.
[34] Vanbergue E, Delaby L, Peyraud J L, et al. Effects of breed,feeding system, and lactation stage on milk fat characteristics and spontaneous lipolysis in dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017, 100(6):4623.
[35] Zhang S Z, Penner G B, Abdelqader M, et al. Effects of feeding alfalfa hay on chewing, rumen pH, and milk fat concentration of dairy cows fed wheat dried distillers grains with solubles as a partial substitute for barley silage[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2010, 93(7):3243-3252.
[36] Ramirez-Ramirez H A, Lopez E C, Jenkins C J, et al. Reducedfat dried distillers grains with solubles reduces the risk for milk fat depression and supports milk production and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2016, 99(3):1912.
[37] Law R A, Young F J, Patterson D C, et al. Effect of dietary protein content on animal production and blood metabolites of dairy cows during lactation[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2009, 92(3):1001-1012.
[38] Giallongo F, Oh J, Frederick T, et al. Extruded soybean meal increased feed intake and milk production in dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2015, 98(9):6471-6485.
[39]李珊珊.必需氨基酸调节奶牛乳腺合成乳蛋白和乳脂肪的作用机制[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2015.
[40]张成喜,孙友德,刘锡武,等.过瘤胃蛋氨酸对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2017,29(5):1759-1766.
[41] Giallongo F, Harper M T, Oh J, et al. Effects of rumen-protected methionine, lysine, and histidine on lactation performance of dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2016, 99(6):4437-4452.
[42]塔娜,李红磊,侯先志,等.乙酸钠和β-羟丁酸钠对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳脂和乳蛋白合成相关基因表达的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2014, 26(6):1527-1534.
[43]孙满吉,卢德勋,王丽芳,等.阴外动脉灌注乙酸钠对奶山羊乳腺营养物质摄取和利用的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2009, 21(6):865-871.
[44] Purdie N G, Trout D R, Poppi D P, et al. Milk Synthetic Response of the Bovine Mammary Gland to an Increase in the Local Concentration of Amino Acids and Acetate[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2008, 91(1):218-228.
[45]张成喜,刘开东,孙国强.肉桂醛对奶牛尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2017, 29(6):2010-2017.
[46]刘冰许,毕延台,宋月峰,等.微生态制剂对奶牛产奶量和乳品质的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2017(6):65-67.
[47]邵伟,赵艳坤,张晓雪,等.微生态制剂对新疆荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和血清生化水平的影响[J].饲料工业, 2015, 36(17):47-50.
[48] Berman A, Horovitz T, Kaim M, et al. A comparison of THI indices leads to a sensible heat-based heat stress index for shaded cattle that aligns temperature and humidity stress[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 2016, 60(10):1-10.
[49]艾阳,曹洋,谢正露,等.热应激时奶牛血液中游离氨基酸流向与乳蛋白下降的关系研究[J].食品科学, 2015, 36(11):38-41.
[50] Bandaranayaka D D, Holmes C W. Changes in the composition of milk and rumen contents in cows exposed to a high ambient temperature with controlled feeding[J]. Trop. Anim. Health.Prod., 1976, 8(1):38-46.
[51] Silanikove N, Shapiro F, Shinder D. Acute heat stress brings down milk secretion in dairy cows by up-regulating the activity of the milk-borne negative feedback regulatory system[J]. BMC physiology, 2009, 9(1):13.
[52]张凡建,徐聪,翁晓刚,等.不同程度热应激对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响[J].中国兽医学报, 2014, 34(10):1686-1688.
[53]李翠,刘佳佳,徐唱,等.不同类型音乐对荷斯坦牛产奶量、乳成分及乳体细胞数的影响[J].中国奶牛, 2017(7):1-5.
[2] Lopez C, Blot M, Briard-Bion V, et al. Butter serums and buttermilks as sources of bioactive lipids from the milk fat globule membrane:Differences in their lipid composition and potentialities of cow diet to increase n-3 PUFA[J]. Food Research International,2017, 100(1):864.
[3] Bhinder G, Allaire J M, Garcia C, et al. Milk Fat Globule Membrane Supplementation in Formula Modulates the Neonatal Gut Microbiome and Normalizes Intestinal Development[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:45274.
[4] Ramel P R, Marangoni A G. Characterization of the polymorphism of milk fat within processed cheese products[J]. Food Structure,2017, 12:15-25.
[5] Lindmark-M?nsson H, Fondén R, Pettersson H E. Composition of Swedish dairy milk[J]. International Dairy Journal, 2003, 13(6):409-425.
[6]李强强,朱丹,逄秀梅,等.基于核磁共振定量氢谱技术的乳品脂质分析及方法建立[J].分析试验室, 2016(2):125-129.
[7]姚云平.乳脂肪球的组成结构、体外消化及抗菌特性[D].无锡:江南大学, 2017.
[8] Mccann S E, Hays J, Baumgart C W, et al. Usual Consumption of Specific Dairy Foods Is Associated with Breast Cancer in the Roswell Park Cancer Institute Data Bank and BioRepository[J]. Current Developments in Nutrition, 2017, 1(3):e000422.
[9] Zang J, Shen M, Du S, et al. The Association between Dairy Intake and Breast Cancer in Western and Asian Populations:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis[J]. Journal of Breast Cancer,2015, 18(4):313-322.
[10] Jing L, Lu L, Pang X, et al. Comparative proteomics of milk fat globule membrane in goat colostrum and mature milk[J]. Food Chemistry, 2016, 209:10.
[11] Contarini G, Pelizzola V, Scurati S, et al. Polar lipid of donkey milk fat:Phospholipid, ceramide and cholesterol composition[J].Journal of Food Composition&Analysis, 2017, 57:16-23.
[12]陆东林,王文秀,徐敏,等.不同动物乳脂肪酸组成的比较分析[J].新疆畜牧业, 2014(4):7-10.
[13] Contarini G, Pelizzola V, Scurati S, et al. Polar lipid of donkey milk fat:Phospholipid, ceramide and cholesterol composition[J].Journal of Food Composition&Analysis, 2017, 57:16-23.
[14]和占星,王向东,黄梅芬,等.中甸牦牛、迪庆黄牛和犏牛的乳的主要营养成分比较[J].食品与生物技术学报, 2015, 34(12):1294-1301.
[15]孟宪宝,朱志琼,吴京旗.提高牛奶干物质总量、乳脂肪与乳蛋白的方法[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2011(12):69-70.
[16]姜雪元,张树坤,张源淑.乳脂肪及其影响因素[J].中国畜牧兽医, 2011, 38(7):23-26.
[17] Zhao M, Bu D, Wang J, et al. Milk production and composition responds to dietary neutral detergent fiber and starch ratio in dairy cows[J]. Animal Science Journal, 2016, 87(6):756-766.
[18] Kmicikewycz A D, Heinrichs A J. Effect of corn silage particle size and supplemental hay on rumen pH and feed preference by dairy cows fed high-starch diets[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2015, 98(1):373.
[19] Kononoff P J, Heinrichs A J. The effect of reducing alfalfa haylage particle size on cows in early lactation[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2003, 86(4):1445-1457.
[20] Bilik K, Strzetelski J. Effect of supplementing TMR diets with artificial saliva and Acid Buf on optimizing ruminal pH and fermentation activity in cows[J]. Annals of Animal Science, 2014,14(3):585-593.
[21] Beauchemin K A, Farr B I, Rode L M, et al. Effects of alfalfa silage chop length and supplementary long hay on chewing and milk production of dairy cows[J]. J. Dairy Sci., 1994, 77(5):1326-1339.
[22] Kahyani A, Ghorbani G R, Khorvash M, et al. Effects of alfalfa hay particle size in high-concentrate diets supplemented with unsaturated fat:chewing behavior, total-tract digestibility, and milk production of dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2013,96(11):7110.
[23] Bal M A, Bal E B B. Interaction between particle sizes of alfalfa hay and corn grain on milk yield, milk composition, chewing activity, and ruminal pH of dairy cows[J]. Turkish Journal of Veterinary&Animal Sciences, 2014, 34(1):83-89.
[24] USA, National Research Council Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[M]//Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. National Academy of Sciences, 2001.
[25] Li F, Li Z, Li S, et al. Effect of dietary physically effective fiber on ruminal fermentation and the fatty acid profile of milk in dairy goats[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2014, 97(4):2281.
[26] Dhiman T R, Satter L D, Pariza M W, et al. Conjugated Linoleic Acid(CLA)Content of Milk from Cows Offered Diets Rich in Linoleic and Linolenic Acid 1[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2000, 83(5):1016-1027.
[27] Rabiee A R, Breinhild K, Scott W, et al. Effect of fat additions to diets of dairy cattle on milk production and components:a meta-analysis and meta-regression[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2012, 95(6):3225.
[28] Rico J E, Allen M S, Lock A L. Compared with stearic acid, palmitic acid increased the yield of milk fat and improved feed efficiency across production level of cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2014, 97(2):1057-1066.
[29] Inglingstad R A, Skeie S, Vegarud G E, et al. Feeding a concentrate rich in rapeseed oil improves fatty acid composition and flavor in Norwegian goat milk[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017,100(9), 7088-7105.
[30] Gagliostro G A, Pati?o E M, Sanchez Negrette M, et al. Milk fatty acid profile from grazing buffaloes fed a blend of soybean and linseed oils[J]. Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, 2015, 67(3):927-934.
[31] Correddu F, Gaspa G, Pulina G, et al. Grape seed and linseed,alone and in combination, enhance unsaturated fatty acids in the milk of Sarda dairy sheep[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2016, 99(3):1725.
[32] Ghazal S, Berthelot V, Friggens N C, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation and feeding level on dairy performance, milk fatty acid composition, and body fat changes in mid-lactation goats[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2014, 97(11):7162.
[33] Fernandes D, Gama M A, Ribeiro C V, et al. Milk fat depression and energy balance in stall-fed dairy goats supplemented with increasing doses of conjugated linoleic acid methyl esters[J]. Animal An International Journal of Animal Bioscience, 2014, 8(4):587.
[34] Vanbergue E, Delaby L, Peyraud J L, et al. Effects of breed,feeding system, and lactation stage on milk fat characteristics and spontaneous lipolysis in dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017, 100(6):4623.
[35] Zhang S Z, Penner G B, Abdelqader M, et al. Effects of feeding alfalfa hay on chewing, rumen pH, and milk fat concentration of dairy cows fed wheat dried distillers grains with solubles as a partial substitute for barley silage[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2010, 93(7):3243-3252.
[36] Ramirez-Ramirez H A, Lopez E C, Jenkins C J, et al. Reducedfat dried distillers grains with solubles reduces the risk for milk fat depression and supports milk production and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2016, 99(3):1912.
[37] Law R A, Young F J, Patterson D C, et al. Effect of dietary protein content on animal production and blood metabolites of dairy cows during lactation[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2009, 92(3):1001-1012.
[38] Giallongo F, Oh J, Frederick T, et al. Extruded soybean meal increased feed intake and milk production in dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2015, 98(9):6471-6485.
[39]李珊珊.必需氨基酸调节奶牛乳腺合成乳蛋白和乳脂肪的作用机制[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2015.
[40]张成喜,孙友德,刘锡武,等.过瘤胃蛋氨酸对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2017,29(5):1759-1766.
[41] Giallongo F, Harper M T, Oh J, et al. Effects of rumen-protected methionine, lysine, and histidine on lactation performance of dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2016, 99(6):4437-4452.
[42]塔娜,李红磊,侯先志,等.乙酸钠和β-羟丁酸钠对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳脂和乳蛋白合成相关基因表达的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2014, 26(6):1527-1534.
[43]孙满吉,卢德勋,王丽芳,等.阴外动脉灌注乙酸钠对奶山羊乳腺营养物质摄取和利用的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2009, 21(6):865-871.
[44] Purdie N G, Trout D R, Poppi D P, et al. Milk Synthetic Response of the Bovine Mammary Gland to an Increase in the Local Concentration of Amino Acids and Acetate[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2008, 91(1):218-228.
[45]张成喜,刘开东,孙国强.肉桂醛对奶牛尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2017, 29(6):2010-2017.
[46]刘冰许,毕延台,宋月峰,等.微生态制剂对奶牛产奶量和乳品质的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2017(6):65-67.
[47]邵伟,赵艳坤,张晓雪,等.微生态制剂对新疆荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和血清生化水平的影响[J].饲料工业, 2015, 36(17):47-50.
[48] Berman A, Horovitz T, Kaim M, et al. A comparison of THI indices leads to a sensible heat-based heat stress index for shaded cattle that aligns temperature and humidity stress[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 2016, 60(10):1-10.
[49]艾阳,曹洋,谢正露,等.热应激时奶牛血液中游离氨基酸流向与乳蛋白下降的关系研究[J].食品科学, 2015, 36(11):38-41.
[50] Bandaranayaka D D, Holmes C W. Changes in the composition of milk and rumen contents in cows exposed to a high ambient temperature with controlled feeding[J]. Trop. Anim. Health.Prod., 1976, 8(1):38-46.
[51] Silanikove N, Shapiro F, Shinder D. Acute heat stress brings down milk secretion in dairy cows by up-regulating the activity of the milk-borne negative feedback regulatory system[J]. BMC physiology, 2009, 9(1):13.
[52]张凡建,徐聪,翁晓刚,等.不同程度热应激对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响[J].中国兽医学报, 2014, 34(10):1686-1688.
[53]李翠,刘佳佳,徐唱,等.不同类型音乐对荷斯坦牛产奶量、乳成分及乳体细胞数的影响[J].中国奶牛, 2017(7):1-5.