毛乌素沙地南缘沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素
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摘要
水分入渗是土壤水分循环的重要环节。为探明毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素,采用双环法测定不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和藓类结皮,依次用BS、LC、DC和MC表示)水分入渗速率及其土壤理化性质。结果表明:1与BS相比,LC、DC和MC样地初始入渗率分别减少了37.7%、59.2%和73.6%,稳定前平均入渗率分别减少了37.5%、62.2%和81.3%,稳定入渗率分别减少了13.6%、67.4%和78.9%,累计入渗量分别减少了25.8%、61.3%和78.6%。2不同类型地表达到稳定入渗所需的时间在3~8 min;相关性分析结果显示,水分入渗速率与砂粒和土壤容重呈正相关关系,与粉粒、黏粒、结皮厚度、结皮抗剪强度、结皮层容重和有机碳含量呈负相关关系。3主成分分析结果表明,黏粒、结皮抗剪强度和土壤容重是影响该地区水分入渗速率的主要因子。因此,生物结皮在沙丘表面的形成和发育过程中,通过改变土壤的理化性质,减缓了该地区水分入渗速率,增加了降水的径流流失风险。
Water infiltration is an important part of the soil water cycle. In order to determine the infiltration in sandy soil covered with biological crusts and its affecting factors in the south Mu Us Sandy Land,in this study the moisture infiltration rate and soil physicochemical properties in four land cover types( bare sand land,light algae crusts,dark algae crusts and mosses crusts) were measured by using double ring methods. Results are as follows:1 Average initial infiltration rates at LC,DC and MC sites were reduced by 37. 7%,59. 2% and 73. 6% respectively compared with the infiltration rate at BS site. Average infiltration rates at LC,DC and MC sites before stabilizing were reduced by 37. 5%,62. 2% and 81. 3% respectively compared with the infiltration rate at BS site. The average stable infiltration rates at LC,DC and MC sites were reduced by 13. 6%,67. 4% and 78. 9% respectively compared with the average stable infiltration rate at BS site. Accumulative infiltration rates at LC,DC and MC sites were reduced by 25. 8%,61. 3% and 78. 6% respectively compared with the accumulative infiltration rate at BS site; 2 The infiltration rate of different land surfaces became stable after 3-8 minutes. Correlation analysis showed that there were the positive correlations between sand and soil bulk density and all the four infiltration indexes,but the negative ones between the infiltration indexes and the silt and clay contents,crust thickness,shear strength of biological crusts and organic carbon content; 3 The principle component analysis indicated that the clay content,shear strength of biological crusts and bulk density of subsurface soil were the major factors greatly affecting the soil infiltration in the study area. Therefore,in the process of formation and development of biological crust on the surface of sand dunes,the change of soil physicochemical properties decreased the infiltration rates and increased the risk of runoff loss.
Water infiltration is an important part of the soil water cycle. In order to determine the infiltration in sandy soil covered with biological crusts and its affecting factors in the south Mu Us Sandy Land,in this study the moisture infiltration rate and soil physicochemical properties in four land cover types( bare sand land,light algae crusts,dark algae crusts and mosses crusts) were measured by using double ring methods. Results are as follows:1 Average initial infiltration rates at LC,DC and MC sites were reduced by 37. 7%,59. 2% and 73. 6% respectively compared with the infiltration rate at BS site. Average infiltration rates at LC,DC and MC sites before stabilizing were reduced by 37. 5%,62. 2% and 81. 3% respectively compared with the infiltration rate at BS site. The average stable infiltration rates at LC,DC and MC sites were reduced by 13. 6%,67. 4% and 78. 9% respectively compared with the average stable infiltration rate at BS site. Accumulative infiltration rates at LC,DC and MC sites were reduced by 25. 8%,61. 3% and 78. 6% respectively compared with the accumulative infiltration rate at BS site; 2 The infiltration rate of different land surfaces became stable after 3-8 minutes. Correlation analysis showed that there were the positive correlations between sand and soil bulk density and all the four infiltration indexes,but the negative ones between the infiltration indexes and the silt and clay contents,crust thickness,shear strength of biological crusts and organic carbon content; 3 The principle component analysis indicated that the clay content,shear strength of biological crusts and bulk density of subsurface soil were the major factors greatly affecting the soil infiltration in the study area. Therefore,in the process of formation and development of biological crust on the surface of sand dunes,the change of soil physicochemical properties decreased the infiltration rates and increased the risk of runoff loss.
引文
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〔8〕张侃侃,卜崇峰,高国雄.黄土高原生物结皮对土壤水分入渗的影响〔J〕.干旱区研究,2011,28(5):808-812.〔Zhang Kankan,Bu Chongfeng,Gao Guoxiong.Effect of microbiotic crust on soil water infiltration in the Loess Plateau〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2011,28(5):808-812.〕
〔9〕王翠萍,廖超英,孙长忠,等.黄土地表生物结皮对土壤贮水性能及水分入渗特征的影响〔J〕.干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(4):54-58.〔Wang Cuiping,Liao Chaoying,Sun Changzhong,et al.The study on characteristics of water characteristic curve of mixed stroma of the peat and soil〔J〕.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009,27(4):54-58.〕
〔10〕赵景波,马延东,刑闪,等.腾格里沙漠宁夏回族自治区中卫市沙层水分入渗研究〔J〕.水土保持通报,2011,31(3):12-17.〔Zhao Jingbo,Ma Yandong,Xing Shan,et al.Sand layer water permeability of Tengger Desert in Zhongwei City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region〔J〕.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(3):12-17.〕
〔11〕熊好琴,段金跃,王妍,等.毛乌素沙地生物结皮对水分入渗和再分配的影响〔J〕.水土保持研究,2011,18(4):82-87.〔Xiong Haoqin,Duan Yuejin,Wang Yan,et al.Effects of biological soil crust on water infiltration and redistribution in the Mu Us sandland,Inner Mongolia,northern China〔J〕.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(4):82-87.〕
〔12〕吴永胜,哈斯,屈志强.生物土壤结皮在沙丘不同地貌部位选择性分布的风因子讨论〔J〕.中国沙漠,2011,32(4):980-984.〔Wu Yongsheng,Ha Si,Qu Zhiqiang.Discussion on wind factor influencing the distribution of biological soil crusts on surface of sand dunes〔J〕.Journal of Desert Research,2011,32(4):980-984.〕
〔13〕张元明,杨维康,王雪芹,等.生物结皮影响下的土壤有机质分异特征〔J〕.生态学报,2005,25(12):3 420-3 425.〔Zhang Yuanming,Yang Weikang,Wang Xueqin,et al.Influence of cryptogamic soil crusts on accumulation of soil organic matter in Gurbantunggut Desert,northern Xinjiang,China〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(12):3 420-3 425.〕
〔14〕吴楠,梁少民,王红玲,等.动物践踏干扰对生物结皮中微生物生态分布的影响〔J〕.干旱区研究,2006,23(1):50-55.〔Wu Nan,Liang Shaomin,Wang Hongling,et al.Study on the effects of trample of grazed livestock on the ecological distribution of microorganisms in microbiotic crusts in the Gurbantonggut desert〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2006,23(1):50-55.〕
〔15〕王新平,李新荣,潘颜霞,等.我国温带荒漠生物土壤结皮孔隙结构分布特征〔J〕.中国沙漠,2011,31(1):58-62.〔Wang Xinping,Li Xinrong,Pan Yanxia,et al.Pore structure of lichen crusts in the Tengger Desert,China〔J〕.Journal of Desert Research,2011,31(1):58-62.〕
〔16〕Fishcer T,Veste M,Wiehe W,et al.Water repellency and pore clogging at early successional stages of microbiotic crusts on inland dunes,Brandenburg,NE Germany〔J〕.Catena,2010,80:47-52.
〔17〕李新荣.荒漠生物土壤结皮生态与水文学研究〔M〕.北京:高等教育出版社,2012:188-199.〔Li Xinrong.Eco-hydrology of Biological Soil Crusts in Desert Regions of China〔M〕.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012:188-199.〕
〔18〕Hu C X,Liu Y D,Zhang D L,et al.Cementing mechanism of algal crusts from desert area〔J〕.Chinese Science Bulletin,2001,47(16):1 361-1 368.
〔19〕Eldridge D J.Cryptogam cover and soil surface condition:Effects on hydrology on a semiarid woodland soil〔J〕.Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation,1993,7:203-217.
〔20〕吕刚,吴祥云.土壤入渗特性影响因素研究综述〔J〕.中国农学通报,2008,24(7):497-499.〔Lv Gang,Wu Xiangyun.Review on influential factors of soil infiltration characteristics〔J〕.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2008,24(7):497-499.〕
〔2〕Li X Y,Sergio C,Solé-Benet A,et al.Controls of infiltration-runoff processes in Mediterranean karst rangelands in SE Spain〔J〕.Catena,2011,86:98-109.
〔3〕魏江春.沙漠生物地毯工程:干旱沙漠治理的新途径〔J〕.干旱区研究,2005,22(3):287-288.〔Wei Jiangchun.The new approach to run arid desert-biological carpet project of desert〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2005,22(3):287-288.〕
〔4〕李新荣,张元明,赵允格.生物土壤结皮研究:进展、前沿与展望〔J〕.地球科学进展,2009,24(1):11-24.〔Li Xinrong,Zhang Yuanming,Zhao Yunge.A study of biological soil crusts:Recent development,trend and prospect〔J〕.Advance in Earth Science,2009,24(1):11-24.〕
〔5〕Eldridge D J,Greene R S B.Microbiotic soil crusts:A view of their roles in soil and ecological processes in the rangelands of Australia〔J〕.Australian Journal of Soil Research,1994,32(3):389-415.
〔6〕Wang X P,Li X R,Xiao H L,et al.Effects of surface characteristics on infiltration patterns in an arid shrub desert〔J〕.Hydrological Processes,2007,21:72-79.
〔7〕李守中,肖洪浪,宋耀选,等.腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区生物土壤结皮对降水的拦截作用〔J〕.中国沙漠,2002,22(6):612-616.〔Li Shouzhong,Xiao Honglang,Song Yaoxuan,et al.Impact of microbiotic soil crusts on rainfall interception in artificial vegetation area of Tengger Desert〔J〕.Journal of Desert Research,2002,22(6):612-616.〕
〔8〕张侃侃,卜崇峰,高国雄.黄土高原生物结皮对土壤水分入渗的影响〔J〕.干旱区研究,2011,28(5):808-812.〔Zhang Kankan,Bu Chongfeng,Gao Guoxiong.Effect of microbiotic crust on soil water infiltration in the Loess Plateau〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2011,28(5):808-812.〕
〔9〕王翠萍,廖超英,孙长忠,等.黄土地表生物结皮对土壤贮水性能及水分入渗特征的影响〔J〕.干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(4):54-58.〔Wang Cuiping,Liao Chaoying,Sun Changzhong,et al.The study on characteristics of water characteristic curve of mixed stroma of the peat and soil〔J〕.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009,27(4):54-58.〕
〔10〕赵景波,马延东,刑闪,等.腾格里沙漠宁夏回族自治区中卫市沙层水分入渗研究〔J〕.水土保持通报,2011,31(3):12-17.〔Zhao Jingbo,Ma Yandong,Xing Shan,et al.Sand layer water permeability of Tengger Desert in Zhongwei City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region〔J〕.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(3):12-17.〕
〔11〕熊好琴,段金跃,王妍,等.毛乌素沙地生物结皮对水分入渗和再分配的影响〔J〕.水土保持研究,2011,18(4):82-87.〔Xiong Haoqin,Duan Yuejin,Wang Yan,et al.Effects of biological soil crust on water infiltration and redistribution in the Mu Us sandland,Inner Mongolia,northern China〔J〕.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(4):82-87.〕
〔12〕吴永胜,哈斯,屈志强.生物土壤结皮在沙丘不同地貌部位选择性分布的风因子讨论〔J〕.中国沙漠,2011,32(4):980-984.〔Wu Yongsheng,Ha Si,Qu Zhiqiang.Discussion on wind factor influencing the distribution of biological soil crusts on surface of sand dunes〔J〕.Journal of Desert Research,2011,32(4):980-984.〕
〔13〕张元明,杨维康,王雪芹,等.生物结皮影响下的土壤有机质分异特征〔J〕.生态学报,2005,25(12):3 420-3 425.〔Zhang Yuanming,Yang Weikang,Wang Xueqin,et al.Influence of cryptogamic soil crusts on accumulation of soil organic matter in Gurbantunggut Desert,northern Xinjiang,China〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(12):3 420-3 425.〕
〔14〕吴楠,梁少民,王红玲,等.动物践踏干扰对生物结皮中微生物生态分布的影响〔J〕.干旱区研究,2006,23(1):50-55.〔Wu Nan,Liang Shaomin,Wang Hongling,et al.Study on the effects of trample of grazed livestock on the ecological distribution of microorganisms in microbiotic crusts in the Gurbantonggut desert〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2006,23(1):50-55.〕
〔15〕王新平,李新荣,潘颜霞,等.我国温带荒漠生物土壤结皮孔隙结构分布特征〔J〕.中国沙漠,2011,31(1):58-62.〔Wang Xinping,Li Xinrong,Pan Yanxia,et al.Pore structure of lichen crusts in the Tengger Desert,China〔J〕.Journal of Desert Research,2011,31(1):58-62.〕
〔16〕Fishcer T,Veste M,Wiehe W,et al.Water repellency and pore clogging at early successional stages of microbiotic crusts on inland dunes,Brandenburg,NE Germany〔J〕.Catena,2010,80:47-52.
〔17〕李新荣.荒漠生物土壤结皮生态与水文学研究〔M〕.北京:高等教育出版社,2012:188-199.〔Li Xinrong.Eco-hydrology of Biological Soil Crusts in Desert Regions of China〔M〕.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012:188-199.〕
〔18〕Hu C X,Liu Y D,Zhang D L,et al.Cementing mechanism of algal crusts from desert area〔J〕.Chinese Science Bulletin,2001,47(16):1 361-1 368.
〔19〕Eldridge D J.Cryptogam cover and soil surface condition:Effects on hydrology on a semiarid woodland soil〔J〕.Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation,1993,7:203-217.
〔20〕吕刚,吴祥云.土壤入渗特性影响因素研究综述〔J〕.中国农学通报,2008,24(7):497-499.〔Lv Gang,Wu Xiangyun.Review on influential factors of soil infiltration characteristics〔J〕.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2008,24(7):497-499.〕