晚清癸卯学制时期体育教师培养培训机构特征研究
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摘要
癸卯学制的颁布揭开了体育教师教育专业化的序幕,清政府相关政策的出台,加速了体育教师培养培训机构建设的进程。采用文献资料和逻辑分析等研究方法,对癸卯学制期间体育教师培养培训机构的创设时间、办学性质、命名方式、地域分布、学制及招生规模、课程设置等方面的特征进行了分析。研究认为:当时的机构主要创设于1905—1908年之间;各机构的办学性质主要有官办、会办和民办3种形式,不同性质其办学目的存在较大差异;各机构的命名门类繁多,以体操专修科、体育学堂、体操传习所3类为主,不同命名方式隐含着不同特点;机构的地域分布不平衡,主要集中在浙江、四川、上海、江苏;各机构的学制主要有半年以下、半年、1年、1年半、2年5种形式;其招生规模多在100人以下;当时的毕业生数量远远不能满足各级各类学堂所需;各机构已经有了相对完整的课程体系,该课程体系以"仿日"为主,且渗透着由"体操"到"体育"转变的体育教师教育课程改革理念。
The enactment of Guimao Schooling System marked the beginning of the professionalization of physical education (PE) teachers' training. Relevant policies issued by the late Qing Dynasty government accelerated the development of training institutions for PE teachers. By using the methods of literature review and logical analysis,this study analyzed the characteristics of PE teacher training institutions from aspects of establishing time,nature of school-running,naming method,regional distribution,length of schooling,enrollment scale and the course setting in the period of Guimao Schooling System in late Qing Dynasty. It is found that the training institutions were established from 1905 to 1908. There were three main types of running schools: government-run,association-run and private-run. There were great differences in the aims of running schools among different types of institutions. There were various naming categories of these institutions,mainly gymnastics specialty,PE school and gymnastics training center. Different naming methods implied different characteristics. The regional distribution of these institutions was unbalanced,mainly concentrating on Zhejiang province,Sichuan province,Jiangsu province and Shanghai. The schooling length of institutions was mainly less than half a year,six months,one year,one and half year,or two years. The enrollment scale was mostly less than 100 students. The number of graduates was far from enough to meet the needs of various schools at all levels. The institutions had a relatively complete curriculum system; this curriculum system was based on imitation of Japan,and permeated the concept of curriculum reform of PE teachers from "gymnastics"to "physical education".
The enactment of Guimao Schooling System marked the beginning of the professionalization of physical education (PE) teachers' training. Relevant policies issued by the late Qing Dynasty government accelerated the development of training institutions for PE teachers. By using the methods of literature review and logical analysis,this study analyzed the characteristics of PE teacher training institutions from aspects of establishing time,nature of school-running,naming method,regional distribution,length of schooling,enrollment scale and the course setting in the period of Guimao Schooling System in late Qing Dynasty. It is found that the training institutions were established from 1905 to 1908. There were three main types of running schools: government-run,association-run and private-run. There were great differences in the aims of running schools among different types of institutions. There were various naming categories of these institutions,mainly gymnastics specialty,PE school and gymnastics training center. Different naming methods implied different characteristics. The regional distribution of these institutions was unbalanced,mainly concentrating on Zhejiang province,Sichuan province,Jiangsu province and Shanghai. The schooling length of institutions was mainly less than half a year,six months,one year,one and half year,or two years. The enrollment scale was mostly less than 100 students. The number of graduates was far from enough to meet the needs of various schools at all levels. The institutions had a relatively complete curriculum system; this curriculum system was based on imitation of Japan,and permeated the concept of curriculum reform of PE teachers from "gymnastics"to "physical education".
引文
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[33]曹守和.浙江体育史[M].杭州:杭州出版社,2014:88.
[34]吴汉民. 20世纪上海文史资料文库第8辑教育科技[M].上海:上海书店出版社,1999:299-300.
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[2]体育文史资料编审委员会.体育史料(第1辑)[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1980:44.
[3]苏竞存.中国近代学校体育史[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1994:66-98.
[4]薛理勇.上海掌故辞典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1999:267.
[5]体育文史资料编审委员会.体育史料第三辑[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1981:2.
[6]林小美.清末民初中国武术文化发展研究[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2012:91.
[7]台州市地方志编纂委员会办公室.《台州地区志》志余辑要[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,1996:164.
[8]成都体育学院体育史研究室.中国近代体育史简编[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1981:70.
[9]关世雄.成人教育辞典[M].北京:职工教育出版社,1990:45.
[10]舒新城.中国近代教育史资料(中册)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1985:683-692.
[11]高俊,清末劝学所研究:以宝山县为中心[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2013:86.
[12]李友芝.中外师范教育辞典[M].北京:中国广播电视出版社,1994:283.
[13]刘亚云.湖湘体育文化发展研究[M].湖南:湖南师范大学出版社,2007:124.
[14]朱有瓛.中国近代教育史资料汇编·教育行政机构及教育团体[M]上海:上海教育出版社,2007:8-10.
[15]王笛.清末“新政”与四川近代教育的兴起[J].四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1985(2):95-122.
[16]笹岛恒辅.中国体育史近代中国体育运动史[M].北京:中国体育史学会编辑部,1985:137.
[17]彭小峰.衡岳漫话[M].北京:中华书局,2005:164.
[18]周治华.苏州全国之最[M].杭州:江苏科学技术出版社,1994:265.
[19]夏征农.辞海[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2009:2587.
[20]四川省地方志编纂委员会.四川省志·体育志[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1998:315.
[21]云南省地方志编纂委员会.云南省志·体育志[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,1994:555.
[22]曹守和.浙江体育史[M].杭州:杭州出版社,2014:88.
[22]河南省地方史志编纂委员会.河南省志·体育志[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,1993:11.
[23]陈安槐.体育大辞典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2000:1014.
[25]体育文史资料编审委员会.体育史料(第7辑)[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1982:32.
[26]朱飞.四川广记(第一卷)[M].成都:四川出版集团天地出版社,2008:501.
[27]济南市志编纂委员会.济南年鉴1990[M].济南:济南出版社,1990:323.
[28]顾明远.教育大辞典10[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1991:176.
[29]杨玉荣.中国近代伦理学核心术语的生成研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2013:92.
[30]中国革命博物馆.近代中国报1839-1919插图本[M].北京:首都师范大学出版社,2000:633.
[31]中国历史大辞典·清史卷编纂委员会.中国历史大辞典·清史卷(下)[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1992:477.
[32]吴文忠.中国体育发展史[M].台北:教育资料馆出版社,1981:379.
[33]曹守和.浙江体育史[M].杭州:杭州出版社,2014:88.
[34]吴汉民. 20世纪上海文史资料文库第8辑教育科技[M].上海:上海书店出版社,1999:299-300.
[35]罗时铭.中国体育通史(第3卷1840-1926年)[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2008:72.
[36]临海市政协文史组.临海文史资料(第3辑)辛亥革命专辑[M].台州:浙江省台州日报印刷厂,1990:87.
[37]学校体育大辞典编委会.学校体育大辞典[M].武汉:武汉工业大学出版社,1994:787.
[38]薛理勇.上海掌故辞典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1999:267.
[39]王颢霖.从学科交叉与分化管窥近代中国体育学演进发展[J].体育科学,2015,35(6):3-12.