武夷茶区茶园土壤养分状况及其对茶叶品质成分的影响
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摘要
【目的】分析乌龙茶主产区武夷茶园中土壤养分状况及其对茶叶品质成分的影响,为改良茶园养分管理和提升茶叶品质提供理论依据。【方法】本研究在2008年福建省土壤普查数据的基础上,于2015年在武夷3大茶区,(桐木区、岩茶区和洲茶区)随机选取68个茶园,包括桐木区12个、岩茶区32个和洲茶区24个,分别采取茶园0—20 cm的土壤和一芽三叶的茶青样品。检测土壤pH,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量等土壤养分指标,同时利用高效液相色谱系统(HPLC)定量测定茶青中的茶氨酸、咖啡碱、芦丁、ECG、EGCG和总儿茶素等6种次级代谢物含量做品质成分分析。【结果】通过对比2008年和2015年的土壤养分指标,发现近年来,武夷茶区土壤酸化严重,部分茶园土壤有效磷含量增加显著。三大茶区中,岩茶区茶园土壤养分状况变化最为明显,其土壤pH、有机质和碱解氮分别下降了0.65、45.29%和49.39%;土壤有效磷含量却大幅度上升,从5.21 mg?kg~(-1)上升到平均值为245.70 mg?kg~(-1),上升幅度超过40倍。说明该区域茶园存在过度施肥的现象。土壤养分状况显著影响茶叶品质成分,并且不同土壤养分指标对不同品质成分的影响有所不同。通过边际效应分析,发现各次级代谢物的最高含量都有其对应的土壤养分范围。在此基础上,拟合了武夷茶区高品质茶园适宜的土壤养分范围:pH4.5—5.0;有机质20—40g·kg~(-1);碱解氮60—100 mg·kg~(-1);有效磷10—100 mg·kg~(-1);速效钾100—150 mg·kg~(-1)。【结论】综合本研究结果,建议武夷岩茶区和洲茶区在养分管理方面,总体采取有机肥取代部分化肥,适量补氮和钾,严格控制磷肥施用等措施。
【Objective】 The objective of this research was to study the relationship between soil nutrient status and tea quality in Wuyi Tea Region, the main production area of Oolong tea, so as to provide theoretical basis for improving nutrient management in tea plantation and subsequent tea quality. 【Method】 Based on the soil survey data from Fujian Province in 2008, 68 tea plantations from three main tea production areas, including 12, 32 and 24 tea plantations from Tongmu, Rock tea and Zhou tea area, respectively,were randomly selected in Wuyi Tea Region in 2015. Soil samples from 0-20 cm top soil layer and one-tip-three-leaf tissue samples were collected from each tea plantation. Five soil nutrient indexes, including pH value, soil organic matter(SOM), alkaline nitrogen(AN), available phosphorus(AP) and available potassium(AK) concentrations in the top 0-20 cm soils, and the concentrations of 6 secondary metabolites as quality factors in the fresh tea leaves(theanine, caffeine, rutin, ECG, EGCG and total catechins) were quantitatively measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC). 【Result】 Comparative analysis of soil nutrient indexes in 2008 and 2015 showed that soils throughout the Wuyi Tea Region were severely acidified, and those in a number of locations there were dramatic increased in AP over that time span. Among the three main tea production areas, soil nutrient status in Rock tea area was most significantly changed, which pH value, SOM and AN concentrations were reduced 0.65, 45.29% and 49.39%,respectively. While its AP was largely increased from 5.21 mg?kg~(-1) to 245.70 mg?kg~(-1) with over 40 times increase, indicating that excessive fertilization existed in the tea plantations of this region. Soil nutrient status significantly affected tea quality, with each quality factor being uniquely affected by particular soil nutrient indexes. The results from the marginal effect analysis revealed that the highest concentration of each secondary metabolite was associated with a corresponding suitable range for each soil nutrient index. Based on these associations, we proposed the suitable soil nutrient ranges for high-quality tea plantations in the Wuyi Tea Region were as follows: pH, 4.5-5.0; SOM, 20-40 g·kg~(-1); AN, 60-100 mg·kg~(-1); AP, 10-100 mg·kg~(-1); and AK, 100-150 mg·kg~(-1).【Conclusion】Taken together, we suggested that the overall nutrient management in the areas of Rock tea and Zhou tea of Wuyi Tea Region were as follows: partially replace chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers, properly supplement nitrogen and potassium,while strictly control phosphorus fertilization.
【Objective】 The objective of this research was to study the relationship between soil nutrient status and tea quality in Wuyi Tea Region, the main production area of Oolong tea, so as to provide theoretical basis for improving nutrient management in tea plantation and subsequent tea quality. 【Method】 Based on the soil survey data from Fujian Province in 2008, 68 tea plantations from three main tea production areas, including 12, 32 and 24 tea plantations from Tongmu, Rock tea and Zhou tea area, respectively,were randomly selected in Wuyi Tea Region in 2015. Soil samples from 0-20 cm top soil layer and one-tip-three-leaf tissue samples were collected from each tea plantation. Five soil nutrient indexes, including pH value, soil organic matter(SOM), alkaline nitrogen(AN), available phosphorus(AP) and available potassium(AK) concentrations in the top 0-20 cm soils, and the concentrations of 6 secondary metabolites as quality factors in the fresh tea leaves(theanine, caffeine, rutin, ECG, EGCG and total catechins) were quantitatively measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC). 【Result】 Comparative analysis of soil nutrient indexes in 2008 and 2015 showed that soils throughout the Wuyi Tea Region were severely acidified, and those in a number of locations there were dramatic increased in AP over that time span. Among the three main tea production areas, soil nutrient status in Rock tea area was most significantly changed, which pH value, SOM and AN concentrations were reduced 0.65, 45.29% and 49.39%,respectively. While its AP was largely increased from 5.21 mg?kg~(-1) to 245.70 mg?kg~(-1) with over 40 times increase, indicating that excessive fertilization existed in the tea plantations of this region. Soil nutrient status significantly affected tea quality, with each quality factor being uniquely affected by particular soil nutrient indexes. The results from the marginal effect analysis revealed that the highest concentration of each secondary metabolite was associated with a corresponding suitable range for each soil nutrient index. Based on these associations, we proposed the suitable soil nutrient ranges for high-quality tea plantations in the Wuyi Tea Region were as follows: pH, 4.5-5.0; SOM, 20-40 g·kg~(-1); AN, 60-100 mg·kg~(-1); AP, 10-100 mg·kg~(-1); and AK, 100-150 mg·kg~(-1).【Conclusion】Taken together, we suggested that the overall nutrient management in the areas of Rock tea and Zhou tea of Wuyi Tea Region were as follows: partially replace chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers, properly supplement nitrogen and potassium,while strictly control phosphorus fertilization.
引文
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[2]刘美雅,伊晓云,石元值,马立锋,阮建云.茶园土壤性状及茶树营养元素吸收、转运机制研究进展.茶叶科学,2015,35(2):110-120.LIU M Y,YI X Y,SHI Y Z,MA L F,RUAN J Y.Research progress of soil properties in tea gardens and the absorption and translocation mechanisms of nutrients and other elements in tea plant.Journal of Tea Science,2015,35(2):110-120.(in Chinese)
[3]徐丽红,吴全聪,李阳,王建清,王伟,陈栎安.丽水茶园土壤肥力与茶叶品质关系的研究.茶叶,2012,38(3):146-150.XU L H,WU Q C,LI Y,WANG J Q,WANG W,CHEN S A.A study on the relationship between tea quality and soil fertility in Lishui city.Journal of Tea,2012,38(3):146-150.(in Chinese)
[4]邹新球.世界红茶的始祖武夷正山小种红茶.北京:中国农业出版社,2006.ZOU X Q.The Small Kind of Mountain in Wuyi is The Ancestor of Black Tea in The World.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2006.(in Chinese)
[5]姚月明.形成武夷岩茶品质特征的相关因子.福建茶叶,1997(3):25-26.YAO Y M.Relevant factors forming quality characteristics of Wuyi Rock tea.Tea in Fujian,1997(3):25-26.(in Chinese)
[6]杨广容,王秀青,李永梅,谢瑾,吕才有.景迈山茶园土壤养分与茶叶品质分析研究.云南农业大学学报,2016,31(3):519-527.YANG G R,WANG X Q,LI Y M,XIE J,LV Y C.Study on soil nutrients and tea quality of ancient tea arboretum and modern terrace tea garden in Jingmai Mountain.Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2016,31(3):519-527.(in Chinese)
[7]DING Z,JIA S,Wang Y,XIAO J,Zhang Y.Phosphate stresses affect ionome and metabolome in tea plants.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2017,120:30-39.
[8]LIU M Y,BURGOS A,MA L,ZHANG Q,TANG D,RUAN J.Lipidomics analysis unravels the effect of nitrogen fertilization on lipid metabolism in tea plant(Camellia sinensis L.).BMC Plant Biology,2017,17(1):165-175.
[9]HUANG H,YAO Q,XIA E,GAO L Z.Metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses reveal nitrogen influences on the accumulation of flavonoids and amino acids in young shoots of tea plant(Camellia sinensis L.)associated with tea flavor.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2018,66:9828-9838.
[10]张瑜,张黎明,周碧青,沈金泉,徐福祥,邢世和.基于GIS技术的耕地有效磷富集与生态风险评价--以福建省泰宁县为例.农业环境科学学报,2015,34(2):326-336.ZHANG Y,ZHANG L M,SHEN J Q,XU F X,XIN S H.Enrichment and ecological risk assessment of available phosphorus in farmland soils by GIS technology-A case study of Taining county in Fujian.Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(2):326-336.(in Chinese)
[11]龚志华,肖文军,蔡利娅,萧力争,钟林夏.茶叶固样方法研究.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,32(1):48-49.GONG Z H,XIAO W J,CAI L Y,XIAO L Z,ZHONG X L.On tea fixing method.Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Sciences Edition),2006,32(1):48-49.(in Chinese)
[12]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2000.BAO S D.Analysis of Soil Agro-Chemistry(3rd Ed).Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.(in Chinese)
[13]GB/T 8303-2002.茶磨碎试样的制备及其干物质含量测定.GB/T 8303-2002.Preparation of tea grinding samples and determination of dry matter content.(in Chinese)
[14]GB/T 8313-2008.茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量的检测方法.GB/T 8313-2008.Determination of tea polyphenols and catechins in tea.(in Chinese)
[15]WEBB R A.Use of the boundary line in the analysis of biological data.Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science,1972,47(3):309-319.
[16]SHATAR T M,MCBRATNRY A B.Boundary-line analysis of field-scale yield response to soil properties.Journal of Agricultural Science,2004,142(5):553-560.
[17]GUO J H,LIU X J,ZHANG Y,SHEN J L,HAN W X,ZHANG W F,ZHANG F S.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands.Science,2010,327(5968):1008-1010.
[18]张永利,孙力.茶园土壤酸化及其改良措施.茶业通报,2011(4):158-161.ZHANG Y L,SUN L.Soil acidification in tea plantations and its improvement measures.Journal of Tea Business,2011(4):158-161.(in Chinese)
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