兴安落叶松天然林林木直径与树高分布的分层特征
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摘要
[目的]通过分析大兴安岭呼中林区兴安落叶松天然林胸径和树高的一元、二元分布特征,揭示脆弱地带森林群落的林木大小分布特征。[方法]在大兴安岭呼中林场设置3种不同类型兴安落叶松林固定样地,利用整体和分层的方法,对样地林分胸径和树高的变化规律以及两者之间的关系进行研究。[结果]表明:(1)草类-落叶松林直径分布为单峰分布,其他2块样地为双峰分布; 3块样地林木直径分布均呈左偏。杜鹃-落叶松林树高分布为多峰分布,其他2块地均为单峰分布; 3块样地林木树高分布均呈右偏。(2) 3块样地上、下层林木的直径分布均为单峰分布,上层木直径分布均呈左偏,下层木直径分布草类-落叶松林右偏,杜鹃-落叶松林左偏,杜香-落叶松林为近似正态。杜鹃-落叶松林的树高上、下层分布为双峰,其他2块样地均为单峰,3块样地上层木树高分布均左偏,而下层木树高分布均右偏。(3)草类-落叶松林和杜鹃-落叶松林小径阶林木株数占绝大多数。3块样地林分中树高与胸径的比值在小径阶林木中明显大于大径级林木。草类-落叶松林和杜鹃-落叶松林上层木中小径阶林木株数所占比例稍大,杜香-落叶松林和杜鹃-落叶松林下层木中大径阶林木株数比例稍大,但3块样地上层和下层木树高与胸径的比值在大小径阶林木中均无明显差异。[结论]高密度的杜鹃-落叶松林平均树高要高于低密度的杜香-落叶松林和草类-落叶松林平均树高,而平均胸径无明显差异。3块样地林分中树高与胸径的比值小径阶林木中明显大于大径级林木,但其差异在上层和下层林分中均表现不明显。
[Objective]To analyze the univariate and bivariate distribution characteristics of DBH and tree height of Larix gmelini natural forest in Huzhong forest zone of Greater Khingan Mountains Region,and to reveal the size distribution of forest fragile zones of forest communities. [Method]Three sample plots of L. gmelini forest with different species composition( herbage-Larix,Rhododendron-Larix,and Ledum-Larix) were set up in Huzhong Forest Farm,the relationship between the DBH and the tree height was studied by the whole and layered method. [Result]( 1) The DBH distribution of herbage-Larix forest followed a single peak distribution and the other two plotsfollowed a bimodal distribution. The DBH distribution of the three plots was left-biased. The tree height distribution of Rhododendron-Larix forest was multimodal,and the other two plots were unimodal.( 2) The DBH distribution of the upper and lower layers of the three plots were all unimodal. The DBH distribution of the upper layer on all the three plots was left-biased,the lower layer of the herbage-Larix forest was right-biased,the Rhododendron-Larix forest was left-biased,and the Ledum-Larix forest was approximately normal. The height distribution of RhododendronLarix forest in the upper and lower layers was bimodal,and the other two plots followed single distribution. The height distribution of the upper layers of these plots was the left-biased,while the height distribution of the lower layers of the three plots was right-biased.( 3) The percentage of small diameter trees in herbage-Larix forest and Rhododendron-Larix forest was significantly higher than that in the large diameter forest. The ratio of tree height to DBH in small diameter forests was significantly higher than that in large diameter forest. The ratio of small diameter trees in the upper layer of herbage-Larix forest and Rhododendron-Larix forest was larger than that of the large diameter forest,the ratio of large DBH trees in the lower layer of Ledum-Larix forest and Rhododendron-Larix forest was higher than that of small diameter forest. However,no significant difference was found in the ratio of height and DBH between the upper and lower layers of the three plots. [Conclusion] The average height of the high-density Rhododendron-Larix forest is higher than that of the low-density Ledum-Larix forest and herbage-Larix forest,and the average DBH has no significant difference in different density and different typed forests. The ratio of tree height to DBH in small diameter forest is significantly higher than that in large DBH forest,but the difference is not obvious in upper and lower standings.
[Objective]To analyze the univariate and bivariate distribution characteristics of DBH and tree height of Larix gmelini natural forest in Huzhong forest zone of Greater Khingan Mountains Region,and to reveal the size distribution of forest fragile zones of forest communities. [Method]Three sample plots of L. gmelini forest with different species composition( herbage-Larix,Rhododendron-Larix,and Ledum-Larix) were set up in Huzhong Forest Farm,the relationship between the DBH and the tree height was studied by the whole and layered method. [Result]( 1) The DBH distribution of herbage-Larix forest followed a single peak distribution and the other two plotsfollowed a bimodal distribution. The DBH distribution of the three plots was left-biased. The tree height distribution of Rhododendron-Larix forest was multimodal,and the other two plots were unimodal.( 2) The DBH distribution of the upper and lower layers of the three plots were all unimodal. The DBH distribution of the upper layer on all the three plots was left-biased,the lower layer of the herbage-Larix forest was right-biased,the Rhododendron-Larix forest was left-biased,and the Ledum-Larix forest was approximately normal. The height distribution of RhododendronLarix forest in the upper and lower layers was bimodal,and the other two plots followed single distribution. The height distribution of the upper layers of these plots was the left-biased,while the height distribution of the lower layers of the three plots was right-biased.( 3) The percentage of small diameter trees in herbage-Larix forest and Rhododendron-Larix forest was significantly higher than that in the large diameter forest. The ratio of tree height to DBH in small diameter forests was significantly higher than that in large diameter forest. The ratio of small diameter trees in the upper layer of herbage-Larix forest and Rhododendron-Larix forest was larger than that of the large diameter forest,the ratio of large DBH trees in the lower layer of Ledum-Larix forest and Rhododendron-Larix forest was higher than that of small diameter forest. However,no significant difference was found in the ratio of height and DBH between the upper and lower layers of the three plots. [Conclusion] The average height of the high-density Rhododendron-Larix forest is higher than that of the low-density Ledum-Larix forest and herbage-Larix forest,and the average DBH has no significant difference in different density and different typed forests. The ratio of tree height to DBH in small diameter forest is significantly higher than that in large DBH forest,but the difference is not obvious in upper and lower standings.
引文
[1]惠刚盈,胡艳波,徐海.结构化森林经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007.
[2]惠刚盈.结构化森林经营技术指南[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2010.
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[4]万盼,刘灵,赵中华,等.沙地樟子松天然林林木大小分布特征[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(7):1-9.
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[7]姜立春,杜书立.基于非线性混合模型的东北兴安落叶松树高和直径生长模拟[J].林业科学研究,2012,25(1):11-16.
[8]玉宝,乌吉斯古楞,王百田,等.兴安落叶松天然林不同林分结构林木水平分布格局特征研究[J].林业科学研究,2010,23(1):83-88.
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[10]张俊,孙玉军,许俊利.东北地区兴安落叶松人工林生长过程研究[J].西北林学院学报,2008,23(6):179-181.
[11]赵丹丹,李凤日,董利虎.落叶松人工林直径分布动态预估模型[J].东北林业大学学报,2015,43(5):42-48.
[12]胡远满,徐崇刚,常禹,等.空间直观景观模型LANDIS在大兴安岭呼中林区的应用[J].生态学报,2004,24(9):1846-1856.
[13]Velázquez J,Allen R B,Coomes D A,et al. Asymmetric competition causes multimodal size distributions in spatially structured populations[J]. Proceedings Biological Sciences,2016,283(1823):1-9.
[14]惠光秀,吴海萍,张庆费,等.上海浦东公路绿带意杨和香樟群落密度定量化控制[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(3):20-22.
[15]田新辉,孙荣喜,李军,等. 107杨人工林密度对林木生长的影响[J].林业科学,2011,47(3):184-188.
[16]刘灵,胡艳波,王千雪,等.沙地樟子松天然纯林的结构特征[J].林业科学研究,2016,29(5):623-629.
[17]Wang M,Rennolis K,Tang S. Bivariate distribution modeling of tree diameters and heights:Dependency modeling using copulas[J]. Forest Science,2008,54(3):284-293.
[18]金星姬,李凤日,贾炜玮,等.树木胸径和树高二元分布的建模与预测[J].林业科学,2013,49(6):74-82.
[19]Zucchini W,Schmidt M,Gadow K V. A model for the diameterheight distribution in an uneven-aged beech forest and a method to access the fit of such models[J]. Silva Fennica,2011,35(2):169-183.
[2]惠刚盈.结构化森林经营技术指南[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2010.
[3]NI R,Baiketuerhan Y,ZHANG C,et al. Analyzing structural diversity in two temperate forests in northeastern China[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2014,316(2):139-147.
[4]万盼,刘灵,赵中华,等.沙地樟子松天然林林木大小分布特征[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(7):1-9.
[5]洪清林,柴一新,王义弘,等.大兴安岭塔河兴安落叶松天然林生长的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1994,22(2):92-97.
[6]马利强,玉宝,王立明,等.兴安落叶松天然林单木高生长模型[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2013,37(2):169-172.
[7]姜立春,杜书立.基于非线性混合模型的东北兴安落叶松树高和直径生长模拟[J].林业科学研究,2012,25(1):11-16.
[8]玉宝,乌吉斯古楞,王百田,等.兴安落叶松天然林不同林分结构林木水平分布格局特征研究[J].林业科学研究,2010,23(1):83-88.
[9]董灵波,刘兆刚,李凤日,等.大兴安岭主要森林类型林分空间结构及最优树种组成[J].林业科学研究,2014,27(6):734
[10]张俊,孙玉军,许俊利.东北地区兴安落叶松人工林生长过程研究[J].西北林学院学报,2008,23(6):179-181.
[11]赵丹丹,李凤日,董利虎.落叶松人工林直径分布动态预估模型[J].东北林业大学学报,2015,43(5):42-48.
[12]胡远满,徐崇刚,常禹,等.空间直观景观模型LANDIS在大兴安岭呼中林区的应用[J].生态学报,2004,24(9):1846-1856.
[13]Velázquez J,Allen R B,Coomes D A,et al. Asymmetric competition causes multimodal size distributions in spatially structured populations[J]. Proceedings Biological Sciences,2016,283(1823):1-9.
[14]惠光秀,吴海萍,张庆费,等.上海浦东公路绿带意杨和香樟群落密度定量化控制[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(3):20-22.
[15]田新辉,孙荣喜,李军,等. 107杨人工林密度对林木生长的影响[J].林业科学,2011,47(3):184-188.
[16]刘灵,胡艳波,王千雪,等.沙地樟子松天然纯林的结构特征[J].林业科学研究,2016,29(5):623-629.
[17]Wang M,Rennolis K,Tang S. Bivariate distribution modeling of tree diameters and heights:Dependency modeling using copulas[J]. Forest Science,2008,54(3):284-293.
[18]金星姬,李凤日,贾炜玮,等.树木胸径和树高二元分布的建模与预测[J].林业科学,2013,49(6):74-82.
[19]Zucchini W,Schmidt M,Gadow K V. A model for the diameterheight distribution in an uneven-aged beech forest and a method to access the fit of such models[J]. Silva Fennica,2011,35(2):169-183.