畦灌液施方式对夏玉米灌溉质量和水分利用率的影响
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摘要
通过田间夏玉米畦灌试验,分析畦灌液施方式对作物生长和土壤水氮的影响,评价不同处理下的灌溉施肥质量和水分利用效率,探究适宜的畦灌液施方式。在畦田试验中选择不同畦宽、施肥时机和改水成数,采用正交设计选取最优的液施组合。结果表明,不同畦灌处理对土壤水氮存储效率影响不显著,但对水氮均匀度产生显著影响,土壤水分存储效率(59%～63%)略低于氮素存储效率(61%～64%),而均匀度(95%～99%)略高于氮素均匀度(85%～94%)。畦宽、施肥时机和改水成数显著影响夏玉米产量和水分利用效率。综合各项指标考虑,畦宽为1.5m、改水成数为95%和灌溉到畦长1/2时施肥的畦灌灌水施肥方式下具有较高的土壤水氮储存效率(63.36%和64.01%)和均匀度(98.71%和94.42%),为作物高效吸收利用提供较为均匀的土壤状态,从而获得较高产量(9 886.1kg/hm2)和水分利用效率(2.62kg/(hm2·mm))。
Field experiment of border irrigation of summer maize was conducted to analyze the effect of border fertigation model on crop growth as well as soil water and nitrogen,evaluate the irrigation fertilization quality and water using efficiency under different treatment,and investigate suitable model of border fertigation.Different border width,fertilization timing,and inflow cutoff were selected in the field experiment,and the optimum level combination of fertigation was selected by orthogonal design.The results showed that the influence of different treatment on storage efficiency of soil water and nitrogen are not significant,but the effect on soil nitrate uniformity is obvious and it is same to soil water.The storage efficiency of soil water(59%～63%)were lower than that of soil nitrogen(61%～64%)while the uniformity of soil water(95%～99%)were higher than that of soil nitrogen(85%～94%).The yield and water using efficiency were significant affected by border width,timing of fertilization and inflow cutoff.Considering all the indexes,the border fertigation model with the border width of 1.5 m,the inflow cutoff of 95%,and applying fertilizer as water advanced at 1/2 of the border length showed higher storage efficiency(63.36%and 64.01%)and uniformity(98.71% and 94.42%)of soil water and nitrogen,was benefit to form a uniform soil condition for crops absorption and uptake,and could achieve a higher yield(9 886.1 kg/hm2)and water using efficiency(2.62 kg/(hm2·mm)).
Field experiment of border irrigation of summer maize was conducted to analyze the effect of border fertigation model on crop growth as well as soil water and nitrogen,evaluate the irrigation fertilization quality and water using efficiency under different treatment,and investigate suitable model of border fertigation.Different border width,fertilization timing,and inflow cutoff were selected in the field experiment,and the optimum level combination of fertigation was selected by orthogonal design.The results showed that the influence of different treatment on storage efficiency of soil water and nitrogen are not significant,but the effect on soil nitrate uniformity is obvious and it is same to soil water.The storage efficiency of soil water(59%～63%)were lower than that of soil nitrogen(61%～64%)while the uniformity of soil water(95%～99%)were higher than that of soil nitrogen(85%～94%).The yield and water using efficiency were significant affected by border width,timing of fertilization and inflow cutoff.Considering all the indexes,the border fertigation model with the border width of 1.5 m,the inflow cutoff of 95%,and applying fertilizer as water advanced at 1/2 of the border length showed higher storage efficiency(63.36%and 64.01%)and uniformity(98.71% and 94.42%)of soil water and nitrogen,was benefit to form a uniform soil condition for crops absorption and uptake,and could achieve a higher yield(9 886.1 kg/hm2)and water using efficiency(2.62 kg/(hm2·mm)).
引文
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[13]李儒,崔荣美,贾志宽,等.不同沟垄覆盖方式对冬小麦土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(16):3312-3322.
[14]张朝晖,樊惠芳,靳世昌,等.冬小麦膜缝畦灌综合技术参数的确定[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(6):154-156.
[15]白美健,许迪,李益农,等.畦灌撒施与液施硫酸铵地表水流和土壤中氮素时空分布特征[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(8):19-24.
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[18]任伟,赵鑫,黄收兵,等.不同密度下增施有机肥对夏玉米物质生产及产量构成的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(10):1146-1155.
[19] Adamsen F J,Hunsaker D J,Perea H.Border strip fertigation:Effect of injection strategies on the distribution of bromide[J].2005,48(2):529-540.
[20]聂卫波,费良军,马孝义.基于土壤入渗参数空间变异性的畦灌灌水质量评价[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(1):100-105.
[21]白美健,许迪,李益农.不同微地形条件下入渗空间变异对畦灌性能影响分析[J].水利学报,2010,41(6):732-738.
[22] Abbasi F,Adamsen F J,Hunsaker D J,et al.Effects of flow depth on water flow and solute transport in furrow irrigation:Field data analysis[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,2003,129(4):237-246.
[23] Shouse P,Feyen J,Genuchten M T V,et al.Overland water flow and solute transport:Model development and field-data analysis[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,2003,129(2):71-81.
[24]任开兴.丘陵山区波涌沟灌试验及其技术要素优化[D].山西晋中:山西农业大学,2003.
[25] Mohan S,Vijayalakshmi D P.Prediction of irrigation return flows through a hierarchical modeling approach[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(2):233-246.
[26]陈新国,张寄阳,申孝军,等.畦灌不同施肥模式对夏玉米田间水氮分布的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):140-148.
[27]李昊儒,梅旭荣,郝卫平,等.不同灌溉施肥制度对土壤水分变化及夏玉米产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2012,31(4):72-74.
[28]张学林,王群,赵亚丽,等.施氮水平和收获时期对夏玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2565-2572.
[29]王宜伦,刘天学,赵鹏,等.施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量与氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(12):2483-2491.
[30]翟丙年,李生秀.不同水分状况下施氮对夏玉米水分利用效率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):473-480.
[31]王瑜,宁堂原,迟淑筠,等.不同施磷水平下灌水量对小麦水分利用特征及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(3):232-237.
[2]阚常庆,廖梓龙,龙胤慧.畦灌技术研究进展[J].水科学与工程技术,2012(3):1-4.
[3]石玉林,卢良恕.中国农业需水与节水高效农业建设[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[4]梁艳萍,许迪,李益农,等.冬小麦不同畦灌施肥模式水氮分布田间试验[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(3):22-27.
[5]任建民,李明顺,董玉云,等.水平畦灌技术参数对灌水质量及春小麦产量影响的试验研究[J].水利水电技术,2010,41(4):75-77.
[6]阳晓原,范兴科,冯浩,等.低定额畦灌技术参数研究[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(2):227-230.
[7]郑和祥,史海滨,程满金,等.畦田灌水质量评价及水分利用效率分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(6):1-6.
[8] Ebrahimian H,Liaghat A,Parsinejad M,et al.Distribution and loss of water and nitrate under alternate and conventional furrow fertigation[J].Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research,2012,10(3):849-864.
[9] Sabillón G N,Merkley G P.Fertigation guidelines for furrow irrigation[J].Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research,2004,2(4):576-587.
[10] Strelkoff T S,Clemmens A J,Perea-Estrada H.Calculation of non-reactive chemical distribution in surface fertigation[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2006,86(1):93-101.
[11]im7)u nek J,Bristow K L,Helalia S A,et al.The effect of different fertigation strategies and furrow surface treatments on plant water and nitrogen use[J].Irrigation Science,2016,34(1):53-69.
[12]齐林,陈雨海,周勋波,等.冬小麦种植模式对水分利用效率的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(7):1888-1895.
[13]李儒,崔荣美,贾志宽,等.不同沟垄覆盖方式对冬小麦土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(16):3312-3322.
[14]张朝晖,樊惠芳,靳世昌,等.冬小麦膜缝畦灌综合技术参数的确定[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(6):154-156.
[15]白美健,许迪,李益农,等.畦灌撒施与液施硫酸铵地表水流和土壤中氮素时空分布特征[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(8):19-24.
[16]朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783.
[17]许迪,蔡林根,王少丽,等.农业持续发展的农田水土管理研究[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2000.
[18]任伟,赵鑫,黄收兵,等.不同密度下增施有机肥对夏玉米物质生产及产量构成的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(10):1146-1155.
[19] Adamsen F J,Hunsaker D J,Perea H.Border strip fertigation:Effect of injection strategies on the distribution of bromide[J].2005,48(2):529-540.
[20]聂卫波,费良军,马孝义.基于土壤入渗参数空间变异性的畦灌灌水质量评价[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(1):100-105.
[21]白美健,许迪,李益农.不同微地形条件下入渗空间变异对畦灌性能影响分析[J].水利学报,2010,41(6):732-738.
[22] Abbasi F,Adamsen F J,Hunsaker D J,et al.Effects of flow depth on water flow and solute transport in furrow irrigation:Field data analysis[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,2003,129(4):237-246.
[23] Shouse P,Feyen J,Genuchten M T V,et al.Overland water flow and solute transport:Model development and field-data analysis[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,2003,129(2):71-81.
[24]任开兴.丘陵山区波涌沟灌试验及其技术要素优化[D].山西晋中:山西农业大学,2003.
[25] Mohan S,Vijayalakshmi D P.Prediction of irrigation return flows through a hierarchical modeling approach[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(2):233-246.
[26]陈新国,张寄阳,申孝军,等.畦灌不同施肥模式对夏玉米田间水氮分布的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):140-148.
[27]李昊儒,梅旭荣,郝卫平,等.不同灌溉施肥制度对土壤水分变化及夏玉米产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2012,31(4):72-74.
[28]张学林,王群,赵亚丽,等.施氮水平和收获时期对夏玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2565-2572.
[29]王宜伦,刘天学,赵鹏,等.施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量与氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(12):2483-2491.
[30]翟丙年,李生秀.不同水分状况下施氮对夏玉米水分利用效率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):473-480.
[31]王瑜,宁堂原,迟淑筠,等.不同施磷水平下灌水量对小麦水分利用特征及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(3):232-237.