燃煤电厂职业病危害调查与防治对策
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摘要
目的分析燃煤电厂的职业病危害现况,为其职业病防治提供依据。方法选取10家不同地域和规模燃煤电厂为调查对象,采用职业卫生现场调查和职业卫生检测等方法,对燃煤电厂职业病危害因素的种类、作业场所分布及职业病防护设施进行调查分析,并对主要工种和作业场所职业病危害因素的浓(强)度进行检测与分析,归纳超标作业岗位的分布规律、超标原因、职业病危害因素关键控制点及其控制措施。结果 10家燃煤电厂输煤系统煤尘合格率为33.33%~100.00%;炉机电系统矽尘合格率为41.67%~100%;除灰渣系统矽尘合格率为20.00%~100.00%。粉尘危害严重的作业场所主要是输煤皮带头部及尾部、干灰卸灰以及锅炉本体吹灰器平台等区域。输煤系统、除灰渣系统、炉机电系统、脱硫系统和化学水处理系统噪声危害严重,其中输煤系统噪声合格率为55.56%~100.00%;炉机电系统、除灰渣系统、脱硫系统和化学水处理系统噪声合格率均为0~100.00%。3家电厂存在氨或联氨浓度超标问题,超标场所均为化学水处理系统的氨和联氨加药间;皮带巡检工、集控运行工、卸灰工、化学运行工、脱硫运行工和保洁员是电厂正常生产过程中职业病危害的重点防护对象。结论燃煤电厂职业病危害较严重,应从工程技术措施、个体防护、职业卫生管理和职业健康监护等方面加强对燃煤电厂粉尘、噪声、氨和联氨危害的综合治理,减少其对工人的职业危害。
[Objective]To analyze the present situation of occupational hazards in coal-fired power plants,and provide the basis for occupational disease prevention. [Methods ] Ten coal-fired power plants,located in different regions of different size were selected for the investigation. Occupational health field investigation and occupational health inspection were adopted to investigate the type of occupational hazard,the distribution of workplaces and occupational disease protective facilities. The concentration(intensity) of occupational hazards of the main type of work and workplace were detected and analyzed. The distribution,cause,critical control points and control measures of overqualified jobs were summarized. [Results] The qualified rate of coal dust ranged from 33.33%-100.00% in coal conveying unit,that of silica dust was 41.67%-100.00% in boilergenerator-electrical system and 20.00%-100.00% in ash unloading unit respectively. It was found that the serious dust hazard was mainly in the head and tail of coal belt,the dry ash discharge port and the platform of soot blower. The noise hazard of coal conveying system,boiler-generator-electrical system,ash unloading unit,desulfurization unit and chemical water treatment unit was serious. The qualified rate of noise ranged from 55.56%-100.00% in coal conveying unit,and 0-100.00% in other units. The concentrations of ammonia or hydrazine in 3 power plants were over standards,and the sites were the dosing room of ammonia and hydrazine. Belt inspection workers,inspectors of boiler-generator-electrical system,ash unloading workers,chemical operators,desulfurization operators,cleaning workers were the main protection objects of occupational hazards during normal production of power plants. [Conclusion ] The serious occupational hazards of coal fired power plant should be improved from engineering technical measures,personal protection,occupational health management and occupational health supervision,so as to reduce the occupational hazards of coal fired power plant.
[Objective]To analyze the present situation of occupational hazards in coal-fired power plants,and provide the basis for occupational disease prevention. [Methods ] Ten coal-fired power plants,located in different regions of different size were selected for the investigation. Occupational health field investigation and occupational health inspection were adopted to investigate the type of occupational hazard,the distribution of workplaces and occupational disease protective facilities. The concentration(intensity) of occupational hazards of the main type of work and workplace were detected and analyzed. The distribution,cause,critical control points and control measures of overqualified jobs were summarized. [Results] The qualified rate of coal dust ranged from 33.33%-100.00% in coal conveying unit,that of silica dust was 41.67%-100.00% in boilergenerator-electrical system and 20.00%-100.00% in ash unloading unit respectively. It was found that the serious dust hazard was mainly in the head and tail of coal belt,the dry ash discharge port and the platform of soot blower. The noise hazard of coal conveying system,boiler-generator-electrical system,ash unloading unit,desulfurization unit and chemical water treatment unit was serious. The qualified rate of noise ranged from 55.56%-100.00% in coal conveying unit,and 0-100.00% in other units. The concentrations of ammonia or hydrazine in 3 power plants were over standards,and the sites were the dosing room of ammonia and hydrazine. Belt inspection workers,inspectors of boiler-generator-electrical system,ash unloading workers,chemical operators,desulfurization operators,cleaning workers were the main protection objects of occupational hazards during normal production of power plants. [Conclusion ] The serious occupational hazards of coal fired power plant should be improved from engineering technical measures,personal protection,occupational health management and occupational health supervision,so as to reduce the occupational hazards of coal fired power plant.
引文
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[5]罗家滨,张卫东.2015年河南省5家燃煤电厂职业病危害现况分析[J].职业与健康,2016,32(21):2893-2897.
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[7]夏猛,李广益,李宁,等.某电厂燃煤发电机组职业病危害因素分析[J].中国工业医学杂志,2015,28(4):294-296.
[8]周薇薇,申海萍,陆杰.南通市2×1000MW燃煤电厂职业病危害控制效果评价[J].职业与健康,2015,31(17):2315-2319.
[9]闫雪华,陈建雄,黎丽春,等.某燃煤电厂职业病危害控制效果评价[J].中国卫生工程学,2006,5(3):141-147.
[10]巩泉泉,张兆波,窦丹丹,等.某燃煤电厂作业人员在岗期间职业健康检查结果[J].职业与健康,2016,32(17):2333-2336.
[11]钱海洋,葛琴娟,谢石.2015年镇江市新诊断职业病病例分析[J].职业与健康,2017,33(2):167-169.
[12]钱锡铭.宁夏枣泉发电有限公司运煤系统设计特点[J].华电技术,2016,38(6):6-10,77.
[13]邓毅坤.3D曲线落煤管在输煤系统中的应用[J].能源与环境,2017(1):32-33.
[14]原路安.干雾抑尘技术在热电输煤皮带机的应用[J].山西电力,2017(3):55-57.
[15]马子建,方四新,李俊,等.电厂作业工人职业性噪声听力损伤状况分析[J].工业卫生与职业病,2011,37(3):171-172.
[2]赵永椿,马斯鸣,杨建平,等.燃煤电厂污染物超净排放的发展及现状[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(11):2629-2640.
[3]国家安全监管总局.建设项目职业病危害风险分类管理目录[Z/OL].(2012-05-31)[2018-03-01].http://www.chinasafety.gov.cn/jgzn/zjnsjg/zyaqjkjgs/wjsh_506/201206/t20120604_150687.shtml.
[4]郑毅鸣,陈健,唐颖,等.燃煤电厂职业病危害关键控制点及其控制措施[J].上海预防医学,2015,27(1):35-37.
[5]罗家滨,张卫东.2015年河南省5家燃煤电厂职业病危害现况分析[J].职业与健康,2016,32(21):2893-2897.
[6]秦三平,李志忠.某燃煤电厂职业病危害现状调查与评价[J].中国卫生工程学,2013,12(6):459-465.
[7]夏猛,李广益,李宁,等.某电厂燃煤发电机组职业病危害因素分析[J].中国工业医学杂志,2015,28(4):294-296.
[8]周薇薇,申海萍,陆杰.南通市2×1000MW燃煤电厂职业病危害控制效果评价[J].职业与健康,2015,31(17):2315-2319.
[9]闫雪华,陈建雄,黎丽春,等.某燃煤电厂职业病危害控制效果评价[J].中国卫生工程学,2006,5(3):141-147.
[10]巩泉泉,张兆波,窦丹丹,等.某燃煤电厂作业人员在岗期间职业健康检查结果[J].职业与健康,2016,32(17):2333-2336.
[11]钱海洋,葛琴娟,谢石.2015年镇江市新诊断职业病病例分析[J].职业与健康,2017,33(2):167-169.
[12]钱锡铭.宁夏枣泉发电有限公司运煤系统设计特点[J].华电技术,2016,38(6):6-10,77.
[13]邓毅坤.3D曲线落煤管在输煤系统中的应用[J].能源与环境,2017(1):32-33.
[14]原路安.干雾抑尘技术在热电输煤皮带机的应用[J].山西电力,2017(3):55-57.
[15]马子建,方四新,李俊,等.电厂作业工人职业性噪声听力损伤状况分析[J].工业卫生与职业病,2011,37(3):171-172.