西方研究中城市空间公共性的组成维度及“公共”与“私有”的界定特征
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摘要
随着"私有化"和"商品化"现象的出现,西方城市空间逐渐成为私人财产和公共领域的混合体。"公共"和"私有"的关系在西方城市空间中变得越来越复杂,决定城市空间公共性的因素也变得越来越多样。在这样的情况下,为了更系统、客观地评价城市空间的公共性,西方学者围绕"公共性"的构成维度展开了一系列讨论。通过归纳这些讨论,瓦尔纳和蒂耶斯德尔总结出西方研究中城市空间公共性的六个维度。本文基于对瓦尔纳和蒂耶斯德尔研究的补充和发展,提出城市空间公共性由八个维度构成,并在此基础上概括、综述西方研究中这些维度"公共"和"私有"的界定特征,试图以此勾勒出当前西方该领域研究的主要成果,并为国内学者评价城市空间公共性提供可借鉴的标准和依据。
With the emergence of "privatization" and "commercialization", public spaces in Western countries have gradually become the mixture of private property and public sphere. As a result, the relationship between "public" and "private" in Western urban space becomes increasingly complicated and the influencing factors of the publicness of urban space are getting more and more diverse. In order to assess the publicness of urban space in a systematic way, Western researchers have paid much attention on the dimensions of the publicness. Drawing on a review of Western literature, Varna and Tiesdell have identified six dimensions of the publicness. Based on the refinement and development of Varna and Tiesdell's work, this paper argues that the publicness of urban space consists of eight dimensions, and summarizes their defining features of "public" and "private". It aims at providing a reference for the research on Chinese context.
With the emergence of "privatization" and "commercialization", public spaces in Western countries have gradually become the mixture of private property and public sphere. As a result, the relationship between "public" and "private" in Western urban space becomes increasingly complicated and the influencing factors of the publicness of urban space are getting more and more diverse. In order to assess the publicness of urban space in a systematic way, Western researchers have paid much attention on the dimensions of the publicness. Drawing on a review of Western literature, Varna and Tiesdell have identified six dimensions of the publicness. Based on the refinement and development of Varna and Tiesdell's work, this paper argues that the publicness of urban space consists of eight dimensions, and summarizes their defining features of "public" and "private". It aims at providing a reference for the research on Chinese context.
引文
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[2]缪朴.谁的城市?图说新城市空间三病[J].时代建筑,2007(1):4-13.
[3]孙施文.城市中心与城市公共空间——上海浦东陆家嘴地区建设的规划评论[J].城市规划,2006,30(8):66-74.
[4]杨保军.城市公共空间的失落与新生[J].城市规划学刊,2006(6):9-15.
[5]陈竹,叶珉.什么是真正的公共空间?——西方城市公共空间理论与空间公共性的判定[J].国际城市规划,2009,24(3):44-53.
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[7]Kohn M.Brave New Neighborhoods:The Privatization of Public Space[M].New York:Routledge,2004.
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[16]Smith N,Low S M.The Politics of Public Space[M].New York:Routledge,2006.
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[18]Sommer R.Tight Spaces:Hard Architecture and How to Humanize It[M].Upper Saddle River:Prentice Hall,1974.
[19]Carr S.Public Space[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992.
[20]Flusty S.Building Paranoia[M]//Blakely E J,Ellin N.Architecture of Fear.New York:Princeton Architectural Press,1997:47-59.
[21]Loukaitou-Sideris A,Banerjee T.Urban Design Downtown:Poetics and Politics of Form[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1998.
[22]Marcuse P.The“Threat of Terrorism”and the Right to the City[J].Fordham Urban Law Journal,2005,32(4):767-785.
[23]Gulick J.The‘Disapearance of Public Space’:An Ecological Marxist and Lefebvrian Approach[M]//Light A,Smith J M.Philosophy and Geography II:The Production of Public Space.Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1998:135-154.
[24]Katz C.Power,Space,and Terror:Social Reproduction and the Public Environment[M]//Smith N,Low S M.The Politics of Public Space.New York:Routledge,2006:105-122.
[25]Zukin S.The Cultures of Cities[M].Massachusetts:Blackwell,1995.
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[27]Lynch K,Carr S.Open Space:Freedom and Control[M]//Banerjee T,Southworth M.City Sense and City Design:Writings and Projects of Kevin Lynch.Cambridge,US:MIT Press,1979:413-417.
[28]Wilson J Q,Kelling G L.The Police and Neighborhood Safety[J].Atlantic Monthly,1982(March):29-38.
[29]Blomley N.What Sort of a Legal Space Is a City?[M]//Brighenti A M.Urban Interstices:the Aesthetics and the Politics of the In-between.New York:Routledge,2013:1-20.
[30]Carmona M.Contemporary Public Space:Critique and Classification,Part One:Critique[J].Journal of Urban Design,2010,15(1):123-148.
[31]Talen E.Design for Diversity:Exploring Socially Mixed Neighborhoods[M].Oxford,UK:Architectural Press,2008.
[32]Van Melik R.,Van Aalst I,Van Weesep J.Fear and Fantasy in the Public Domain:The Development of Secured and Themed Urban Space[J].Journal of Urban Design,2007,12(1):25-42.
[33]Oc T,Tiesdell S.The Fortress,the Panoptic,the Regulator y and the Animated:Planning and Urban Design Approaches to Safer City Centres[J].Landscape Research,1999,24(3):265-286.
[34]Hall E T.The Hidden Dimension[M].New York:Doubleday,1966.
[35]Gehl J.Life Between Buildings:Using Public Space[M].5th ed.Copenhagen:The Danish Architectural Press,2001.
[36]Wallin L.The Stranger on the Green[M]//Light A,Smith J M.Philosophy and Geography II:The Production of Public Space.Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1998:99-113.
[37]Kayden J S.Using and Misusing Law to Design the Public Realm[M]//Ben-Joseph E,Szold T S.Regulating Place:Standards and the Shaping of Urban America.New York:Routledge,2005:115-140.
[38]Jacobs J.The Death and Life of Great American Cities[M].London:Jonathon Cape,1962.
[39]Whyte W H.The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces[M].New York:Project for Public Spaces,1980.
[40]Carmona M,Tiesdell S,Heath T,Oc T.Public Places-Urban Spaces:The Dimensions of Urban Design[M].2nd ed.Oxford,UK:Architectural Press,2010.
[41]Francis M.Control as a Dimension of Public-Space Quality[M]//Altman I,Zube E H.Public Places and Spaces.New York:Plenum Press,1989:147-172.
[42]Franck K A,Paxson L.Women and Urban Public Space[M]//Altman I,Zube E H.Public Places and Spaces.New York:Plenum Press,1989:121-146.
[43]莱坊.围城困局,谨慎前行——商业综合体的发展趋势及成功要素[R].莱坊商业地产研究报告,2014.[2016-01-12].http://content.knightfrank.com/research/686/documents/en/mixed-use-developmentwhite-paper-2346.pdf.
[2]缪朴.谁的城市?图说新城市空间三病[J].时代建筑,2007(1):4-13.
[3]孙施文.城市中心与城市公共空间——上海浦东陆家嘴地区建设的规划评论[J].城市规划,2006,30(8):66-74.
[4]杨保军.城市公共空间的失落与新生[J].城市规划学刊,2006(6):9-15.
[5]陈竹,叶珉.什么是真正的公共空间?——西方城市公共空间理论与空间公共性的判定[J].国际城市规划,2009,24(3):44-53.
[6]Németh J,Schmidt S.The Privatization of Public Space:Modeling and Measuring Publicness[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2011(38):5-23.
[7]Kohn M.Brave New Neighborhoods:The Privatization of Public Space[M].New York:Routledge,2004.
[8]Németh J,Schmidt S.Toward a Methodology for Measuring the Security of Publicly Accessible Spaces[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2007,73(3):283-297.
[9]Varna G,Tiesdell S.Assessing the Publicness of Public Space:The Star Model of Publicness[J].Journal of Urban Design,2010,15(4):575-598.
[10]Benn S I,Gaus G F.The Public and the Private:Concepts and Action[M]//Benn S I,Gaus G F.Public and Private in Social Life.London:St.Martin’s Press,1983:3-27.
[11]Madanipour A.Dimensions of Urban Public Space:The Case of the Metro Centre,Gateshead[J].Urban Design Studies,1995(1):45-56.
[12]Akkar M.The Changing‘Publicness’of Contemporary Public Spaces:A Case Study of the Grey’s Monument Area,Newcastle upon Tyne[J].Urban Design International,2005,10(2):95-114.
[13]Young I M.Justice and the Politics of Difference[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1990.
[14]Carmona M.Contemporar y Public Space,Part Two:Classification[J].Journal of Urban Design,2010,15(2):157-173.
[15]Lofland L H.The Public Realm:Exploring the City’s Quintessential Social Territory[M].New York:Aldine de Gruyter,1998.
[16]Smith N,Low S M.The Politics of Public Space[M].New York:Routledge,2006.
[17]Franck K A,Stevens Q.Loose Space:Possibility and Diversity in Urban Life[M].New York:Routledge,2006.
[18]Sommer R.Tight Spaces:Hard Architecture and How to Humanize It[M].Upper Saddle River:Prentice Hall,1974.
[19]Carr S.Public Space[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992.
[20]Flusty S.Building Paranoia[M]//Blakely E J,Ellin N.Architecture of Fear.New York:Princeton Architectural Press,1997:47-59.
[21]Loukaitou-Sideris A,Banerjee T.Urban Design Downtown:Poetics and Politics of Form[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1998.
[22]Marcuse P.The“Threat of Terrorism”and the Right to the City[J].Fordham Urban Law Journal,2005,32(4):767-785.
[23]Gulick J.The‘Disapearance of Public Space’:An Ecological Marxist and Lefebvrian Approach[M]//Light A,Smith J M.Philosophy and Geography II:The Production of Public Space.Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1998:135-154.
[24]Katz C.Power,Space,and Terror:Social Reproduction and the Public Environment[M]//Smith N,Low S M.The Politics of Public Space.New York:Routledge,2006:105-122.
[25]Zukin S.The Cultures of Cities[M].Massachusetts:Blackwell,1995.
[26]Brain D.From Good Neighborhoods to Sustainable Cities:Social Science and the Social Agenda of the New Urbanism[J].International Regional Science Review,2005,28(2):217-238.
[27]Lynch K,Carr S.Open Space:Freedom and Control[M]//Banerjee T,Southworth M.City Sense and City Design:Writings and Projects of Kevin Lynch.Cambridge,US:MIT Press,1979:413-417.
[28]Wilson J Q,Kelling G L.The Police and Neighborhood Safety[J].Atlantic Monthly,1982(March):29-38.
[29]Blomley N.What Sort of a Legal Space Is a City?[M]//Brighenti A M.Urban Interstices:the Aesthetics and the Politics of the In-between.New York:Routledge,2013:1-20.
[30]Carmona M.Contemporary Public Space:Critique and Classification,Part One:Critique[J].Journal of Urban Design,2010,15(1):123-148.
[31]Talen E.Design for Diversity:Exploring Socially Mixed Neighborhoods[M].Oxford,UK:Architectural Press,2008.
[32]Van Melik R.,Van Aalst I,Van Weesep J.Fear and Fantasy in the Public Domain:The Development of Secured and Themed Urban Space[J].Journal of Urban Design,2007,12(1):25-42.
[33]Oc T,Tiesdell S.The Fortress,the Panoptic,the Regulator y and the Animated:Planning and Urban Design Approaches to Safer City Centres[J].Landscape Research,1999,24(3):265-286.
[34]Hall E T.The Hidden Dimension[M].New York:Doubleday,1966.
[35]Gehl J.Life Between Buildings:Using Public Space[M].5th ed.Copenhagen:The Danish Architectural Press,2001.
[36]Wallin L.The Stranger on the Green[M]//Light A,Smith J M.Philosophy and Geography II:The Production of Public Space.Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1998:99-113.
[37]Kayden J S.Using and Misusing Law to Design the Public Realm[M]//Ben-Joseph E,Szold T S.Regulating Place:Standards and the Shaping of Urban America.New York:Routledge,2005:115-140.
[38]Jacobs J.The Death and Life of Great American Cities[M].London:Jonathon Cape,1962.
[39]Whyte W H.The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces[M].New York:Project for Public Spaces,1980.
[40]Carmona M,Tiesdell S,Heath T,Oc T.Public Places-Urban Spaces:The Dimensions of Urban Design[M].2nd ed.Oxford,UK:Architectural Press,2010.
[41]Francis M.Control as a Dimension of Public-Space Quality[M]//Altman I,Zube E H.Public Places and Spaces.New York:Plenum Press,1989:147-172.
[42]Franck K A,Paxson L.Women and Urban Public Space[M]//Altman I,Zube E H.Public Places and Spaces.New York:Plenum Press,1989:121-146.
[43]莱坊.围城困局,谨慎前行——商业综合体的发展趋势及成功要素[R].莱坊商业地产研究报告,2014.[2016-01-12].http://content.knightfrank.com/research/686/documents/en/mixed-use-developmentwhite-paper-2346.pdf.