玛纳斯河谷水源地植被生态水位区间研究
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摘要
干旱半干旱地区地下水对植被生长起着至关重要的作用,科学定量植被生长和地下水位埋深的依存关系对干旱区生态维护与修复意义重大。结合野外植被样方调查,采用高斯模型对玛纳斯河谷水源地区域植被特征与地下水埋深间的关系进行了分析,对研究植被生态水位区间的确定进行了探讨。研究结果表明,玛纳斯河谷水源地植被沿河谷洼地向东西两侧阶地呈显著的垂直地带性分布;各种植被多度与地下水埋深间的关系符合高斯分布,灌、草群落对地下水位埋深的响应有显著区别;地下水埋深在1~4 m最适宜灌木植被生长,其限制水位为5.5 m;地下水位埋深在0.5~1.5 m时最适宜草本植物生长,其限制水位为2.5 m。研究区总体的植被生态适宜水位区间为1.0~5.5 m,生态警戒水位为5.5 m,生态水位下限为9 m。
Underground water lever plays an important role for the vegetation growth at arid and semi-arid region, and it has great significance for arid ecological maintenance and repairing through scientifically determining the relationship between vegetation growth factors and the corresponding groundwater level. Based on the field vegetation investigation,Gauss model is used to build the relationship between vegetation characteristics and groundwater depth at the Manaz River valley source area, and the groundwater depth intervals of vegetation are discussed. The results indicate that the vegetation shows a significant vertical zonality towards the east and west sides of the terrace along the valley depression. The relationships between groundwater depth and abundance of all vegetation types are in accordance with Gaussian distribution, and there are some significant differences for shrubs and herbs to groundwater level. Based on the simulation results, shrub plant abundance may achieve the max value when the groundwater depth is 2.6 ms, the most suitable water depth interval is 1~4 m, and the limit water level of shrub plant is 5.5 m. And for the herbaceous plant, abundance may achieve the max value when the ground water depth is 1.0 m, the most suitable water depth interval is 0.5~1.5 m, and the limit water level is 2.5 m. The overall ecological groundwater depth interval of vegetation is 1.0~5.5 m, the ecological warning level is 5.5 m,and the minimum ecological limit of water level is 9.0 m for the source area of Manaz River valley.
Underground water lever plays an important role for the vegetation growth at arid and semi-arid region, and it has great significance for arid ecological maintenance and repairing through scientifically determining the relationship between vegetation growth factors and the corresponding groundwater level. Based on the field vegetation investigation,Gauss model is used to build the relationship between vegetation characteristics and groundwater depth at the Manaz River valley source area, and the groundwater depth intervals of vegetation are discussed. The results indicate that the vegetation shows a significant vertical zonality towards the east and west sides of the terrace along the valley depression. The relationships between groundwater depth and abundance of all vegetation types are in accordance with Gaussian distribution, and there are some significant differences for shrubs and herbs to groundwater level. Based on the simulation results, shrub plant abundance may achieve the max value when the groundwater depth is 2.6 ms, the most suitable water depth interval is 1~4 m, and the limit water level of shrub plant is 5.5 m. And for the herbaceous plant, abundance may achieve the max value when the ground water depth is 1.0 m, the most suitable water depth interval is 0.5~1.5 m, and the limit water level is 2.5 m. The overall ecological groundwater depth interval of vegetation is 1.0~5.5 m, the ecological warning level is 5.5 m,and the minimum ecological limit of water level is 9.0 m for the source area of Manaz River valley.
引文
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[19]侯印伟,李生彩,王常明,等.石羊河流域生态环境的变迁与水资源利用对策[J].环境科学,1992,13(5):58-67.Hou Yinwei,Li Shengcai,Wang Changming,et al.Changes of ecological enviromment in Shiyanghe River basin and measure proposed for rational utilization of water resources[J].Journal of Environmental Science,1992,13(5):58-67.
[20]新疆农业厅土壤普查办公室.新疆土壤[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:23-28.Xinjiang Agriculture Soil Census Office.Xinjiang Soil[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996:23-28.
[21]宋郁东,樊自立,雷志栋,等.中国塔里木河水资源与生态问题研究[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社.2000:249-262.Song Yudong,Fan Zili,Lei Zhidong,et al.Water Resource and the Ecological Problem Research of Tarim River,China[M].Urumqi:Xinjiang People Press,2000:249-262.
[22]荣丽杉,束龙仓,王茂枚,等.合理地下水生态水位的估算方法研究:以塔里木河下游为例[J].地下水,2009(1):12-15,43.Rong Lishan,Shu Longcang,Wang Maomei,et al.Study on estimation method of ecological water level of reasonable groundwater:case study on lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Ground Water,2009(1):12-15,43.
[23]张长春,邵景力,李慈君,等.华北平原地下水生态环境水位研究[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2003(3):323-326,330.Zhang Changchun,Shao Jingli,Li Cijun,et al.Study on the ecological groundwater table in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2003(3):323-326,330.
[24]徐海量,宋郁东,陈亚宁.生态输水后塔里木河下游合理水位探讨[J].水土保持通报,2003,23(5):22-25.Xu Hailiang,Song Yudong,Chen Yaning.Reasonable ground-water level at lower reaches of Tarim River after water transfer[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,23(5):22-25.
[25]王让会,宋郁东.塔里木流域“四源一干”生态需水量的估算[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):19-22.Wang Ranghui,Song Yudong.Estimation on ecological water demand amount in four sources and one main stream area of Tarim Basin[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,15(1):19-22.
[2]Christoffersen B O,Coupe N R,Arain M A,et al.Mechanisms of water supply and vegetation demand govern the seasonality and magnitude of evapotranspiration in Amazonia and Cerrado[J].Agricultural and Forest Metorology,2014,191(1):33-50.
[3]Schimel D S.Dry lands in the earth system[J].Science,2010,327(5964):418-419.
[4]王威.鄂尔多斯兰淖地区地下水开采下植被生态风险评价与预测[D].长春:吉林大学,2009.Wang Wei.Vegetation Ecological Risk Assessment under the Impact of Groundwater Withdraw in Wulannao Area,Ordos Basin[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2009.
[5]贾利民,郭中小,龙胤慧,等.干旱区地下水生态水位研究进展[J].生态科学,2015,34(2):187-193.Jia Limin,Guo Zhongxiao,Long Yinhui,et al.Research advances in ecological groundwater lever in arid areas[J].Ecological Science,2015,34(2):187-193.
[6]樊自立,马英杰,张宏,等.塔里木河流域生态地下水位及其合理深度确定[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(1):8-13.Fan Zili,Ma Yingjie,Zhang Hong,et al.Research of ecowater table and rational depth of groundwater of Tarim River drainage basin[J].Arid Land Geograph,2004,27(1):8-13.
[7]陈永金,陈亚宁,李卫红,等.塔里木河下游输水条件下浅层地下水化学特征变化与合理生态水位探讨[J].自然科学进展,2006,26(9):1230-1237.Chen Yongjin,Chen Yaning,Li Weihong,et al.Three stages of the groundwater chemical properties reacting on the intermittent water deliveries in lower Tarim River,China[J].Progress in Natural Science,2006,26(9):1230-1237.
[8]石元春,李韵珠,陆锦文,等.盐渍土的水盐运动[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1986.Shi Yuanchun,Li Yunzhu,Lu Jinwen,et al.Water and Salt Movement of Saline Soil[M].Beijing:Beijing Agricultural University Press,1986.
[9]李毅,王文焰,王全九.非充分供水条件下滴灌入渗的水盐运移特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(1):1-4.Li Yi,Wang Wenyan,Wang Quanjiu,et al.Experimental study on water and salt transport characteristics under infiltration of non-sufficient trickle irrigation[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(1):1-4.
[10]杨泽元,王文科,黄金廷,等.陕北风沙滩地区生态安全地下水位埋深研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2007,34(8):67-74.Yang Zeyuan,Wang Wenke,Huang Jinting,et al.Research on buried depth of eco-safety about groundwater table in the blown-sand region of the northern Shanxi Province[J].Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry:Natural Science Edition,2007,34(8):67-74.
[11]杨建锋,万书勤.地下水对作物生长影响研究[J].节水灌溉,2002(2):36-38.Yang Jianfeng,Wan Shuqin.The influence of groundwater research on crop growth[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2002(2):36-38.
[12]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.Zhang Jintun.The Number Ecology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.
[13]张丽.水资源承载能力与生态需水量[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2005.Zhang Li.The Carrying Capacity of Water Resources and the Ecological Water Demand[M].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Water Conservancy Press,2005.
[14]王芳,梁瑞驹.中国西北地区生态需水研究:干旱半干旱地区生态需水理论分析[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(1):1-8.Wang Fang,Liang Ruiju.A study of ecological water requirements in northwest China-theoretical analysis[J].Journal of Natural Resource,2002,17(1):1-8.
[15]Cochard H,Cruiziat P,Tyree M T.Use of positive pressures to establish vulnerability curves:further support for the airseeding hypothesis,implications for pressure-volume analysis[J].Plant Physiology,1992,100(1):205.
[16]Prathapar S,Qureshi A.Modelling the effects of deficit irrigation on soil salinity,depth to water table and transpiration in semi-arid zones with monsoonal rains[J].International Journal of Water Resources Development,1999,15(1/2):141-159.
[17]Horton J L,Kolb T E,Hart S C.Physiological response to groundwater depth varies among species and with river flow regulation[J].Ecological Applications,2001,11(4):1046-1059.
[18]颜铭.新疆若干植物群落对土壤和地下水指示性的初步研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1989,13(1):18-27.Yan Ming.A preliminary study on the indicative significance of some plant communities to the soil and groundwater in Xinjiang[J].Acta Phytoecologica Et Ceobotanica Sinca,1989,13(1):18-27.
[19]侯印伟,李生彩,王常明,等.石羊河流域生态环境的变迁与水资源利用对策[J].环境科学,1992,13(5):58-67.Hou Yinwei,Li Shengcai,Wang Changming,et al.Changes of ecological enviromment in Shiyanghe River basin and measure proposed for rational utilization of water resources[J].Journal of Environmental Science,1992,13(5):58-67.
[20]新疆农业厅土壤普查办公室.新疆土壤[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:23-28.Xinjiang Agriculture Soil Census Office.Xinjiang Soil[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996:23-28.
[21]宋郁东,樊自立,雷志栋,等.中国塔里木河水资源与生态问题研究[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社.2000:249-262.Song Yudong,Fan Zili,Lei Zhidong,et al.Water Resource and the Ecological Problem Research of Tarim River,China[M].Urumqi:Xinjiang People Press,2000:249-262.
[22]荣丽杉,束龙仓,王茂枚,等.合理地下水生态水位的估算方法研究:以塔里木河下游为例[J].地下水,2009(1):12-15,43.Rong Lishan,Shu Longcang,Wang Maomei,et al.Study on estimation method of ecological water level of reasonable groundwater:case study on lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Ground Water,2009(1):12-15,43.
[23]张长春,邵景力,李慈君,等.华北平原地下水生态环境水位研究[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2003(3):323-326,330.Zhang Changchun,Shao Jingli,Li Cijun,et al.Study on the ecological groundwater table in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2003(3):323-326,330.
[24]徐海量,宋郁东,陈亚宁.生态输水后塔里木河下游合理水位探讨[J].水土保持通报,2003,23(5):22-25.Xu Hailiang,Song Yudong,Chen Yaning.Reasonable ground-water level at lower reaches of Tarim River after water transfer[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,23(5):22-25.
[25]王让会,宋郁东.塔里木流域“四源一干”生态需水量的估算[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):19-22.Wang Ranghui,Song Yudong.Estimation on ecological water demand amount in four sources and one main stream area of Tarim Basin[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,15(1):19-22.