东北虎豹国家公园黑龙江片区保护地社区经济与公众认知调查分析
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摘要
近几年随着国家不断重视生态文明建设,加快资源整合,建立符合中国国情的自然保护地已经成为趋势和重中之重。我国现在处于国家公园发展与探索的关键时期,不仅仅需要将保护工作作为头等任务,还需考虑当地经济发展与公园建设的关系,协调好保护与利用之间的矛盾。基于以上目的,本文对东北虎豹国家公园(黑龙江试点区域内)所涉及的保护地,包括:穆棱东北红豆杉国家级自然保护区、六峰山国家森林公园以及东宁老爷岭东北虎国家级自然保护区,对其社会经济生活以及公众认知进行了实地调查。采用了问卷调查法与访谈法相结合,实际调研,调查结果表明:(1)该区域内经济发展依赖于森林资源,主要经济来源依靠经济作物种植或固定收入(工资或养老金);(2)资源开发过于单一与简单,无法从多个方面带动当地经济;(3)国家公园公众教育工作成效显著,社区居民与职工都十分了解与支持国家公园建设,但此态度大多建立在对未来国家政策以及发展前景的期许。最后,本文进一步讨论了东北虎豹国家公园保护与发展的必要性以及对国有林区职工社会福利进行了预期,发现在虎豹公园试点期间,旗舰种数量明显增加,生态环境恢复较好,保护力度大,保护效果明显,但对经济的刺激较小,并未直接提高职工与居民的经济生活水平;职工对社会福利的提升有一定渴求,参考其他中国国家公园试点工作的进程与经验,以上问题与矛盾在今后能够得到较好的解决。
In recent years,China's government has continuously prioritized the construction of ecological civilization. Accelerating the integration of resources and establishing a natural protection zone in line with China's national conditions has become a trend and a top priority. China is now in a critical period of development and exploration of national parks. It is not only necessary to take conservation work as a top priority,but also to consider the relationship between local economic development and park construction,and to manage the contradiction between protection and utilization. We investigated the social and economic life and local awareness of the protection sites involved in the Northeast Tiger Leopard National Park( in the Heilongjiang pilot area) including the Muling Japanese Yew( Taxus cuspidata) National Nature Reserve,Liufeng Mountain National Forest Park,and Dongning Laoyeling Siberian Tiger National Nature Reserve. We conducted questionnaire surveys and interviews. Surveys showed that:( 1) Regional economic development depends on forest resources,and the main current contributors to the economy are farming and fixed income( salary or pension).( 2) Resource development is too limited and too simple to drive the local economy.( 3) Public education in national parks has achieved remarkable results,and community residents and employees are aware of and support the construction of national parks,but this attitude is based on expectations of future national policies and development prospects. We discuss the need to protect and develop the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park and the meet the social welfare expectations of the employees in the state-owned forest area. During the pilot period of the Tiger Leopard Park,the population sizes of flagship species increased significantly,and the ecological environment recovered. Local support is strong and the protection effect is obvious,but the stimulus to the economy is small,and it does not directly improve the living standards of employees and residents; employees desire improved social welfare. We review the process and experience of other Chinese national park pilot work.
In recent years,China's government has continuously prioritized the construction of ecological civilization. Accelerating the integration of resources and establishing a natural protection zone in line with China's national conditions has become a trend and a top priority. China is now in a critical period of development and exploration of national parks. It is not only necessary to take conservation work as a top priority,but also to consider the relationship between local economic development and park construction,and to manage the contradiction between protection and utilization. We investigated the social and economic life and local awareness of the protection sites involved in the Northeast Tiger Leopard National Park( in the Heilongjiang pilot area) including the Muling Japanese Yew( Taxus cuspidata) National Nature Reserve,Liufeng Mountain National Forest Park,and Dongning Laoyeling Siberian Tiger National Nature Reserve. We conducted questionnaire surveys and interviews. Surveys showed that:( 1) Regional economic development depends on forest resources,and the main current contributors to the economy are farming and fixed income( salary or pension).( 2) Resource development is too limited and too simple to drive the local economy.( 3) Public education in national parks has achieved remarkable results,and community residents and employees are aware of and support the construction of national parks,but this attitude is based on expectations of future national policies and development prospects. We discuss the need to protect and develop the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park and the meet the social welfare expectations of the employees in the state-owned forest area. During the pilot period of the Tiger Leopard Park,the population sizes of flagship species increased significantly,and the ecological environment recovered. Local support is strong and the protection effect is obvious,but the stimulus to the economy is small,and it does not directly improve the living standards of employees and residents; employees desire improved social welfare. We review the process and experience of other Chinese national park pilot work.
引文
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[2]中共中央办公厅,国务院办公厅.建立国家公园体制总体方案(中办发[2017]55号)[J].生物多样性,2017,25(10):1033-1036.
[3]杨省强.PRA方法与社区共管[J].中国林业,1998(7):40-41.
[4]朱翔.自然保护区巡护管理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002.
[5]李小云.KAP研究法在农业技术采用研究与推广实践中的运用[J].农业技术经济,2001(3):17-19.
[6]周绍春,梁卓,张子栋,等.黑龙江老爷岭东北虎国家级自然保护区东北虎、东北豹猎物资源研究[J].林业科技,2018,43(6):4-6.
[7]林红,李仕凯,付蓉.黑龙江国有林区职工家庭收入与消费支出关联的实证研究[J].林业经济,2018,40(2):36-40.
[8]窦亚权,李娅.我国国家公园建设现状及发展理念探析[J].世界林业研究,2018,31(1):75-80.
[9]彭红松,章锦河,陆林,等.中国国家公园体制建立的若干思考[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,39(6):575-579;612.
[10]钟林生,肖练练.中国国家公园体制试点建设路径选择与研究议题[J].资源科学,2017,39(1):1-10.
[11]苏杨.用国家公园进行野生动物保护的是与非---解读《建立国家公园体制总体方案》之四[J].中国发展观察,2018(2):46-51.
[12]苏红巧,苏杨.国家公园不是旅游景区,但应该发展国家公园旅游[J].旅游学刊,2018,33(8):2-5.
[13]苏杨.国家公园的旅游正道---解读《建立国家公园体制总体方案》之三(下)[J].中国发展观察,2017(24):41-44.
[14]肖艳.东北国有林区发展非公有制林业制度体系研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.
[15]朱震锋,曹玉昆.中国国有林业改革进程中的林区社会福利变迁[J].世界林业研究,2016,29(5):41-47.
[16]劳动部课题组.中国社会保障体系的建立与完善[M].北京:中国经济出版社,1994:16-26.
[17]李瑾.社会福利与社会保障关系再认识---基于社会发展视角的研究[J].法制与社会,2010(7):159-160.