五官完整度对自闭症儿童面孔表情性别识别的影响
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摘要
为探讨自闭症儿童在不同面孔遮蔽部位和不同面孔表情下的性别识别能力,本研究选取自闭症、智力障碍和普通儿童各21名对240张面孔表情图片进行性别识别。结果发现,自闭症儿童的性别识别正确率显著低于普通儿童,且表现出对中性和高兴表情的识别优于生气表情,同时在遮蔽眼睛时正确率最低。研究认为,自闭症儿童的总体性别识别能力偏低,且受面孔遮蔽部位和表情类型的影响显著,在面孔表情加工过程中体现出较为明显的局部加工特征。
This paper mainly studied three contents:first,whether different parts of face covering affected face gender recognition for children with autism.Second,whether the types of expressions affected face gender recognition for them.Last,if there was any difference between children with autism and other children when recognizing face gender.This study was a 3(types of children:children with autism,children with intellectual disability and typically developing children) × 3(types of expression:happy,neutral and angry) × 4(covered positions:eye,mouth,nose and none) mixed design.63 children were enrolled in the study,including 21 children with autism,21 children with intellectual disability and 21 typically developing children.The stimuli were 240 face images.The experimental procedure of this study was completed by e-Prime.In the formal test,presentation was shown first.Then the gaze point "+" was presented in the middle of the screen.The stimulus transferred automatically to the interface 1000 ms later.We did not set time for stimulus,but when someone made key reaction,it transferred automatically to the blank.The blank page lasted for 1000 ms.The next round of stimulus interface was followed by a random presentation of stimulus interface.Each of the 60 pictures was taken off during the experiment.The experiment mainly determined two correct analysis indices of facial gender recognition:correct rate and correct reaction time.Variance analysis was used as the dependent variable with the type of test,and the types of expressions and the covering parts of face were as independent variables.The results showed that the main effect of the types of expressions is significant,F(2,120)=145.056,p=.000,ηp2=.707.The main effect of types of children was closely significant,F(2,60)=2.563,p=.086,ηp2=.079.When further compared,it showed that the accuracy of face recognition(M=.756,SE=.015) was higher in typical development children than in children with autism(M=.710,SE=.015).The interaction effect were significant between the types of children and the types of facial expressions,F(4,120)=4.641,p=0.002,ηp2=.134.The interaction effect was significant between the types of facial expressions and the parts of facial covering.Correct reaction time was used as the dependent variable with the type of test,and the types of expressions and the covering parts of face are as independent variables.The results showed that the main effect of types of children was not significant,F(2,60)=1.921,p=.155.The main effect of the types of expressions was not significant,F(2,120)=2.368,p=.098.The main effect of the parts of facial covering was not significant,F(3,180)=.733,p=.533.The main conclusions of this study were as follows:first,the face recognition ability of children with autism was not as better as typically developing children,and there was a significant difference between typically developing children and mentally retarded children.Second,the processing of facial gender recognition for children with autism was affected by the expression types,which showed that the neutral expression was better than the happy expression and the happy expression was better than angry expression.Third,children with autism showed obvious local processing features in the process of facial gender recognition,which mainly relied on eye information for face gender recognition.
This paper mainly studied three contents:first,whether different parts of face covering affected face gender recognition for children with autism.Second,whether the types of expressions affected face gender recognition for them.Last,if there was any difference between children with autism and other children when recognizing face gender.This study was a 3(types of children:children with autism,children with intellectual disability and typically developing children) × 3(types of expression:happy,neutral and angry) × 4(covered positions:eye,mouth,nose and none) mixed design.63 children were enrolled in the study,including 21 children with autism,21 children with intellectual disability and 21 typically developing children.The stimuli were 240 face images.The experimental procedure of this study was completed by e-Prime.In the formal test,presentation was shown first.Then the gaze point "+" was presented in the middle of the screen.The stimulus transferred automatically to the interface 1000 ms later.We did not set time for stimulus,but when someone made key reaction,it transferred automatically to the blank.The blank page lasted for 1000 ms.The next round of stimulus interface was followed by a random presentation of stimulus interface.Each of the 60 pictures was taken off during the experiment.The experiment mainly determined two correct analysis indices of facial gender recognition:correct rate and correct reaction time.Variance analysis was used as the dependent variable with the type of test,and the types of expressions and the covering parts of face were as independent variables.The results showed that the main effect of the types of expressions is significant,F(2,120)=145.056,p=.000,ηp2=.707.The main effect of types of children was closely significant,F(2,60)=2.563,p=.086,ηp2=.079.When further compared,it showed that the accuracy of face recognition(M=.756,SE=.015) was higher in typical development children than in children with autism(M=.710,SE=.015).The interaction effect were significant between the types of children and the types of facial expressions,F(4,120)=4.641,p=0.002,ηp2=.134.The interaction effect was significant between the types of facial expressions and the parts of facial covering.Correct reaction time was used as the dependent variable with the type of test,and the types of expressions and the covering parts of face are as independent variables.The results showed that the main effect of types of children was not significant,F(2,60)=1.921,p=.155.The main effect of the types of expressions was not significant,F(2,120)=2.368,p=.098.The main effect of the parts of facial covering was not significant,F(3,180)=.733,p=.533.The main conclusions of this study were as follows:first,the face recognition ability of children with autism was not as better as typically developing children,and there was a significant difference between typically developing children and mentally retarded children.Second,the processing of facial gender recognition for children with autism was affected by the expression types,which showed that the neutral expression was better than the happy expression and the happy expression was better than angry expression.Third,children with autism showed obvious local processing features in the process of facial gender recognition,which mainly relied on eye information for face gender recognition.
引文
常倩倩,孙圣涛.(2009).中重度智力落后儿童性别认知的研究.中国特殊教育,12,32-35.
范珍桃,方富熹.(2006).学前儿童性别恒常性的发展.心理学报,38(1),63-69.
谷莉,白学军.(2014).成人与幼儿面部表情注意偏好的眼动研究.心理科学,37(1),101-105.
郝艳斌,王福兴,谢和平,安婧,王玉鑫,刘华山.(2018).自闭症谱系障碍者的面孔加工特点--眼动研究的元分析.心理科学进展,26(1),26-41.
蒋重清,郭姗姗,刘丽莎,郑怡,陈晓宇,王爽.(2016).面孔的表情信息优先于性别信息加工:来自直接比较的证据.心理科学,39(5),1045-1050.
刘华孝,周国梅.(2010).面孔识别的整体/分析加工研究范式.心理科学,33(2),436-438.
马玉,王立新,魏柳青,冯晴,张学民.(2011).自闭症者的视觉认知障碍及其神经机制.中国特殊教育,4,60-65.
邱天龙,杜晓新,张伟锋,蔡勇刚,张雷,张青.(2013).眼部、嘴部信息削弱对自闭症儿童表情识别的影响.中国特殊教育,5,37-41.
王磊,冯建新.(2017).面孔呈现特征对自闭谱系障碍面孔识别的影响.中国特殊教育,3,32-37.
吴彬星,张智君,孙雨生.(2015).面孔熟悉度对面孔性别与表情相互作用的调节.心理学报,47(10),1201-1212.
Aguado,L.,García-Gutierrez,A.,&Serrano-Pedraza,I.(2009).Symmetrical interaction of sex and expression in face classification tasks.Perception and Psychophysics,71(1),9-25.
Becker,D.V.,Kenrick,D.T.,Neuberg,S.L.,Blackwell,K.C.,&Smith,D.M.(2007).The confounded nature of angry men and happy women.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,92(2),179-190.
Best,C.A.,Minshew,N.J.,&Strauss,M.S.(2010).Gender discrimination of eyes and mouths by individuals with autism.Autism Research,3(2),88-93.
Dupuis-Roy,N.,Fortin,I.,Fiset,D.,&Gosselin,F.(2009).Uncovering gender discrimination cues in a realistic setting.Journal of Vision,9(2),1-8.
Evers,K.,van Belle,G.,Steyaert,J.,Noens,I.,&Wagemans,J.(2018).Gazecontingent display changes as new window on analytical and holistic face perception in children with autism spectrum disorder.Child Development,89(2),430-445.
Hess,U.,Adams,R.B.,Jr.,Grammer,K.,Kleck,R.E.(2009).Face gender and emotion expression:Are angry women more like men?Journal of Vision,9(12),1-8.
Johnels,J.?.,Hovey,D.,Zürcher,N.,Hippolyte,L.,Lemonnier,E.,Gillberg,C.,&Hadjikhani,N.(2017).Autism and emotional face-viewing.Autism Research,10(5),901-910.
Joseph,R.M.,&Tanaka,J.(2003).Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,44(4),529-542.
Kecskés-Kovács,K.,Sulykos,I.,&Czigler,I.(2013).Visual mismatch negativity is sensitive to symmetry as a perceptual category.European Journal of Neuroscience,37(4),662-667.
Kikuchi,Y.,Senju,A.,Hasegawa,T.,Tojo,Y.,&Osanai,H.(2013).The effect of spatial frequency and face inversion on facial expression processing in children with autism spectrum disorder.Japanese Psychological Research,55(2),118-130.
Klin,A.,Jones,W.,Schultz,R.,Volkmar,F.,&Cohen,D.(2002).Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism.Arch Gen Psychiatry,59(5),809-816.
Lipp,O.V.,Karnadewi,F.,Craig,B.M.,&Cronin,S.L.(2015).Stimulus set size modulates the sex-emotion interaction in face categorization.Attention,Perception,and Psychophysics,77(4),1285-1294.
Neel,R.,Becker,D.V.,Neuberg,S.L.,&Kenrick,D.T.(2012).Who expressed what emotion?Men grab anger,women grab happiness.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48(2),583-586.
Neumann,D.,Spezio,M.L.,Piven,J.,&Adolphs,R.(2006).Looking you in the mouth:Abnormal gaze in autism resulting from impaired top-down modulation of visual attention.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,1(3),194-202.
Nuske,H.J.,Vivanti,G.,&Dissanayake,C.(2015).No evidence of emotional dysregulation or aversion to mutual gaze in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder:An eye-tracking pupillometry Study.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,45(11),3433-3445.
Pixton,T.S.(2011).Happy to see me,aren't you,Sally?Signal detection analysis of emotion detection in briefly presented male and female faces.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,52(4),361-368.
Rigoulot,S.,D'Hondt,F.,Honoré,J.,&Sequeira,H.(2012).Implicit emotional processing in peripheral vision:Behavioral and neural evidence.Neuropsychologia,50(12),2887-2896.
Rutherford,M.D.,Clements,K.A.,&Sekuler,A.B.(2007).Differences in discrimination of eye and mouth displacement in autism spectrum disorders.Vision Research,47(15),2099-2110.
Tanaka,J.W.,&Sung,A.(2016).The“eye avoidance”hypothesis of autism face processing.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,46(5),1538-1552.
van der Geest,J.N.,Kemner,C.,Verbaten,M.N.,&van Engeland,H.(2002).Gaze behavior of children with pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces:A fixation time study.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,43(5),669-678.
van Dillen,L.F.,Lakens,D.,&van den Bos,K.(2011).At face value:Categorization goals modulate vigilance for angry faces.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,47(1),235-240.
范珍桃,方富熹.(2006).学前儿童性别恒常性的发展.心理学报,38(1),63-69.
谷莉,白学军.(2014).成人与幼儿面部表情注意偏好的眼动研究.心理科学,37(1),101-105.
郝艳斌,王福兴,谢和平,安婧,王玉鑫,刘华山.(2018).自闭症谱系障碍者的面孔加工特点--眼动研究的元分析.心理科学进展,26(1),26-41.
蒋重清,郭姗姗,刘丽莎,郑怡,陈晓宇,王爽.(2016).面孔的表情信息优先于性别信息加工:来自直接比较的证据.心理科学,39(5),1045-1050.
刘华孝,周国梅.(2010).面孔识别的整体/分析加工研究范式.心理科学,33(2),436-438.
马玉,王立新,魏柳青,冯晴,张学民.(2011).自闭症者的视觉认知障碍及其神经机制.中国特殊教育,4,60-65.
邱天龙,杜晓新,张伟锋,蔡勇刚,张雷,张青.(2013).眼部、嘴部信息削弱对自闭症儿童表情识别的影响.中国特殊教育,5,37-41.
王磊,冯建新.(2017).面孔呈现特征对自闭谱系障碍面孔识别的影响.中国特殊教育,3,32-37.
吴彬星,张智君,孙雨生.(2015).面孔熟悉度对面孔性别与表情相互作用的调节.心理学报,47(10),1201-1212.
Aguado,L.,García-Gutierrez,A.,&Serrano-Pedraza,I.(2009).Symmetrical interaction of sex and expression in face classification tasks.Perception and Psychophysics,71(1),9-25.
Becker,D.V.,Kenrick,D.T.,Neuberg,S.L.,Blackwell,K.C.,&Smith,D.M.(2007).The confounded nature of angry men and happy women.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,92(2),179-190.
Best,C.A.,Minshew,N.J.,&Strauss,M.S.(2010).Gender discrimination of eyes and mouths by individuals with autism.Autism Research,3(2),88-93.
Dupuis-Roy,N.,Fortin,I.,Fiset,D.,&Gosselin,F.(2009).Uncovering gender discrimination cues in a realistic setting.Journal of Vision,9(2),1-8.
Evers,K.,van Belle,G.,Steyaert,J.,Noens,I.,&Wagemans,J.(2018).Gazecontingent display changes as new window on analytical and holistic face perception in children with autism spectrum disorder.Child Development,89(2),430-445.
Hess,U.,Adams,R.B.,Jr.,Grammer,K.,Kleck,R.E.(2009).Face gender and emotion expression:Are angry women more like men?Journal of Vision,9(12),1-8.
Johnels,J.?.,Hovey,D.,Zürcher,N.,Hippolyte,L.,Lemonnier,E.,Gillberg,C.,&Hadjikhani,N.(2017).Autism and emotional face-viewing.Autism Research,10(5),901-910.
Joseph,R.M.,&Tanaka,J.(2003).Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,44(4),529-542.
Kecskés-Kovács,K.,Sulykos,I.,&Czigler,I.(2013).Visual mismatch negativity is sensitive to symmetry as a perceptual category.European Journal of Neuroscience,37(4),662-667.
Kikuchi,Y.,Senju,A.,Hasegawa,T.,Tojo,Y.,&Osanai,H.(2013).The effect of spatial frequency and face inversion on facial expression processing in children with autism spectrum disorder.Japanese Psychological Research,55(2),118-130.
Klin,A.,Jones,W.,Schultz,R.,Volkmar,F.,&Cohen,D.(2002).Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism.Arch Gen Psychiatry,59(5),809-816.
Lipp,O.V.,Karnadewi,F.,Craig,B.M.,&Cronin,S.L.(2015).Stimulus set size modulates the sex-emotion interaction in face categorization.Attention,Perception,and Psychophysics,77(4),1285-1294.
Neel,R.,Becker,D.V.,Neuberg,S.L.,&Kenrick,D.T.(2012).Who expressed what emotion?Men grab anger,women grab happiness.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48(2),583-586.
Neumann,D.,Spezio,M.L.,Piven,J.,&Adolphs,R.(2006).Looking you in the mouth:Abnormal gaze in autism resulting from impaired top-down modulation of visual attention.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,1(3),194-202.
Nuske,H.J.,Vivanti,G.,&Dissanayake,C.(2015).No evidence of emotional dysregulation or aversion to mutual gaze in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder:An eye-tracking pupillometry Study.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,45(11),3433-3445.
Pixton,T.S.(2011).Happy to see me,aren't you,Sally?Signal detection analysis of emotion detection in briefly presented male and female faces.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,52(4),361-368.
Rigoulot,S.,D'Hondt,F.,Honoré,J.,&Sequeira,H.(2012).Implicit emotional processing in peripheral vision:Behavioral and neural evidence.Neuropsychologia,50(12),2887-2896.
Rutherford,M.D.,Clements,K.A.,&Sekuler,A.B.(2007).Differences in discrimination of eye and mouth displacement in autism spectrum disorders.Vision Research,47(15),2099-2110.
Tanaka,J.W.,&Sung,A.(2016).The“eye avoidance”hypothesis of autism face processing.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,46(5),1538-1552.
van der Geest,J.N.,Kemner,C.,Verbaten,M.N.,&van Engeland,H.(2002).Gaze behavior of children with pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces:A fixation time study.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,43(5),669-678.
van Dillen,L.F.,Lakens,D.,&van den Bos,K.(2011).At face value:Categorization goals modulate vigilance for angry faces.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,47(1),235-240.