Water incubation-induced fluctuating release of heavy metals in two smelter-contaminated soils
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摘要
The soil moisture regime can affect the release of heavy metals in soil. In the previous studies, slightly polluted soils or artificially contaminated soil samples were considered to investigate the effect of soil moisture. We used highly smelter-contaminated and aged soils to study the release of typical heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) induced by water incubation in batch experiments with characterization via speciation and X-ray diffraction analyses(XRD). The results show that the leachable concentrations of the heavy metals increased slightly in the first 30 days, decreased drastically between 30 and 90 days, and immobilized relatively constant thereafter. The fluctuation was ascribed to the changes of soil Eh and pH, the reductive dissolution of crystalline iron oxides, the formation of new amorphous iron oxides, the absorption of dissolved organic matter and the precipitation of metal sulfide. Speciation analysis indicated that a proportion of the soil heavy metals was transformed from an exchangeable fraction to a less labile fraction after water incubation. And the presence of a lead iron oxide phase and the peak increasing of zinc sulfide were observed via XRD analyses. Finally, water incubation restrained the release of heavy metals after 180 days of incubation, and reduced the leachability of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb by as much as 1.61%–7.21% for soil A and 0.43%–3.36% for soil B, respectively. The study findings have implications for the formulation of risk control and management strategies for heavy metals in smelter-contaminated soils.
The soil moisture regime can affect the release of heavy metals in soil. In the previous studies, slightly polluted soils or artificially contaminated soil samples were considered to investigate the effect of soil moisture. We used highly smelter-contaminated and aged soils to study the release of typical heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) induced by water incubation in batch experiments with characterization via speciation and X-ray diffraction analyses(XRD). The results show that the leachable concentrations of the heavy metals increased slightly in the first 30 days, decreased drastically between 30 and 90 days, and immobilized relatively constant thereafter. The fluctuation was ascribed to the changes of soil Eh and pH, the reductive dissolution of crystalline iron oxides, the formation of new amorphous iron oxides, the absorption of dissolved organic matter and the precipitation of metal sulfide. Speciation analysis indicated that a proportion of the soil heavy metals was transformed from an exchangeable fraction to a less labile fraction after water incubation. And the presence of a lead iron oxide phase and the peak increasing of zinc sulfide were observed via XRD analyses. Finally, water incubation restrained the release of heavy metals after 180 days of incubation, and reduced the leachability of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb by as much as 1.61%–7.21% for soil A and 0.43%–3.36% for soil B, respectively. The study findings have implications for the formulation of risk control and management strategies for heavy metals in smelter-contaminated soils.
The soil moisture regime can affect the release of heavy metals in soil. In the previous studies, slightly polluted soils or artificially contaminated soil samples were considered to investigate the effect of soil moisture. We used highly smelter-contaminated and aged soils to study the release of typical heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) induced by water incubation in batch experiments with characterization via speciation and X-ray diffraction analyses(XRD). The results show that the leachable concentrations of the heavy metals increased slightly in the first 30 days, decreased drastically between 30 and 90 days, and immobilized relatively constant thereafter. The fluctuation was ascribed to the changes of soil Eh and pH, the reductive dissolution of crystalline iron oxides, the formation of new amorphous iron oxides, the absorption of dissolved organic matter and the precipitation of metal sulfide. Speciation analysis indicated that a proportion of the soil heavy metals was transformed from an exchangeable fraction to a less labile fraction after water incubation. And the presence of a lead iron oxide phase and the peak increasing of zinc sulfide were observed via XRD analyses. Finally, water incubation restrained the release of heavy metals after 180 days of incubation, and reduced the leachability of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb by as much as 1.61%–7.21% for soil A and 0.43%–3.36% for soil B, respectively. The study findings have implications for the formulation of risk control and management strategies for heavy metals in smelter-contaminated soils.
引文
Arao,T.,Kawasaki,A.,Baba,K.,Mori,S.,Matsumoto,S.,2009.Effects of water management on cadmium and arsenic accumulation and dimethylarsinic acid concentrations in Japanese rice.Environ.Sci.Technol.43,9361-9367.
Bi,C.J.,Zhou,Y.,Chen,Z.L.,Jia,J.P.,Bao,X.Y.,2018.Heavy metals and lead isotopes in soils,road dust and leafy vegetables and health risks via vegetable consumption in the industrial areas of Shanghai,China.Sci.Total Environ.619-620,1349-1357.
Davranche,M.,Bollinger,J.C.,2000a.Heavy metals desorption from synthesized and natural iron and manganese oxyhydroxides:Effect of reductive conditions.J.Colloid Interf.Sci.227,531-539.
Davranche,M.,Bollinger,J.C.,2000b.Release of metals from iron oxyhydroxides under reductive conditions:Effect of metal/solid interactions.J.Colloid Interf.Sci.232,165-173.
Dittmar,J.,Voegelin,A.,Roberts,L.C.,Hug,S.J.,Saha,G.C.,Ali,M.A.,et al.,2010.Arsenic accumulation in a paddy field in Bangladesh:seasonal dynamics and trends over a three-year monitoring period.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,2925-2931.
Fang,H.W.,Huang,L.,Wang,J.Y.,He,G.J.,Reible,D.,2016.Environmental assessment of heavy metal transport and transformation in the Hangzhou Bay,China.J.Hazard.Mater.302,447-457.
Fulda,B.,Voegelin,A.,Kretzschmar,R.,2013.Redox-controlled changes in cadmium solubility and solid-phase speciation in a paddy soil as affected by reducible sulfate and copper.Environ.Sci.Technol.47,12775-12783.
Gaetke,L.M.,Chow,C.K.,2003.Copper toxicity,oxidative stress,and antioxidant nutrients.Toxicology.189,147-163.
Girault,F.,Perrier,F.,Poitou,C.,Isambert,A.,Théveniaut,H.,Laperche,V.,et al.,2016.Effective radium concentration in topsoils contaminated by lead and zinc smelters.Sci.Total Environ.566-567,865-876.
Han,F.X.,Banin,A.,1997.Long-term transformations and redistribution of potentially toxic heavy metals in arid-zone soils incubated:I.Under saturated conditions.Water Air Soil Pollut.95,399-423.
Han,F.X.,Banin,A.,1999.Long-Term Transformation and redistribution of potentially toxic heavy metals in arid-zone soils:II.Incubation at the field capacity moisture content.Water Air Soil Pollut.114,221-250.
Han,F.X.,Banin,A.,Kingery,W.L.,Li,Z.P.,2002.Pathways and kinetics of redistribution of cobalt among solid-phase fractions in arid-zone soils under saturated regime.J.Environ.Sci.Health A 37,175-194.
Hu,P.J.,Ouyang,Y.N.,Wu,L.H.,Shen,L.B.,Luo,Y.M.,Christie,P.,2015.Effects of water management on arsenic and cadmium speciation and accumulation in an upland rice cultivar.J.Environ.Sci.27,225-231.
Kashem,M.A.,Singh,B.R.,2001.Metal avialability in contaminated soils.I.Effects of flooding and organic matter on changes in Eh,pH and solubility of Cd,Ni and Zn.Nutr.Cycl.Agroecosys 61,247-255.
Kennou,B.,Meray,M.E.,Romane,A.,Arjouni,Y.,2015.Assessment of heavy metal availability(Pb,Cu,Cr,Cd,Zn)and speciation in contaminated soils and sediment of discharge by sequential extraction.Environ.Earth Sci.74,5849-5858.
Khaokaew,S.,Chaney,R.L.,Landrot,G.,Ginder-Vogel,M.,Sparks,D.L.,2011.Speciation and release kinetics of cadmium in an alkaline paddy soil under various flooding periods and draining conditions.Environ.Sci.Technol.45,4249-4255.
Khaokaew,S.,Landrot,G.,Chaney,R.L.,Pandya,K.,Sparks,D.L.,2012.Speciation and release kinetics of zinc in contaminated paddy soils.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,3957-3963.
Kim,J.,Hyun,S.,2015.Nonequilibrium leaching behavior of metallic elements(Cu,Zn,As,Cd,and Pb)from soils collected from long-term abandoned mine sites.Chemosphere 134,150-158.
K?gel-Knabner,I.,Amelung,W.,Cao,Z.H.,Fiedler,S.,Frenzel,P.,Jahn,R.,et al.,2010.Biogeochemistry of paddy soils.Geoderma157,1-14.
Lee,S.Y.,Baik,M.H.,2009.Uranium and other trace elements'distribution in Korean granite:implications for the influence of iron oxides on uranium migration.Environ.Geochem.Health31,413-420.
Li,T.Q.,Tao,Q.,Liang,C.F.,Shohag,M.J.I.,Yang,X.E.,Sparks,D.L.,2013.Complexation with dissolved organic matter and mobility control of heavy metals in the rhizosphere of hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii.Environ.Pollut.182,248-255.
Li,Z.Y.,Ma,Z.W.,van der Kuijp,T.J.,Yuan,Z.W.,Huang,L.,2014.Areview of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China:pollution and health risk assessment.Sci.Total Environ.468-469,843-853.
Liang,S.,Guan,D.X.,Li,J.,Zhou,C.Y.,Luo,J.,Ma,L.Q.,2016.Effect of aging on bioaccessibility of arsenic and lead in soils.Chemosphere 151,94-100.
Mcbride,M.B.,1994.Environmental chemistry of soils.Oxford University Press,NewYork,USA.
Mehra,O.P.,Jackson,M.L.,1960.Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate.Clay Clay Miner.7,317-327.
Mohamed,M.A.,Ellis,K.,Kim,C.S.,Bi,X.T.,2017.The role of tailored biochar in increasing plant growth,and reducing bioavailability,phytotoxicity,and uptake of heavy metals in contaminated soil.Environ.Pollut.230,329-338.
Mukwaturi,M.,Lin,C.X.,2015.Mobilization of heavy metals from urban contaminated soils under water inundation conditions.J.Hazard.Mater.285,445-452.
Pan,Y.Y.,Koopmans,G.F.,Bonten,L.T.C.,Song,J.,Luo,Y.M.,Temminghoff,E.J.M.,et al.,2014.Influence of pH on the redox chemistry of metal(hydr)oxides and organic matter in paddy soils.J.Soils Sediments 14,1713-1726.
Pan,Y.Y.,Bonten,L.T.C.,Koopmans,G.F.,Song,J.,Luo,Y.M.,Temminghoff,E.J.M.,et al.,2016.Solubility of trace metals in two contaminated paddy soils exposed to alternating flooding and drainage.Geoderma 261,59-69.
Plum,L.M.,Rink,L.,Haase,H.,2010.The essential toxin:impact of zinc on human health.Inter.J.Environ.Res.Public.Health 7,1342-1365.
Qu,L.Y.,Huang,H.,Xia,F.,Liu,Y.Y.,Dahlgren,R.A.,Zhang,M.H.,et al.,2018.Risk analysis of heavy metal concentration in surface waters across the rural-urban interface of the Wen-Rui Tang River,China.Environ.Pollut.237,639-649.
Schroll,R.,Becher,H.H.,D?rfler,U.,Gayler,S.,Grundmann,S.,Hartmann,H.P.,et al.,2006.Quantifying the effect of soil moisture on the aerobic microbial mineralization of selected pesticides in different soils.Environ.Sci.Technol.40,3305-3312.
Shaheen,S.M.,Kwon,E.E.,Biswas,J.K.,Tack,F.M.G.,Ok,Y.S.,Rinklebe,J.,2017.Arsenic,chromium,molybdenum,and selenium:Geochemical fractions and potential mobilization in riverine soil profiles originating from Germany and Egypt.Chemosphere 180,553-563.
Ure,A.M.,Quevauviller,P.,Muntau,H.,Griepink,B.,1993.Speciation of heavy metals in soils and sediments.an account of the improvement and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities.Int.J.Environ.Anal.Chem.51,135-151.
Vespa,M.,Lanson,M.,Manceau,A.,2010.Natural attenuation of zinc pollution in smelter-affected soil.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,7814-7820.
Wan,Y.N.,Camara,A.Y.,Yu,Y.,Wang,Q.,Guo,T.L.,Zhu,L.N.,et al.,2018.Cadmium dynamics in soil pore water and uptake by rice:influences of soil-applied selenite with different water managements.Environ.Pollut.240,523-533.
Williams,P.N.,Lei,M.,Sun,G.X.,Huang,Q.,Lu,Y.,Deacon,C.,et al.,2009.Occurrence and partitioning of cadmium,arsenic and lead in mine impacted paddy rice:Hunan,China.Environ.Sci.Technol.43,637-642.
Wu,S.C.,Luo,Y.M.,Cheung,K.C.,Wong,M.H.,2006.Influence of bacteria on Pb and Zn speciation,mobility and bioavailability in soil:a laboratory study.Environ.Pollut.144,765-773.
Zhang,C.,Yu,Z.G.,Zeng,G.M.,Huang,B.B.,Dong,H.R.,Huang,J.H.,et al.,2016.Phase transformation of crystalline iron oxides and their adsorption abilities for Pb and Cd.Chem.Eng.J.284,247-259.
Zhao,F.J.,Ma,Y.B.,Zhu,Y.G.,Tang,Z.,McGrath,S.P.,2015.Soil contamination in China:current status and mitigation strategies.Environ.Sci.Technol.49,750-759.
Zheng,S.A.,Zhang,M.K.,2011.Effect of moisture regime on the redistribution of heavy metals in paddy soil.J.Environ.Sci.23,434-443.
Bi,C.J.,Zhou,Y.,Chen,Z.L.,Jia,J.P.,Bao,X.Y.,2018.Heavy metals and lead isotopes in soils,road dust and leafy vegetables and health risks via vegetable consumption in the industrial areas of Shanghai,China.Sci.Total Environ.619-620,1349-1357.
Davranche,M.,Bollinger,J.C.,2000a.Heavy metals desorption from synthesized and natural iron and manganese oxyhydroxides:Effect of reductive conditions.J.Colloid Interf.Sci.227,531-539.
Davranche,M.,Bollinger,J.C.,2000b.Release of metals from iron oxyhydroxides under reductive conditions:Effect of metal/solid interactions.J.Colloid Interf.Sci.232,165-173.
Dittmar,J.,Voegelin,A.,Roberts,L.C.,Hug,S.J.,Saha,G.C.,Ali,M.A.,et al.,2010.Arsenic accumulation in a paddy field in Bangladesh:seasonal dynamics and trends over a three-year monitoring period.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,2925-2931.
Fang,H.W.,Huang,L.,Wang,J.Y.,He,G.J.,Reible,D.,2016.Environmental assessment of heavy metal transport and transformation in the Hangzhou Bay,China.J.Hazard.Mater.302,447-457.
Fulda,B.,Voegelin,A.,Kretzschmar,R.,2013.Redox-controlled changes in cadmium solubility and solid-phase speciation in a paddy soil as affected by reducible sulfate and copper.Environ.Sci.Technol.47,12775-12783.
Gaetke,L.M.,Chow,C.K.,2003.Copper toxicity,oxidative stress,and antioxidant nutrients.Toxicology.189,147-163.
Girault,F.,Perrier,F.,Poitou,C.,Isambert,A.,Théveniaut,H.,Laperche,V.,et al.,2016.Effective radium concentration in topsoils contaminated by lead and zinc smelters.Sci.Total Environ.566-567,865-876.
Han,F.X.,Banin,A.,1997.Long-term transformations and redistribution of potentially toxic heavy metals in arid-zone soils incubated:I.Under saturated conditions.Water Air Soil Pollut.95,399-423.
Han,F.X.,Banin,A.,1999.Long-Term Transformation and redistribution of potentially toxic heavy metals in arid-zone soils:II.Incubation at the field capacity moisture content.Water Air Soil Pollut.114,221-250.
Han,F.X.,Banin,A.,Kingery,W.L.,Li,Z.P.,2002.Pathways and kinetics of redistribution of cobalt among solid-phase fractions in arid-zone soils under saturated regime.J.Environ.Sci.Health A 37,175-194.
Hu,P.J.,Ouyang,Y.N.,Wu,L.H.,Shen,L.B.,Luo,Y.M.,Christie,P.,2015.Effects of water management on arsenic and cadmium speciation and accumulation in an upland rice cultivar.J.Environ.Sci.27,225-231.
Kashem,M.A.,Singh,B.R.,2001.Metal avialability in contaminated soils.I.Effects of flooding and organic matter on changes in Eh,pH and solubility of Cd,Ni and Zn.Nutr.Cycl.Agroecosys 61,247-255.
Kennou,B.,Meray,M.E.,Romane,A.,Arjouni,Y.,2015.Assessment of heavy metal availability(Pb,Cu,Cr,Cd,Zn)and speciation in contaminated soils and sediment of discharge by sequential extraction.Environ.Earth Sci.74,5849-5858.
Khaokaew,S.,Chaney,R.L.,Landrot,G.,Ginder-Vogel,M.,Sparks,D.L.,2011.Speciation and release kinetics of cadmium in an alkaline paddy soil under various flooding periods and draining conditions.Environ.Sci.Technol.45,4249-4255.
Khaokaew,S.,Landrot,G.,Chaney,R.L.,Pandya,K.,Sparks,D.L.,2012.Speciation and release kinetics of zinc in contaminated paddy soils.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,3957-3963.
Kim,J.,Hyun,S.,2015.Nonequilibrium leaching behavior of metallic elements(Cu,Zn,As,Cd,and Pb)from soils collected from long-term abandoned mine sites.Chemosphere 134,150-158.
K?gel-Knabner,I.,Amelung,W.,Cao,Z.H.,Fiedler,S.,Frenzel,P.,Jahn,R.,et al.,2010.Biogeochemistry of paddy soils.Geoderma157,1-14.
Lee,S.Y.,Baik,M.H.,2009.Uranium and other trace elements'distribution in Korean granite:implications for the influence of iron oxides on uranium migration.Environ.Geochem.Health31,413-420.
Li,T.Q.,Tao,Q.,Liang,C.F.,Shohag,M.J.I.,Yang,X.E.,Sparks,D.L.,2013.Complexation with dissolved organic matter and mobility control of heavy metals in the rhizosphere of hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii.Environ.Pollut.182,248-255.
Li,Z.Y.,Ma,Z.W.,van der Kuijp,T.J.,Yuan,Z.W.,Huang,L.,2014.Areview of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China:pollution and health risk assessment.Sci.Total Environ.468-469,843-853.
Liang,S.,Guan,D.X.,Li,J.,Zhou,C.Y.,Luo,J.,Ma,L.Q.,2016.Effect of aging on bioaccessibility of arsenic and lead in soils.Chemosphere 151,94-100.
Mcbride,M.B.,1994.Environmental chemistry of soils.Oxford University Press,NewYork,USA.
Mehra,O.P.,Jackson,M.L.,1960.Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate.Clay Clay Miner.7,317-327.
Mohamed,M.A.,Ellis,K.,Kim,C.S.,Bi,X.T.,2017.The role of tailored biochar in increasing plant growth,and reducing bioavailability,phytotoxicity,and uptake of heavy metals in contaminated soil.Environ.Pollut.230,329-338.
Mukwaturi,M.,Lin,C.X.,2015.Mobilization of heavy metals from urban contaminated soils under water inundation conditions.J.Hazard.Mater.285,445-452.
Pan,Y.Y.,Koopmans,G.F.,Bonten,L.T.C.,Song,J.,Luo,Y.M.,Temminghoff,E.J.M.,et al.,2014.Influence of pH on the redox chemistry of metal(hydr)oxides and organic matter in paddy soils.J.Soils Sediments 14,1713-1726.
Pan,Y.Y.,Bonten,L.T.C.,Koopmans,G.F.,Song,J.,Luo,Y.M.,Temminghoff,E.J.M.,et al.,2016.Solubility of trace metals in two contaminated paddy soils exposed to alternating flooding and drainage.Geoderma 261,59-69.
Plum,L.M.,Rink,L.,Haase,H.,2010.The essential toxin:impact of zinc on human health.Inter.J.Environ.Res.Public.Health 7,1342-1365.
Qu,L.Y.,Huang,H.,Xia,F.,Liu,Y.Y.,Dahlgren,R.A.,Zhang,M.H.,et al.,2018.Risk analysis of heavy metal concentration in surface waters across the rural-urban interface of the Wen-Rui Tang River,China.Environ.Pollut.237,639-649.
Schroll,R.,Becher,H.H.,D?rfler,U.,Gayler,S.,Grundmann,S.,Hartmann,H.P.,et al.,2006.Quantifying the effect of soil moisture on the aerobic microbial mineralization of selected pesticides in different soils.Environ.Sci.Technol.40,3305-3312.
Shaheen,S.M.,Kwon,E.E.,Biswas,J.K.,Tack,F.M.G.,Ok,Y.S.,Rinklebe,J.,2017.Arsenic,chromium,molybdenum,and selenium:Geochemical fractions and potential mobilization in riverine soil profiles originating from Germany and Egypt.Chemosphere 180,553-563.
Ure,A.M.,Quevauviller,P.,Muntau,H.,Griepink,B.,1993.Speciation of heavy metals in soils and sediments.an account of the improvement and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities.Int.J.Environ.Anal.Chem.51,135-151.
Vespa,M.,Lanson,M.,Manceau,A.,2010.Natural attenuation of zinc pollution in smelter-affected soil.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,7814-7820.
Wan,Y.N.,Camara,A.Y.,Yu,Y.,Wang,Q.,Guo,T.L.,Zhu,L.N.,et al.,2018.Cadmium dynamics in soil pore water and uptake by rice:influences of soil-applied selenite with different water managements.Environ.Pollut.240,523-533.
Williams,P.N.,Lei,M.,Sun,G.X.,Huang,Q.,Lu,Y.,Deacon,C.,et al.,2009.Occurrence and partitioning of cadmium,arsenic and lead in mine impacted paddy rice:Hunan,China.Environ.Sci.Technol.43,637-642.
Wu,S.C.,Luo,Y.M.,Cheung,K.C.,Wong,M.H.,2006.Influence of bacteria on Pb and Zn speciation,mobility and bioavailability in soil:a laboratory study.Environ.Pollut.144,765-773.
Zhang,C.,Yu,Z.G.,Zeng,G.M.,Huang,B.B.,Dong,H.R.,Huang,J.H.,et al.,2016.Phase transformation of crystalline iron oxides and their adsorption abilities for Pb and Cd.Chem.Eng.J.284,247-259.
Zhao,F.J.,Ma,Y.B.,Zhu,Y.G.,Tang,Z.,McGrath,S.P.,2015.Soil contamination in China:current status and mitigation strategies.Environ.Sci.Technol.49,750-759.
Zheng,S.A.,Zhang,M.K.,2011.Effect of moisture regime on the redistribution of heavy metals in paddy soil.J.Environ.Sci.23,434-443.