电弧法制备石墨烯:工艺参数,生长机理,存在的问题与对策
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摘要
石墨烯具有完美的二维结构和优异的光学、力学、热学、电学、化学性能,自发现以来就引起了科研界的广泛关注。在过去的十几年间,石墨烯的制备方法不断涌现,电弧法因具有效率高、安全可靠、产品品质高、环境友好、容易得到掺杂的石墨烯等优点而受到广泛关注。总结了反应气氛、压力、催化剂、磁场等因素对电弧法制备石墨烯的影响。同时,对石墨烯在上述影响因素下的生长机理进行论述,分析了电弧法制备石墨烯存在的问题,并提出了相应的解决途径。最后,对我国石墨烯的研究现状进行总体分析,并展望了电弧法制备石墨烯的发展趋势。
Graphene has perfect two-dimensional structure and a number of excellent optical,mechanical,thermal,electrical,and chemical performances.Therefore,graphene attracts much attention since it was discovered.Many methods have been employed to prepare graphene in the last ten years,arc discharge method has attracted much attentions because of its high efficiency,safety,reliability,preparation of high-quality graphene,environmental friendliness,easy to obtain doped graphene and so on.This paper summarizes the effect factors for graphene preparation by arc discharge method,such as atmosphere,pressure,catalyst,and magnetic field.The growth mechanisms of graphene preparation related to above factors are discussed.The problems of graphene preparation by arc discharge method are analyzed,and corresponding solutions are provided.Finally,the current status of graphene research in China is analyzed,the development trend of graphene preparation by arc discharge method is forecasted.
Graphene has perfect two-dimensional structure and a number of excellent optical,mechanical,thermal,electrical,and chemical performances.Therefore,graphene attracts much attention since it was discovered.Many methods have been employed to prepare graphene in the last ten years,arc discharge method has attracted much attentions because of its high efficiency,safety,reliability,preparation of high-quality graphene,environmental friendliness,easy to obtain doped graphene and so on.This paper summarizes the effect factors for graphene preparation by arc discharge method,such as atmosphere,pressure,catalyst,and magnetic field.The growth mechanisms of graphene preparation related to above factors are discussed.The problems of graphene preparation by arc discharge method are analyzed,and corresponding solutions are provided.Finally,the current status of graphene research in China is analyzed,the development trend of graphene preparation by arc discharge method is forecasted.
引文
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25 Subrahmanyam K S,Panchakarla L S,Govindaraj A,et al.Simple method of preparing graphene flakes by an arc-discharge method[J].J Phys Chem C,2009,113(11):4257.
26 Wang Z Y,Li N,Shi Z J,et al.Low-cost and large-scale synthesis of graphene nanosheets by arc discharge in air[J].Nanotechnology,2010,21(17):175602.
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28 Song X L,Li B,Nan Y L,et al.Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanostructures by evaporating pure graphite and carbon black in detonation-gas arc discharge[J].Diam Relat Mater,2015,55:87.
29 Yu H G,Wang L X,Li J,et al.To promote the nucleation and growth of grapheme in arc discharge process by magnetic field and H2[J].Mater Lett,2015,159:43.
30 Song X L,Li B,Zhang P.Raman-assessed structural evolution of as-deposited few-layer graphene by He/H2,arc discharge during rapid-cooling thinning treatment[J].Carbon,2014,66(3):426.
31 Ando Y,Zhao X,Ohkohchi M.Production of petal-like graphite sheets by hydrogen arc discharge[J].Carbon,1997,35(1):153.
32 Wu Z S,Ren W C,Gao L B,et al.Synthesis of graphene sheets with high electrical conductivity and good thermal stability by hydrogen arc discharge exfoliation[J].ACS Nano,2009,3(2):411.
33 Wu C X,Dong G F,Guan L H.Production of graphene sheets by a simple helium arc-discharge[J].Physical E,2010,42(5):1267.
34 Kumar R,Singh R K,Dubey P K,et al.Pressure-dependent synthesis of high-quality few-layer graphene by plasma-enhanced arc discharge and their thermal stability[J].Nanopart Res,2013,15(9):1.
35 Liang F,Tanaka M,Choi S,et al.Measurement of anode surface temperature in carbon nanomaterial production by arc discharge method[J].Mater Res Bull,2014,60:158.
36 Liang F,Shimizu T,Tanaka M.Preparation of polyhedral graphite particles by arc discharge under atmospheric pressure[J].Jpn J Appl Phys,2013,52(1S):01AK01.
37 Liang F,Watanabe T,Hayashi K,et al.Liquid exfoliation graphene sheets as catalysts for hybrid sodium-air cells[J].Mater Lett,2017,187:32.
38 Liang F,Tanaka M,Choi S,et al.Investigation of carbon nanomaterials growth on anode surface by arc discharge method[J].J Chem Eng Jpn,2014,68(47):296.
39 Liang F,Tanaka M,Choi S,et al.Effect of arc behaviour on the temperature fluctuation of carbon electrode in DC arc discharge[J].J Phys:Conference Series,2014,518(1):562.
40 Liang F,Shimizu T,Tanaka M,et al.Selective preparation of polyhedral graphite particles and multi-wall carbon nanotubes by a transferred arc under atmospheric pressure[J].Diam Relat Mater,2012,30:70.
41 Wu Y P,Wang B,Ma Y F,et al.Efficient and large-scale synthesis of few-layered graphene using an arc-discharge method and conductivity studies of the resulting films[J].Nano Res,2010,3(9):661.
42 Song X L,Liu Y N,Zhu J W.Synthesis of polyhedral graphite in a forced flow arc discharge[J].Mater Lett,2007,61(26):4781.
43 Cho H,Oh I,Kang J,et al.Catalyst and doping methods for arc graphene[J].Nanotechnology,2014,25(25):445601.
44 Chen Y N,Zhao H B,Sheng L M,et al.Mass-production of highlycrystalline few-layer graphene sheets by arc discharge in various H2-inert gas mixtures[J].Chem Phys Lett,2012,538(6):72.
45 Xue Y Z,Wu B,Bao Q L,et al.Controllable synthesis of doped graphene and its applications[J].Small,2014,10(15):2975.
46 Guan L,Cui L,Lin K,et al.Preparation of few-layer nitrogendoped graphene nanosheets by DC arc discharge under nitrogen atmosphere of high temperature[J].Appl Phys A,2010,102(2):289.
47 Li N,Wang Z Y,Zhao K K,et al.Large scale synthesis of N-doped multi-layered graphene sheets by simple arc-discharge method[J].Carbon,2010,48(1):255.
48 Panchakarla L S,Subrahmanyam K S,Saha S K,et al.Synthesis,structure and properties of boron and nitrogen doped graphene[J].Adv Mater,2009,21(46):4726.
49 Dey S,Govindaraj A,Biswas K,et al.Luminescence properties of boron and nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots prepared from arcdischarge-generated doped graphene samples[J].Chem Phys Lett,2014,595(3):203
50 Shen B S,Chen J T,Yan X B,et al.Synthesis of fluorine-doped multi-layered graphene sheets by arc discharge[J].Rsc Adv,2012,2(17):6761.
51 Farhat S,Scott C D.Review of the arc process modeling for fullerene and nanotube production[J].J Nanosci Nanotechnol,2006,6(5):1189.
52 Glerup M,Steinmetz J,Samaille D,et al.Synthesis of N-doped SWNT using the arc-discharge procedure[J].Chem Phys Lett,2004,387(1):193.
53 Nair R R,Ren W C,Jalil R,et al.Fluorographene:Two dimensional counterpart of teflon[J].Small,2010,6(24):2877.
54 Liu Y,Huang L P,Wu B,et al.Gram-scale synthesis of graphene sheets by a catalytic arc-discharge method[J].Small,2013,9(8):1330.
55 Levchenko I,Volotskova O,Shashurin A,et al.The large-scale production of graphene flakes using magnetically-enhanced arc discharge between carbon electrodes[J].Carbon,2010,48(15):4570.
56 Keidar M,Levchenko I,Arbel T,et al.Increasing the length of single-wall carbon nanotubes in a magnetically enhanced arc discharge[J].Appl Phys Lett,2008,92(4):043129.
57 Li J,Shashurin A,Keidar M.Correlation between formation of the plasma jet and synthesis of graphene in arc discharge[J].IEEE T Plasma Sci,2011,39(11):2366.
58 Volotskova O,Levchenko I,Shashurin A,et al.Single-step synthesis and magnetic separation of graphene and carbon nanotubes in arc discharge plasmas[J].Nanoscale,2010,2(10):2281.
59 Keidar M,Shashurin A,Volotskova O,et al.Mechanism of carbon nanostructure synthesis in arc plasma[J].Phys Plasma,2010,17(5):057101.
60 Keidar M,Shashurin A,Li J,et al.Arc plasma synthesis of carbon nanostructures:Where is the frontier?[J].Phys D Appl Phys,2011,44(17):228.
61 Su Y J,Zhang Y F.Carbon nanomaterials synthesized by arc discharge hot plasma[J].Carbon,2014,83:90.
62 Wang X K,Lin X W,Dravid V P,et al.Carbon nanotubes synthesized in a hydrogen arc discharge[J].Appl Phys Lett,1995,66(18):2430.
63 Cui S,Scharff P,Siegmund C,et al.Investigation on preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by DC arc discharge under N2atmosphere[J].Carbon,2004,42(5-6):931.
64 Gamaly E G,Ebbesen T W.Mechanism of carbon nanotube formation in the arc discharge[J].Phys Rev B,1995,52(3):2083.
65 Gupta V.Graphene as intermediate phase in fullerene and carbon nanotube growth:A Young-Laplace surface-tension mode[J].Phys Lett,2010,97(18):1819101.
66 Beilis I I,Keidar M,Boxman R L,et al.Interelectrode plasma parameters and plasma deposition in a hot refractory anode vacuum arc[J].Phys Plasma,2000,7(7):3068.
67 Keidar M,Levchenko I,Arbel T,et al.Magnetic-field-enhanced synthesis of single-wall carbon nanotubes in arc discharge[J].J Appl Phys,2008,103(9):094318.
68 Keidar M,Waas A M,Raitses Y,et al.Modeling of the anodic arc discharge and conditions for single-wall carbon nanotube growth[J].J Nanosci Nanotechnol,2006,6(9):1309.
69 Qin B,Zhang T F,Chen H H,et al.The growth mechanism of fewlayer graphene in the arc discharge process[J].Carbon,2016,102:494.
70 Saito Y,Yoshikawa T,Inagaki M,et al.Growth and structure of graphitic tubules and polyhedral particles in arc-discharge[J].Chem Phys Lett,1993,204(3-4):277.
2 Meyer J C,Geim A K,Katsnelson M I,et al.The structure of suspended graphene sheets[J].Nature,2007,446(131):60.
3 Novoselov K S,Geim A K,Morozov S V,et al.Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films[J].Science,2004,306(5696):666.
4 Zhang Y B,Tan Y W,Stormer H L,et al.Experimental observation of the quantum hall effect and Berry′s phase in graphene[J].Nature,2005,438(7065):201.
5 Novoselov K S,Geim A K,Morozov S V,et al.Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene[J].Nature,2005,438(7065):197.
6 Zhao T K,Liu Y N,Li T H,et al.Electrochemical performance of amorphous carbon nanotube as anode materials for lithium ion battery[J].J Nanosci Nanotechnol,2010,10(6):3873.
7 Balandin A A,Ghosh S,Bao W,et al.Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene[J].Nano Lett,2008,8(3):902.
8 Lee C,Wei X,Kysar J W,et al.Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene[J].Science,2008,321(5887):385.
9 Schadler L S,Giannaris S C,Ajayan P M.Load transfer in carbon nanotube epoxy composites[J].Appl Phys Lett,1998,73(26):3842.
10 Chae H K,Siberio-Pérez D Y,Kim J,et al.A route to high surface area,porosity and inclusion of large molecules in crystals[J].Nature,2004,427(6974):523.
11 Stankovich S,Dikin D A,Dommett G H B,et al.Graphene-based composite materials[J].Nature,2006,442(7100):282.
12 Yoo E J,Kim J,Hosono E,et al.Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries[J].Nano Lett,2008,8(8):2277.
13 Vivekchand S R C,Rout C S,Subrahmanyam K S,et al.Graphenebased electrochemical supercapacitors[J].J Chem Sci,2008,120(1):9.
14 Novoselov K S,Fal′ko V I,Colombo L,et al.A roadmap for graphene[J].Nature,2012,490(7419):192.
15 Wu Z S,Pei S,Ren W,et al.Field emission of single-layer graphene films prepared by electrophoretic deposition[J].Adv Mater,2009,21(17):1756.
16 Wang X,Zhi L J,Müllen K.Transparent,conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells[J].Nano Lett,2008,8(1):323.
17 Eda G,Fanchini G,Chhowalla M.Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material[J].Nat Nanotechnol,2008,3(5):270.
18 Brennan R O.The interlayer binding in graphite[J].Chem Phys,1952,20(1):40.
19 Edwards R S,Coleman K S.Graphene synthesis:Relationship to applications[J].Nanoscale,2012,5(1):38.
20 Jia X T,Jessica C D,Mauricio T,et al.Graphene edges:A review of their fabrication and characterization[J].Nanoscale,2011,3(1):86.
21 Kratschmer W,Lamb L D,Fostiropoulos K,et al.Solid C60.A new form of carbon[J].Nature,1990,347(6291):354.
22 Iijima S.Helical microtubules of graphic carbon[J].Nature,1991,354:56.
23 Iijima S,Ichihashi T.Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter[J].Nature,1993,364(6430):603.
24 Yamaguchi T,Bandow S,Iijima S.Synthesis of carbon nanohorn particles by simple pulsed arc discharge ignited between pre-heated carbon rods[J].Chem Phys Lett,2004,389(1-3):181.
25 Subrahmanyam K S,Panchakarla L S,Govindaraj A,et al.Simple method of preparing graphene flakes by an arc-discharge method[J].J Phys Chem C,2009,113(11):4257.
26 Wang Z Y,Li N,Shi Z J,et al.Low-cost and large-scale synthesis of graphene nanosheets by arc discharge in air[J].Nanotechnology,2010,21(17):175602.
27 Shen B S,Ding J J,Yan X B,et al.Influence of different buffer gases on synthesis of few-layered grapheme by arc discharge method[J].Appl Surf Sci,2012,258(10):4523.
28 Song X L,Li B,Nan Y L,et al.Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanostructures by evaporating pure graphite and carbon black in detonation-gas arc discharge[J].Diam Relat Mater,2015,55:87.
29 Yu H G,Wang L X,Li J,et al.To promote the nucleation and growth of grapheme in arc discharge process by magnetic field and H2[J].Mater Lett,2015,159:43.
30 Song X L,Li B,Zhang P.Raman-assessed structural evolution of as-deposited few-layer graphene by He/H2,arc discharge during rapid-cooling thinning treatment[J].Carbon,2014,66(3):426.
31 Ando Y,Zhao X,Ohkohchi M.Production of petal-like graphite sheets by hydrogen arc discharge[J].Carbon,1997,35(1):153.
32 Wu Z S,Ren W C,Gao L B,et al.Synthesis of graphene sheets with high electrical conductivity and good thermal stability by hydrogen arc discharge exfoliation[J].ACS Nano,2009,3(2):411.
33 Wu C X,Dong G F,Guan L H.Production of graphene sheets by a simple helium arc-discharge[J].Physical E,2010,42(5):1267.
34 Kumar R,Singh R K,Dubey P K,et al.Pressure-dependent synthesis of high-quality few-layer graphene by plasma-enhanced arc discharge and their thermal stability[J].Nanopart Res,2013,15(9):1.
35 Liang F,Tanaka M,Choi S,et al.Measurement of anode surface temperature in carbon nanomaterial production by arc discharge method[J].Mater Res Bull,2014,60:158.
36 Liang F,Shimizu T,Tanaka M.Preparation of polyhedral graphite particles by arc discharge under atmospheric pressure[J].Jpn J Appl Phys,2013,52(1S):01AK01.
37 Liang F,Watanabe T,Hayashi K,et al.Liquid exfoliation graphene sheets as catalysts for hybrid sodium-air cells[J].Mater Lett,2017,187:32.
38 Liang F,Tanaka M,Choi S,et al.Investigation of carbon nanomaterials growth on anode surface by arc discharge method[J].J Chem Eng Jpn,2014,68(47):296.
39 Liang F,Tanaka M,Choi S,et al.Effect of arc behaviour on the temperature fluctuation of carbon electrode in DC arc discharge[J].J Phys:Conference Series,2014,518(1):562.
40 Liang F,Shimizu T,Tanaka M,et al.Selective preparation of polyhedral graphite particles and multi-wall carbon nanotubes by a transferred arc under atmospheric pressure[J].Diam Relat Mater,2012,30:70.
41 Wu Y P,Wang B,Ma Y F,et al.Efficient and large-scale synthesis of few-layered graphene using an arc-discharge method and conductivity studies of the resulting films[J].Nano Res,2010,3(9):661.
42 Song X L,Liu Y N,Zhu J W.Synthesis of polyhedral graphite in a forced flow arc discharge[J].Mater Lett,2007,61(26):4781.
43 Cho H,Oh I,Kang J,et al.Catalyst and doping methods for arc graphene[J].Nanotechnology,2014,25(25):445601.
44 Chen Y N,Zhao H B,Sheng L M,et al.Mass-production of highlycrystalline few-layer graphene sheets by arc discharge in various H2-inert gas mixtures[J].Chem Phys Lett,2012,538(6):72.
45 Xue Y Z,Wu B,Bao Q L,et al.Controllable synthesis of doped graphene and its applications[J].Small,2014,10(15):2975.
46 Guan L,Cui L,Lin K,et al.Preparation of few-layer nitrogendoped graphene nanosheets by DC arc discharge under nitrogen atmosphere of high temperature[J].Appl Phys A,2010,102(2):289.
47 Li N,Wang Z Y,Zhao K K,et al.Large scale synthesis of N-doped multi-layered graphene sheets by simple arc-discharge method[J].Carbon,2010,48(1):255.
48 Panchakarla L S,Subrahmanyam K S,Saha S K,et al.Synthesis,structure and properties of boron and nitrogen doped graphene[J].Adv Mater,2009,21(46):4726.
49 Dey S,Govindaraj A,Biswas K,et al.Luminescence properties of boron and nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots prepared from arcdischarge-generated doped graphene samples[J].Chem Phys Lett,2014,595(3):203
50 Shen B S,Chen J T,Yan X B,et al.Synthesis of fluorine-doped multi-layered graphene sheets by arc discharge[J].Rsc Adv,2012,2(17):6761.
51 Farhat S,Scott C D.Review of the arc process modeling for fullerene and nanotube production[J].J Nanosci Nanotechnol,2006,6(5):1189.
52 Glerup M,Steinmetz J,Samaille D,et al.Synthesis of N-doped SWNT using the arc-discharge procedure[J].Chem Phys Lett,2004,387(1):193.
53 Nair R R,Ren W C,Jalil R,et al.Fluorographene:Two dimensional counterpart of teflon[J].Small,2010,6(24):2877.
54 Liu Y,Huang L P,Wu B,et al.Gram-scale synthesis of graphene sheets by a catalytic arc-discharge method[J].Small,2013,9(8):1330.
55 Levchenko I,Volotskova O,Shashurin A,et al.The large-scale production of graphene flakes using magnetically-enhanced arc discharge between carbon electrodes[J].Carbon,2010,48(15):4570.
56 Keidar M,Levchenko I,Arbel T,et al.Increasing the length of single-wall carbon nanotubes in a magnetically enhanced arc discharge[J].Appl Phys Lett,2008,92(4):043129.
57 Li J,Shashurin A,Keidar M.Correlation between formation of the plasma jet and synthesis of graphene in arc discharge[J].IEEE T Plasma Sci,2011,39(11):2366.
58 Volotskova O,Levchenko I,Shashurin A,et al.Single-step synthesis and magnetic separation of graphene and carbon nanotubes in arc discharge plasmas[J].Nanoscale,2010,2(10):2281.
59 Keidar M,Shashurin A,Volotskova O,et al.Mechanism of carbon nanostructure synthesis in arc plasma[J].Phys Plasma,2010,17(5):057101.
60 Keidar M,Shashurin A,Li J,et al.Arc plasma synthesis of carbon nanostructures:Where is the frontier?[J].Phys D Appl Phys,2011,44(17):228.
61 Su Y J,Zhang Y F.Carbon nanomaterials synthesized by arc discharge hot plasma[J].Carbon,2014,83:90.
62 Wang X K,Lin X W,Dravid V P,et al.Carbon nanotubes synthesized in a hydrogen arc discharge[J].Appl Phys Lett,1995,66(18):2430.
63 Cui S,Scharff P,Siegmund C,et al.Investigation on preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by DC arc discharge under N2atmosphere[J].Carbon,2004,42(5-6):931.
64 Gamaly E G,Ebbesen T W.Mechanism of carbon nanotube formation in the arc discharge[J].Phys Rev B,1995,52(3):2083.
65 Gupta V.Graphene as intermediate phase in fullerene and carbon nanotube growth:A Young-Laplace surface-tension mode[J].Phys Lett,2010,97(18):1819101.
66 Beilis I I,Keidar M,Boxman R L,et al.Interelectrode plasma parameters and plasma deposition in a hot refractory anode vacuum arc[J].Phys Plasma,2000,7(7):3068.
67 Keidar M,Levchenko I,Arbel T,et al.Magnetic-field-enhanced synthesis of single-wall carbon nanotubes in arc discharge[J].J Appl Phys,2008,103(9):094318.
68 Keidar M,Waas A M,Raitses Y,et al.Modeling of the anodic arc discharge and conditions for single-wall carbon nanotube growth[J].J Nanosci Nanotechnol,2006,6(9):1309.
69 Qin B,Zhang T F,Chen H H,et al.The growth mechanism of fewlayer graphene in the arc discharge process[J].Carbon,2016,102:494.
70 Saito Y,Yoshikawa T,Inagaki M,et al.Growth and structure of graphitic tubules and polyhedral particles in arc-discharge[J].Chem Phys Lett,1993,204(3-4):277.